This document provides a brief introduction and guidelines for the Vancouver referencing style. It explains what referencing is, why it is important, and the basic steps to follow, including noting bibliographic details, inserting in-text citations, and compiling a reference list. Examples are given for a variety of common reference types such as books, journal articles, websites, and other media. The document stresses the importance of adhering to the specific punctuation and formatting required for the Vancouver style. It directs readers to more authoritative style guides for comprehensive referencing instructions.
This document provides guidelines for formatting research papers according to APA style 6th edition. It includes information on formatting the paper, citing sources within the text, creating a references page, and citing different sources like books, journal articles, websites, and more. Links are also provided for APA style resources and subject guides for various disciplines like nursing and biology.
APA (American Psychological Association) Citation and ReferencingBakht Munir
The document provides information about APA (American Psychological Association) style for citations and references in academic writing. It discusses the general format for APA papers including font, line spacing, margins, and page numbering. It also covers the title page format including required elements. The main sections of a research thesis are outlined. Guidelines are provided for in-text citations, reference list format for different source types like books, articles, websites. Plagiarism and referencing styles are also discussed.
A ppt to teach medical and para medical professionals to learn and generate reference list in vancouver style and also work on this campaign "Stop Plagiarism".
The document provides an overview of APA formatting style, which is intended for use in science, math, and social studies research papers. It discusses the four major sections of an APA paper: the title page, abstract, main body, and references page. Specific guidelines are provided for each section, including how to format the running head, title, author's name, and institutional affiliation on the title page. Examