This document discusses the theory of a secret society called the Illuminati and their alleged plan to manipulate global events in order to establish a New World Order. It references a letter from 1871 from Albert Pike outlining three world wars that would be necessary to bring this about. The first war would overthrow Russia's monarchy and establish communism. The second would destroy Nazism and establish Israel. The third would involve a conflict between Zionism and the Islamic world that would exhaust both sides. The document argues these wars have played out largely as predicted. It also discusses whether the Illuminati still influence global politics and events today through groups like the Bilderberg Group.
The document provides an overview of realism as a theory of international relations. It discusses classical realism focusing on thinkers like Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Morgenthau who saw states primarily pursuing power in an anarchic system. It also covers neo-realism of Waltz who analyzed how the distribution of power among states and different systems of polarity (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar) impact international relations. A key concept for neo-realists is the balance of power where states form alliances to balance more powerful states or coalitions. The prisoner's dilemma is used as a game theory example of why cooperation can be difficult due to lack of trust among states as real
This document outlines several terrorist attacks and events over several decades that have involved Americans or occurred on American soil:
- The 1979 Iranian hostage crisis where 52 Americans were held hostage for over a year.
- The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks where hijacked planes crashed into the World Trade Center towers, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania, killing nearly 3,000 people.
- Ongoing terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda and later ISIS including bombings of US embassies and naval vessels as well as the 2012 Benghazi attack that killed 4 Americans including the US ambassador to Libya.
This slide has the brief overview regarding the Terrorism In Pakistan.
It's Types,Background,Causes,Effects Measures to stop terrorism & at the end Conclusion.
Made by the great effort plus contains the high quality visual Effects.
Latest india pakistan stand off:Lessons and Way Forwardipipk
This document analyzes the recent military standoff between India and Pakistan following the Pulwama attack in Kashmir. It discusses the background of tensions between the two countries, India's motives for escalating tensions, including domestic political factors, and strategies for crisis management. Key events discussed include India's air strike on Pakistan and Pakistan's subsequent limited retaliation. The document concludes that sustainable peace requires comprehensive dialogue and crisis management mechanisms to prevent future escalations from spiraling out of control.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict began after World War I when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East and the land was divided. In 1947, the UN proposed dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, which the Jews accepted but Arabs rejected. This led to war and the establishment of Israel in 1948, displacing hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. The conflict has continued with attacks, wars, and peace efforts over decades but no permanent resolution.
This document discusses the evolution of strategic studies from a traditional military focus to a broader conception of security. It defines strategy as how goals are achieved under uncertain conditions. Traditional strategy referred to military operations, but after World Wars I and II, security grew to encompass all state resources and interests. The Cold War saw proxy wars and an arms race as core powers pursued security. 9/11 created new threats like terrorism that require non-military strategies. Strategic studies now considers a broader range of factors, including human nature, international anarchy, and ethics, compared to realism's narrow focus on conflict and force.
Nationalist movements arose in Egypt in the early 20th century in response to British occupation. Non-violent protests and riots called for independence after World War 1, leading to the formation of the Wafd Party. Britain withdrew in stages between 1922-1936 but maintained influence. Corruption by elite rulers led to further unrest. The Free Officers Movement and Muslim Brotherhood worked to end British influence and the monarchy. Gamal Abdel Nasser led a coup in 1952 and instituted socialist policies and projects to modernize Egypt, but faced economic and military failures. Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak continued reforms and privatization but faced challenges from Islamic fundamentalism and poverty.
Entrepreneurship involves starting new businesses to meet market needs or opportunities. Successful entrepreneurs help economies grow by creating new products/services, jobs, and tax revenue. While risky, entrepreneurship drives innovation.
This document provides an overview of the evolution and dimensions of nuclear strategy and deterrence theory. It discusses key concepts of deterrence, how deterrence differs from compellence, and whether deterrence can stop nuclear weapons. It examines how NATO uses deterrence and whether NATO acts as a deterrent to Russia. The document also outlines four waves of deterrence research and suggests a potential fifth wave is emerging to address today's strategic challenges. It previews the themes that will be covered in the course, including historical, conceptual, and non-Western perspectives on deterrence against state and non-state actors across different instruments and domains.
This document summarizes the history of conflict in Afghanistan and Pakistan since the US invasion in 2001 following 9/11. It outlines the key players in the Afghan government and anti-government forces like the Taliban. It also discusses Pakistan's role and how the war has spilled over the border. The international response and goals of allies like the US and NATO are examined.
Responding to the Great Reset with Great ResistancePeter Hammond
1) The document discusses the "Great Reset" proposed by the World Economic Forum which aims to radically restructure and transform societies, economies, and human behavior on a global scale.
2) Proponents of the Great Reset like Klaus Schwab argue this is necessary to build a new foundation for the global economic and social system after the pandemic and will result in a more equitable world, though critics see it as a means for increased global control.
3) The document raises concerns that the Great Reset will necessitate the abolition of faith, families, and nations and aims to fundamentally reengineer all aspects of society for the benefit of ruling elites rather than ordinary people.
Present at Symposium on South East Asian Security (SSEAS) : Non-Traditional Security Issues (NTS) -13 Sep 2010- Topic Non-Traditional Security : Trends and Issues
Neoconservatism emerged in the 1960s-70s as former liberals became more conservative, particularly on foreign policy where they favored direct confrontation with the Soviet Union over détente. Neoconservatives critique modern society and advocate interventionist foreign policy to spread democracy. Notable neoconservative individuals, organizations, media outlets, and foundations have advocated for these views and influenced US foreign policy. Some debate whether Tony Blair's views align with neoconservatism. Ideological positions can vary and overlap in complex ways.
Lecture 3 - Technology, Innovation and Great Power CompetitionStanford University
Mike McFaul, Russia, Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms&e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank,
Kant wrote "Perpetual Peace" in 1795, inspired by the peace between Prussia and France. He sought to establish principles for a stable and lasting peace. The document outlines preliminary articles written in negative form to prevent war, such as prohibiting conquest. It also outlines definitive articles written in positive form, including establishing republican governments to discourage leaders from rashly declaring war, forming a federation of free states to peacefully resolve international disputes, and granting a right of hospitality to encourage trade between states and counteract tendencies toward conflict.
The document summarizes several conflicts in the Middle East stemming from regional issues. It discusses the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1948 over land and Palestinian statehood. It also covers Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution that overthrew the Western-backed Shah, as well as conflicts in Iraq including the Iran-Iraq war and US invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Oil wealth in the region has exacerbated tensions while religious and territorial disputes have fueled prolonged violence and unrest with no easy resolutions.
1) Pakistan developed nuclear weapons in response to India's nuclear tests in 1998, conducting its own tests shortly after.
2) Since then, Pakistan's nuclear doctrine and posture has focused on deterring India, evolving from minimum credible deterrence to full spectrum deterrence.
3) Pakistan maintains ambiguity around details of its nuclear program like force goals and technology, which are subject to change based on increasing Indian capabilities.
The bad war[the truth never told about world war2]Martin Struthers
Facinating research into the true history of events surrounding the second world war and its aftermath, exposing the real culprits and the reason and agenda behind it.
In Cold Blood Essay. Rhetorical Analysis of In Cold Blood Free Essay Sample ...Brittany Simmons
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In Cold Blood Essay | English - Year 12 VCE | Thinkswap. In Cold Blood SAC | Literature - Year 12 VCE | Thinkswap. In Cold Blood Essay Assignment. In Cold Blood Essays. in cold blood essay draft one p 4 | fenderguitarchick. In Cold Blood - Word | Crimes | Free 30-day Trial | Scribd. In Cold Blood - Portfolio. In Cold Blood. - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. In Cold Blood – Insight Sample Essay 1 – Insight Publications. In Cold Blood Argument Essay Death Penalty. AP Lang Summer Reading Assignment In Cold Blood by Truman. In Cold Blood Text Guide - ATAR Notes Text Guides - Free shipping on .... book review - cold blood - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. In Cold Blood Essay – englishportfolioweb. ≫ Rhetorical Analysis of In Cold Blood Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Original writing. In Cold Blood - the court case. - GCSE English .... ⇉In cold blood comparison and contrast Essay Example | GraduateWay. Cold Blood: Free Summary Essay Samples and Examples. Essay Test for In Cold Blood by Lauren Thompson | TpT. In Cold Blood Part 1 Close Reading by Reel Literature | TpT. Analysis of In Cold Blood by Truman Capote - Read a Free Analytical .... In Cold Blood: "AP Style" Argument Essay Prompts | TpT. In Cold Blood by Truman Capote Extract Commentary - International .... In cold blood final section Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... In Cold Blood Documents | Course Hero. In Cold Blood- Creative Writing - A-Level English - Marked by Teachers.com. In Cold Blood final essay. In Cold Blood: Childhood, Random Crimes, and Opposing Personalities ....
V.I. Lenin Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalis.docxjessiehampson
V.I. Lenin
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
A POPULAR OUTLINE
PREFACE
Petrograd, April 26, 1917
The pamphlet here presented to the reader was written in the spring of 1916, in Zurich. In
the conditions in which I was obliged to work there I naturally suffered somewhat from a
shortage of French and English literature and from a serious dearth of Russian literature.
However, I made use of the principal English work on imperialism, the book by J. A.
Hobson, with all the care that, in my opinion, that work deserves.
This pamphlet was written with an eye to the tsarist censorship. Hence, I was not only
forced to confine myself strictly to an exclusively theoretical, specifically economic
analysis of facts, but to formulate the few necessary observations on politics with extreme
caution, by hints, in an allegorical language—in that accursed Aesopian language—to
which tsarism compelled all revolutionaries to have recourse whenever they took up the pen
to write a “legal” work.
It is painful, in these days of liberty, to re-read the passages of the pamphlet which have
been distorted, cramped, compressed in an iron vice on account of the censor. That the
period of imperialism is the eve of the socialist revolution; that social-chauvinism
(socialism in words, chauvinism in deeds) is the utter betrayal of socialism, complete
desertion to the side of the bourgeoisie; that this split in the working-class movement is
bound up with the objective conditions of imperialism, etc.—on these matters I had to speak
in a “slavish” tongue, and I must refer the reader who is interested in the subject to the
2
articles I wrote abroad in 1914-17, a new edition of which is soon to appear. In order to
show the reader, in a guise acceptable to the censors, how shamelessly untruthful the
capitalists and the social-chauvinists who have deserted to their side (and whom Kautsky
opposes so inconsistently) are on the question of annexations; in order to show how
shamelessly they screen the annexations of their capitalists, I was forced to quote as an
example—Japan! The careful reader will easily substitute Russia for Japan, and Finland,
Poland, Courland, the Ukraine, Khiva, Bokhara, Estonia or other regions peopled by non-
Great Russians, for Korea.
I trust that this pamphlet will help the reader to understand the fundamental economic
question, that of the economic essence of imperialism, for unless this is studied, it will be
impossible to understand and appraise modern war and modern politics.
PREFACE TO THE FRENCH AND GERMAN EDITIONS[1]
July 6, 1920
I
As was indicated in the preface to the Russian edition, this pamphlet was written in 1916,
with an eye to the tsarist censorship. I am unable to revise the whole text at the present time,
nor, perhaps, would this be advisable, since the main purpose of the book was, and remains,
to present, on the basis of the summarised re ...
The document discusses the Jesuit Order and their alleged involvement in politics and wars throughout history. It claims that from the beginning, the Jesuits aimed for global political domination under the Papacy. It then provides sources that suggest the Jesuits were involved in or spearheaded many revolutions and wars, including the French Revolution and Russian Revolution. Finally, it draws parallels between the French and Russian Revolutions and argues they both advanced Jesuit goals and established Jesuit-controlled republics, showing the Jesuits' role in major historical events.
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This document discusses the concept of "European civilization" and how it shaped international order and international law in the 19th century. Key points:
1) After Napoleon's defeat, the idea emerged that there was a distinct "European civilization" that formed the basis for international society and order. International law was developed to govern relations between "civilized" European states.
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3) The Ottoman Empire was seen as only partially civilized. European powers did not treat it the same as other civilized states when occupying its territory.
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This document provides a summary of a book titled "Reds in America" that examines the status of revolutionary movements in the United States. It describes the Communist Party as a highly disciplined and secretive organization ruled by a minority leadership. The party assumes democratic forms to gain mass support while establishing a dictatorship remains its objective. Members face strict rules and punishment for infractions in order to maintain control over the movement. The goal of the Communists is to influence the larger unorganized public through control of trade unions and other groups.
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3. At first read you think it is totally paranoid. The fact is it is reality
written down. We seldom in our pacific lives of 9-5 think about the
things brought up in this book. Like how 1984 the world has become,
only much more technical than even this author described.
Science thinks none of this exists . . . or do they?
If we were to believe a lot of educators and science writers none of this
is possible. My own opinion is they ignore facts in order to gain a
paycheck!
The religious side of this book is really astounding. Do ranking
members of God's forces exist? Is this really fiction or something closer
to fact? And if they exist, notice the fine dance necessary to keep them
from disturbing our time line. All of this Michael has described with
pain staking accuracy.
4. Do the Illuminati exist in the modern world? Are they a political and
financial force behind the scenes? Puppet Masters behind our
government and other governments throughout the world?
This book is very much like others in that it describes that struggle.
I have seem whispers on the sidelines of the news that indicate our
various agencies are on just such a track. That it might only be a matter
of time before one of our cities is actually destroyed by terrorist
religious and political parties from other places in the world.
Would you live in a city that could be a major target? Most of us never
even give it a thought. That is how complacent we often are. How are
things behind the scenes criminally active to make something like this
happen?
Michael has written a very mind bending book and it should be given
serious attention. If half of what he has written is actually true, we are
in ,whole lot of trouble.
I look forward to future books in this series.
Albert Pike received a vision, which he described in a letter that he
wrote to Mazzini, dated August 15, 1871. This letter graphically outlined
plans for three world wars that were seen as necessary to bring about
the One World Order, and we can marvel at how accurately it has
predicted events that have already taken place.
Pike's Letter to Mazzini
It is a commonly believed fallacy that for a short time, the Pike letter to
Mazzini was on display in the British Museum Library in London, and it
was copied by William Guy Carr, former Intelligence Officer in the
5. Royal Canadian Navy. The British Library has confirmed in writing to
me that such a document has never been in their possession.
Furthermore, in Carr's book, Satan, Prince of this World, Carr includes
the following footnote:
"The Keeper of Manuscripts recently informed the author that this letter
is NOT catalogued in the British Museum Library. It seems strange that
a man of Cardinal Rodriguez's knowledge should have said that it WAS
in 1925".
It appears that Carr learned about this letter from Cardinal Caro y
Rodriguez of Santiago, Chile, who wrote The Mystery of Freemasonry
Unveiled.
To date, no conclusive proof exists to show that this letter was ever
written. Nevertheless, the letter is widely quoted and the topic of much
discussion.
Following are apparently extracts of the letter, showing how Three
World Wars have been planned for many generations.
"The First World War must be brought about in order to permit the
Illuminati to overthrow the power of the Czars in Russia and of making
that country a fortress of atheistic Communism. The divergences caused
by the "agentur" (agents) of the Illuminati between the British and
Germanic Empires will be used to foment this war. At the end of the war,
Communism will be built and used in order to destroy the other
governments and in order to weaken the religions." 2
Students of history will recognize that the political alliances of England
on one side and Germany on the other, forged between 1871 and 1898
by Otto von Bismarck, co-conspirator of Albert Pike, were instrumental
6. in bringing about the First World War.
"The Second World War must be fomented by taking advantage of the
differences between the Fascists and the political Zionists. This war
must be brought about so that Nazism is destroyed and that the political
Zionism be strong enough to institute a sovereign state of Israel in
Palestine. During the Second World War, International Communism
must become strong enough in order to balance Christendom, which
would be then restrained and held in check until the time when we would
need it for the final social cataclysm." 3
After this Second World War, Communism was made strong enough to
begin taking over weaker governments. In 1945, at the Potsdam
Conference between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin, a large portion of
Europe was simply handed over to Russia, and on the other side of the
world, the aftermath of the war with Japan helped to sweep the tide of
Communism into China.
(Readers who argue that the terms Nazism and Zionism were not known
in 1871 should remember that the Illuminati invented both these
movements. In addition, Communism as an ideology, and as a coined
phrase, originates in France during the Revolution. In 1785, Restif
coined the phrase four years before revolution broke out. Restif and
Babeuf, in turn, were influenced by Rousseau - as was the most famous
conspirator of them all, Adam Weishaupt.)
7. "The Third World War must be fomented by taking advantage of the
differences caused by the "agentur" of the "Illuminati" between the
political Zionists and the leaders of Islamic World. The war must be
conducted in such a way that Islam (the Moslem Arabic World) and
political Zionism (the State of Israel) mutually destroy each other.
Meanwhile the other nations, once more divided on this issue will be
constrained to fight to the point of complete physical, moral, spiritual
and economical exhaustionWe shall unleash the Nihilists and the
atheists, and we shall provoke a formidable social cataclysm which in
all its horror will show clearly to the nations the effect of absolute
atheism, origin of savagery and of the most bloody turmoil.
8. Then everywhere, the citizens, obliged to defend themselves against the
world minority of revolutionaries, will exterminate those destroyers of
civilization, and the multitude, disillusioned with Christianity, whose
deistic spirits will from that moment be without compass or direction,
anxious for an ideal, but without knowing where to render its adoration,
will receive the true light through the universal manifestation of the pure
doctrine of Lucifer, brought finally out in the public view. This
manifestation will result from the general reactionary movement which
will follow the destruction of Christianity and atheism, both conquered
and exterminated at the same time." 4
Since the terrorist attacks of Sept 11, 2001, world events, and in
particular in the Middle East, show a growing unrest and instability
between Modern Zionism and the Arabic World. This is completely in
line with the call for a Third World War to be fought between the two,
and their allies on both sides. This Third World War is still to come, and
recent events show us that it is not far off.
At first read you think it is totally paranoid. The fact is it is reality
written down. We seldom in our pacific lives of 9-5 think about the
things brought up in this book. Like how 1984 the world has become,
only much more technical than even this author described.
Science thinks none of this exists . . . or do they?
If we were to believe a lot of educators and science writers none of this
is possible. My own opinion is they ignore facts in order to gain a
paycheck!
9. The religious side of this book is really astounding. Do ranking members
of God's forces exist? Is this really fiction or something closer to fact?
And if they exist, notice the fine dance necessary to keep them from
disturbing our time line. All of this Michael has described with pain
staking accuracy.
Do the Illuminati exist in the modern world? Are they a political and
financial force behind the scenes? Puppet Masters behind our
government and other governments throughout the world?
This book is very much like others in that it describes that struggle.
I have seem whispers on the sidelines of the news that indicate our
various agencies are on just such a track. That it might only be a matter
of time before one of our cities is actually destroyed by terrorist
religious and political parties from other places in the world.
Would you live in a city that could be a major target?
Most of us never even give it a thought. That is how complacent we often
are. How are things behind the scenes criminally active to make
something like this happen?
Michael has written a very mind bending book and it should be given
serious attention. If half of what he has written is actually true, we are in
whole lot of trouble.
I look forward to future books in this series.
10. Cold War
With the development of the arms race, before the collapse of the Soviet
Union and end of the Cold War, an apocalyptic war between the United
States and the Soviet Union was considered possible. Among the
historical events considered potential triggers for such a conflict are:
11. 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953: The Korean War, a war between
two factions trying to control the Korean Peninsula, a communist
one supported by China and the USSR, and a capitalistic one,
supported by the UN and the United States. Many people believed
that it would escalate into a full on war between the three
superpowers. CBS war correspondent Bill Downs believed that
Korea would trigger a world war, writing in a 1951 See Magazine
article that, "To my mind, the answer is: Yes, Korea is the
beginning of World War III. The brilliant landings at Inchon and
the cooperative efforts of the American armed forces with the
United Nations Allies have won us a victory in Korea. But this is
only the first battle in a major international struggle which now is
engulfing the Far East and the entire world."[2] He repeated this
belief on ABC Evening News while reporting on the USS Pueblo
incident in 1968.[3]
October 15–28, 1962: The Cuban missile crisis, a confrontation on
the stationing of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, is often
considered as having been the closest to a nuclear exchange. The
crisis peaked on October 27, when a U-2 was shot down over
Cuba and another almost intercepted over Siberia, after Curtis
LeMay (U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff) had neglected to enforce
Presidential orders to suspend all overflights, and a Soviet
submarine nearly launched a nuclear-tipped torpedo in response
to depth charges (with the launch being prevented by an officer
named Vasili Arkhipov).
September 26, 1983: A false alarm occurred on the Soviet nuclear
early warning system, showing the launch of American Minuteman
ICBMs from bases in the United States. The potential for an
erroneous retaliatory nuclear attack on the United States and its
Western allies was prevented by Stanislav Petrov, an officer of the
Soviet Air Defence Forces, who intuited the scale and recent
system upgrades meant the system had simply had a malfunction
(which was borne out by later investigations).[4][5]
12. Post–Cold War period
January 25, 1995: A team of Norwegian and American scientists
launched a Black Brant XII four-stage sounding rocket from the
Andøya Rocket Range, with the goal of studying the aurora
borealis. The rocket, which bore resemblance to a US Navy
submarine-launched Trident missile, was detected by the
Olenegorsk early warning radar station in Murmansk Oblast,
Russia. The rocket's predicted trajectory, as well as its overall
shape and appearance, led the Russian military to believe it was in
fact a Trident nuclear missile launched from a US Navy submarine
and aimed at Moscow. Russian nuclear forces were put on high
alert, and Russian submarine commanders were ordered to go into
a state of combat readiness and prepare for nuclear retaliation.
The nuclear weapons command briefcase was brought to Russian
President Boris Yeltsin, who in turn activated his "nuclear keys" in
preparation for a response strike. However, after a few minutes,
Russian observers were able to determine that the rocket was
heading away from Russian airspace and was not a threat, leading
Russian military officials to demobilize. This incident was the first
and only time in which a nuclear weapons state activated its
nuclear briefcase and prepared to launch an attack.[6]
Alternative views in the US media
Norman Podhoretz has suggested that the Cold War can be identified as
World War III because it was fought, although by proxy, on a global
scale, with the main combatants, the United States and later NATO, and
the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries providing political,
military and economic support while not engaging in direct
combat.[citation needed]
13. Eliot Cohen, the director of strategic studies at the Paul H. Nitze School
of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, declared
in The Wall Street Journal, a month after the September 11 attacks, that
the struggle against terrorism was more than a law-enforcement
operation, and would require military conflict beyond the invasion of
Afghanistan. Cohen, like Marenches, considered World War III to be
history. "A less palatable but more accurate name is World War IV," he
wrote. "The Cold War was World War III, which reminds us that not all
global conflicts entail the movement of multi-million-man armies, or
conventional front lines on a map."[7] In a 2006 interview, U.S.
President George W. Bush labeled the ongoing War on Terror as
"World War III".[8]
On the July 10, 2006 edition of Fox News' The Big Story, host John
Gibson interviewed Michael Ledeen, resident scholar at the American
Enterprise Institute For Public Policy Research (AEI), and said "some
are calling the global war on terror something else, something more like
World War III." But Ledeen responded that "it's more like World War IV
because there was a Cold War, which was certainly a world war."
Ledeen added that "probably the start of it [World War IV] was the
Iranian revolution of 1979." Similarly, on the May 24, 2011 edition of
CNBC's Kudlow and Company, host Lawrence Kudlow, discussing a
book by former deputy Under-Secretary of Defense Jed Babbin, said
"World War IV is the terror war, and war with China would be World
War V."[9]
In 1989, CIA original operative, Miles Copeland, wrote that in the
future, World War Three would occur when "Soviet Russia" dupes the
United States and Israel into waging a self-destructive war with the
Muslim/Arab world.[10]
14. World War III is a common theme in popular culture. Since the 1940s,
countless books, films, and television programmes have used the theme
of nuclear weapons and a third global war.[1] The presence of the Soviet
Union as an international rival armed with nuclear weapons created a
persistent fear in the United States. There was a pervasive dread of a
nuclear World War III, and popular culture reveals the fears of the
public at the time.[2] This theme in the arts was also a way of exploring a
range of issues far beyond nuclear war.[3] The historian Spencer R.
Weart called nuclear weapons a "symbol for the worst of modernity."[1]
During the Cold War, concepts such as mutual assured destruction
(MAD) led lawmakers and government officials in both the United States
and the Soviet Union to avoid entering a nuclear World War III that
could have had catastrophic consequences on the entire world.[4]
Various scientists and authors, such as Carl Sagan, predicted massive,
possibly life ending destruction of the earth as the result of such a
conflict.[citation needed] Strategic analysts assert that nuclear weapons
prevented the United States and the Soviet Union from fighting World
War III with conventional weapons.[5] Nevertheless, the possibility of
such a war became the basis for speculative fiction, and its simulation in
books, films and video games became a way to explore the issues of a
war that has thus far not occurred in reality.[4] The only places a global
nuclear war have ever been fought are in expert scenarios, theoretical
models, war games, and the art, film, and literature of the nuclear
age.[6] The concept of mutually assured destruction was also the focus of
numerous movies and films.[4]
Prescient stories about nuclear war were written before the invention of
the atomic bomb. The most notable of these is The World Set Free,
written by H. G. Wells in 1914. During World War II, several nuclear
war stories were published in science fiction magazines such as
Astounding.[6] In Robert A. Heinlein's story "Solution Unsatisfactory"
the US develops radioactive dust as the ultimate weapon of war and uses
it to destroy Berlin in 1945 and end the war with Germany.
15. The Soviet Union then develops the same weapon independently, and
war between it and the US follows.[citation needed] The bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 made stories of a future global nuclear
war look less like fiction and more like prophecy.[6] When William
Faulkner received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949, he spoke about
Cold War themes in art. He worried that younger writers were too
preoccupied with the question of "When will I be blown up?"[7]
American fears of an impending apocalyptic World War III with the
communist bloc were strengthened by the quick succession of the Soviet
Union’s nuclear bomb test, the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949,
and the beginning of the Korean War in 1950. Pundits named the era
"the age of anxiety", after W. H. Auden.[2] In 1951, an entire issue of
Collier's magazine was devoted to a fictional account of World War III.
The issue was entitled "Preview of the War We Do Not Want". In the
magazine, war begins when the Red Army invades Yugoslavia and the
United States responds by conducting a three-month-long bombing
campaign of Soviet Union military and industrial targets. The Soviet
Union retaliates by bombing New York City, Washington, D.C.,
Philadelphia, and Detroit.[8]
Against this background of dread, there was an outpouring of cinema
with frightening themes, particularly in the science fiction genre.
Science fiction had previously not been popular with either critics or
movie audiences, but it became a viable Hollywood genre during the
Cold War. In the 1950s, science fiction had two main themes: the
invasion of the Earth by superior, aggressive, and frequently
technologically advanced aliens; and the dread of atomic weapons,
which was typically portrayed as a revolt of nature, with irradiated
monsters attacking and ravaging entire cities.[2]
16. In The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), a flying saucer lands on the
Mall in Washington DC, where it is surrounded by troops and tanks. The
alien Klaatu delivers an ultimatum that the Earth must learn to live in
peace or it will be destroyed. The War of the Worlds (1953) has a
montage sequence where the countries of Earth join together to fight the
Martian invaders. The montage conspicuously omits the Soviet Union,
implying that the aliens are a metaphor for communists. The most
elaborate science fiction films in the 1950s were This Island Earth
(1955) and Forbidden Planet (1956). In the climax of both films, the
characters witness the explosion of alien planets, implying Earth's
possible fate.[2] The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1959) is also in the
science fiction genre. In it, a man, a woman, and a bigot (the devil)
roam New York City after a nuclear war. Only those three characters
appear in the film. Also released in 1959 was On the Beach, directed by
Stanley Kramer and starring Ava Gardner, Gregory Peck and Fred
Astaire. Based on the successful novel by Nevil Shute, the film deals with
the citizens of Australia as they await radioactive fallout, a result of a
catastrophic nuclear war in the Northern Hemisphere. The French
author Stefan Wul's 1957 novel Niourk provided a portrait of New York
after World War III.[9] The 1959 novel Alas, Babylon depicted the effects
of nuclear war on a small town in Florida; a television adaptation was
broadcast in 1960.
Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell's bleak 1949 novel about life after
a third world war, rose to cultural prominence in the 1950s. In it, the
world has endured a massive atomic war and is politically divided into
three totalitarian superstates, which are intentionally locked into a
perpetual military stalemate; this never-ending warfare is used to
subjugate their populations.
17. 1960s: Expanding popularity
In the 1960s, media about the threat of nuclear world war gained wide
popularity. According to Susan Sontag, these films struck people’s
"imagination of disaster...in the fantasy of living through one’s own
death and more the death of cities, the destruction of humanity itself."[10]
A leading member of the 1960s anti-war movement, singer-songwriter
Bob Dylan evoked the topic of WWIII thrice in his seminal The
Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, in "Masters of War", "Talkin' World War III
Blues", and "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall". The 1968 Philip K. Dick
novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, adapted to film in 1982 as
Blade Runner, features as its setting an Earth having been damaged
greatly by the radioactive fallout of a nuclear war termed "World War
Terminus."
In 1964 three films about the threat of accidental nuclear war were
released, Dr. Strangelove, Fail-Safe, and Seven Days in May. Their
negative portrayal of nuclear defence prompted the United States Air
Force to sponsor films such as A Gathering of Eagles to publicly
address the potential dangers of nuclear defense.[6]
Dr. Strangelove is a black comedy by Stanley Kubrick about the nuclear
arms race between the US and the Soviet Union and the doctrine of
mutually assured destruction.[5] Following a bizarre mental breakdown
the C.O. of a SAC base orders the B-52 wing operating from his base to
attack the Soviet Union. The title character, Dr. Strangelove, is a parody
of a composite of Cold War figures, including Wernher von Braun,
Henry Kissinger, and Herman Kahn. The secret code Operation
DROPKICK, mentioned by George C. Scott's character, may be an
oblique reference to Operation Dropshot.
18. The 1964 film Fail-Safe was adapted from a best-selling novel of the
same name by Eugene Burdick and Harvey Wheeler. In it, nuclear
disaster is caused by a technological breakdown that mistakenly
launches American bombers to attack the Soviet Union. In order to
prove that this was a mistake and to placate the Soviets, thereby saving
the world from nuclear war, the US President orders the destruction of
New York after a US bomber succeeds in destroying Moscow. The film
was made in a semi-documentary style, ending just as the explosion over
New York City begins.[10]
The War Game (1965), produced by Peter Watkins, deals with a
fictional nuclear attack on Britain. This film won the Oscar for Best
Documentary, but was withheld from broadcast by the BBC for two
decades.[11]
1970s: Fears continue
The American public's concerns about nuclear weapons and related
technology continued to be present in the 1970s. The most talked about
events in the 1970s were the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, the
Iran hostage crisis, the energy crisis, and stagflation.
The 1973 oil crisis heightened fears of an peak oil collapse of domestic
life. The crisis rationing led to incidents of violence, after American
truck drivers nationwide chose to strike for two days in December 1973
because they objected to the amount of supplies the government had
rationed for their industry. In Pennsylvania and Ohio, non-striking
truckers were shot at by striking truckers, and in Arkansas, trucks of
non-strikers were attacked with bombs
19. These peak oil fears lead to the iconic Mad Max movie series in 1979.
The Road Warrior's desert imagery of a resource-drained world became
an archetypical default of post-apocalypse worlds. Screenplay writer
James McCausland drew heavily from his observations of the 1973 oil
crisis' effects on Australian motorists:
“ Yet there were further signs of the desperate measures
individuals would take to ensure mobility. A couple of oil strikes
that hit many pumps revealed the ferocity with which Australians
would defend their right to fill a tank. Long queues formed at the
stations with petrol – and anyone who tried to sneak ahead in the
queue met raw violence.
... George and I wrote the [Mad Max] script based on the thesis
that people would do almost anything to keep vehicles moving
and the assumption that nations would not consider the huge
costs of providing infrastructure for alternative energy until it
was too late. ”
—James McCausland, writing on peak oil in The Courier-Mail,
2006[13]
On television, the British science fiction series Doctor Who based a
1972 storyline, Day of the Daleks on the premise of time travelers from
the future attempting to trigger a present-day nuclear war between the
superpowers.
[3] In the 1977 Robert Aldrich film Twilight's Last Gleaming, a nuclear
missile silo is seized by renegade US Air Force officers, who threaten to
start World War III if the American government does not reveal secret
documents that show that the military needlessly prolonged the Vietnam
War.[14]
20. 1980s: Belief in an imminent threat
In the early 1980s there was a feeling of alarm in Europe and North
America that a nuclear World War III was imminent. In 1982, 250,000
people protested against nuclear weapons in Bonn, then the capital of
West Germany.[15] On June 12, 1982, more than 750,000 protesters
marched from the U.N. headquarters building to Central Park in New
York to call for a Nuclear Freeze.[16] The public accepted the
technological certainty of nuclear war, but did not have faith in nuclear
defence.[6] Tensions came to a head with the NATO exercise Able Archer
83, which, combined with other events such as President Reagan's "Evil
Empire" speech and the deployment of the Pershing II missile in
Western Europe, as well as the erroneous Soviet shoot-down of Korean
Air Lines Flight 007, had the Soviets frantically convinced that the West
was about to launch an all-out war against the USSR.
These fears were manifested in the popular culture of the time, with
images of nuclear war in books, film, music, and television. In the mid-
1980s artists and musicians drew parallels with their time and the 1950s
as two key moments in the Cold War.[7]
There was a steady stream of popular music with apocalyptic themes.
The 1983 hit "99 Luftballons" by Nena tells the story of a young woman
who accidentally triggers a nuclear holocaust by releasing balloons.
The music video for "Sleeping with the Enemy" had images of the Red
Army parading in Red Square, American high school marching bands,
and a mushroom cloud. The 1984 hit "Two Tribes" by Frankie Goes to
Hollywood had actors resembling Konstantin Chernenko and Ronald
Reagan fighting each other amidst a group of cheering people. At the
end of their fight, the Earth explodes.[15] Sting's 1986 song "Russians"
highlighted links between Nikita Khrushchev's threats to bury the US
and Reagan's promise to protect US citizens.[7]
21. Many punk, hardcore and crossover thrash bands of the era, such as
The Varukers and Discharge, had lyrics concerning nuclear war, the
end of mankind and the destruction of the Earth in much of their early
material.
Films and television programs made in the 1980s had different visions of
what World War III would be like.[7] Red Dawn (1984) portrayed a
World War III that begins unexpectedly, with a surprise Soviet and
Cuban invasion of the United States. A small band of teenagers fight the
Soviet and Cuban occupation using guerrilla tactics.[4] In the 1983
James Bond film Octopussy, James Bond tries to prevent World War III
from being started by a renegade Soviet general.[15] WarGames (1983)
had a teenage gamer accidentally hacking the U.S. nuclear defense
network(thinking he'd hacked a computer game company), which reveals
a potentially catastrophic flaw in the newly automated system.
In the early 1980s there were a number of films made for television that
had World War III as a theme. ABC's The Day After (1983), PBS's
Testament (1983), and the BBC's Threads (1984) depicted nuclear
World War III. The three movies show a nuclear war against the Soviet
Union, which sends its troops marching across Western Europe. These
films inspired many to join the anti-nuclear movement.[6] Threads is
notable for its graphically disturbing and realistic depictions of post-
nuclear survival.[citation needed]
The Day After was shown on ABC on November 20, 1983, at a time
when Soviet-US relations were at their worst, just weeks after the
NATO-led Able Archer 83 exercises, and less than three months after
Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was shot down by Soviet jet interceptors.
ABC warned its audience about the graphic nature of the film. The Day
After became a political event in itself and was shown in over forty
countries.[15] The shocking and disturbing content discouraged
advertisers, but had the largest audience for a made-for-TV movie up to
that time[17] (a record which still stands as of 2008] and influenced the
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty negotiations in 1986.
22. The 1982 NBC miniseries World War III, directed by David Greene,
received little critical attention.[3] In the program, a Soviet Spetznaz
(Special Forces) raid into Alaska in order to destroy the Alaska oil
pipeline escalates to a full scale war. The miniseries ends abruptly with
the President releasing US nuclear forces against the Soviets. The film
ends moments before the world is annihilated with nuclear weapons.
Some other stories [WHICH?] about the destruction of the world
[WHICH ERA?]showed the possibility of the world's rebirth following
global destruction.[3]
During the 1980s, the techno-thriller became a literary phenomenon in
the United States. These novels about high-tech non-nuclear warfare
reasserted the value of conventional weapons by showing how they
would be vital in the world's next large scale conflict.[6] Tom Clancy's
novels proposed the idea of a technical challenge to the Soviet Union,
where World War III could be won using only conventional weapons,
without resorting to nuclear weapons. Clancy’s detailed explanation of
how and why World War III could begin involves oil shortages in the
Soviet Union caused by Islamic terrorism within it. The Hunt for Red
October (1984) hypothesized that the Soviet Union’s technology would
soon be better than the Americans'. Red Storm Rising was a detailed
account of the coming world war.[4] Soon after the Cold War ended
techno-thriller novels changed from stories about fighting the Soviet
Union to narratives about fighting terrorists.[6]
When the Wind Blows, a graphic novel by Raymond Briggs, was
published in 1982. The novel is a bitter satire on the Publicized Civil
Defense advice given by the British government(Protect and Survive)
about how to survive a nuclear war,[18] where a working-class couple
that do not believe that nuclear war is possible die of radiation sickness
after a nuclear explosion. It reflects Briggs’ participation in the British
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.[19]
23. Briggs is best known as a writer and illustrator of children’s literature,
but this novel was written for an older audience[18] and is his bleakest
work. The novel’s message greatly affected young adult readers. Briggs
rewrote the novel for radio, stage,[19] and an animated film that was
released in 1986.[20]
American superhero comics addressed the issue of World War III with
the implications of super-powered beings as metaphors for nuclear
weapons or using it as character motivation. Marvel Comics gathered
many of their Russian super-hero and villain characters into a new
group, called "The Soviet Super-Soldiers" which answered directly to
the Soviet Government. Uncanny X-Men #150 featured the villain
Magneto justifying a takeover bid by stating that if he not take over the
world then and there, that mutantkind would be destroyed along with
mankind in the event of a nuclear war. DC Comics' "Batman: The Dark
Knight Returns" ends with World War III erupting over the issue of a
small Latin American country, with the Soviet Union effectively
"winning" the war overnight by using a specially designed weapon to
make a nuclear winter but without the mass murdering side-effects of
radiation. In the same year, the acclaimed Watchmen (set in an alternate
timeline) is driven by the threat of nuclear war: the nuclear-powered
superhuman Dr. Manhattan has become America's main deterrent to the
Soviet Union and his disappearance, which the Soviets exploit, brings
the world to the brink of nuclear war. Antagonist characters Adrian
Veidt and the Comedian are haunted by the thought of nuclear war, and
Veidt's entire plot is to end the threat of nuclear war by faking the
existence of an extraterrestrial threat. [21]
Other comics would use a third World War as part of their plots:
Britain's "V For Vendetta" and Strontium Dog's "Portrait of a Mutant"
both use nuclear war as the backdrop for the establishment of
totalitarian governments, with the former having Britain escape a direct
hit and the latter showing the country in ruins.[22]
24. Judge Dredd, which already had a devastating World War III as part of
its backstory (which left most of the world a desert), has an all-out
Soviet/US war in "The Apocalypse War". This climaxes with Dredd
obliterating the enemy with a nuclear strike - this slaughters "half a
billion human beings", something presented as both necessary to win
such a war and as morally appalling. [23] Japan's Akira and Ghost in the
Shell both start with World War III as part of their backstory, with
Japan becoming a world power due to experiencing less nuclear fallout
than other nations.
1990s: Fears subside
The Cold War ended without the destructive final global war that had
often been envisioned in popular culture,[15] and the public's fears of
World War III were allayed. On the other hand, the previously classified
Stanislav Petrov incident of 1983 seemed to imply that the risk of
accidental nuclear war due to technical malfunction had been greater
than previously anticipated. The theme of nuclear armageddon launched
by military artificial intelligence computer systems without human
decision was explored in the 1991 blockbuster movie Terminator 2:
Judgment Day. During the early 1990s and the Gulf Crisis, tabloid
papers and other press discussed whether World War III would be
linked to prophecies of Nostradamus concerning a third great war.[24]
Movies about nuclear weapons that saved humanity were popular, such
as Armageddon and Deep Impact (1998).[6] Blast from the Past (1999) is
a comedy abouta 1960s family caught in the grip of Cold War paranoia.
Falsely convinced that World War III has started, they hide in their
fallout shelter, only to emerge 35 years later in the post–Cold War
world.
Jonathan Schell complained to the New York Times that "the post–Cold
War generation knows less about nuclear danger than any
generation."[6]
25. Yellow Peril (1991) by Wang Lixiong, is about a civil war in the
People's Republic of China that becomes a nuclear exchange and soon
engulfs the world. It was banned by the Chinese Communist Party but
remained popular.[citation needed]
World War III is referenced in the 1996 film Star Trek: First Contact.
William T. Riker states that 600 million people were killed and very few
world governments are left after a world war occurring sometime
around 2053.
Since the Cold War was over, some stories now presented the conflict as
alternate history. The Fallout series of video games, which began in
1997, took place in a world still gripped by Cold War hysteria late into
the 21st century. This, among other factors, led to an eventual World
War III between the global powers (notably the US and China), and the
series involves exploring what is left of the United States following the
conflict. Fallout is considered a spiritual successor to 1988's Wasteland,
which involved a similar premise and also mentions World War III.
In the 1998 ZDF/TLC mockumentary Der Dritte Weltkrieg, consisting
largely of real-life footage of military and political figures presented out
of context, Mikhail Gorbachev is ousted by an anti-reformist coup in
October 1989 during his visit to East Germany (with the Soviet Union
still in effective control of Eastern Europe, and hard-line rulers still
firmly entrenched in nearly all of the satellite states - as such the events
of that autumn are either brutally repressed by "Chinese" methods or
simply never occur), and the actions of the paranoid, ruthless new
General Secretary lead first to a brief conventional war (the filmmakers
accessed previously classified war plans and consulted numerous high-
ranking military officials on both sides[25]). Just when the conflict seems
to have ended, a Soviet radar malfunction, while US forces are on full
SIOP alert, results in a civilization-killing nuclear exchange
26. ("There is no further historical record of what happens next"); after
"ending" just as the annihilation begins, the film rewinds to Gorbachev
in East Berlin, and actually concludes with a montage of celebrations in
Berlin as the Berlin Wall is freely crossed, danced upon and dismantled
and the country is reunited ("History... took a different path").
2000s: Concern over terrorism
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, a scenario of World War III
beginning as a result of a nuclear or other catastrophic terrorist attack
became prominent. Terrorism in the form of nuclear, chemical, or
biological attacks now occupy the place in popular culture once held by
the vision of a nuclear World War III between world powers.[6]
Paramount Pictures released a film adaptation of Tom Clancy's The
Sum of All Fears in 2002. The production of the film began before 9/11,
and was originally intended as an escapist thriller where CIA analyst
Jack Ryan fights Neo-Nazis who conspire to detonate a nuclear weapon
at a football game to start a nuclear war between Russia and the United
States. However, the film’s release just seven months after 9/11 made it
very topical. Phil Alden Robinson, the film's director, commented that "a
year ago, you'd have said, 'great popcorn film,'...Today you say, 'that's
about the world I live in.'" There was an aggressive promotional
campaign, with movie trailers and television commercials showing the
nuclear destruction of a city and a special premiere for politicians in
Washington, D.C.
THE END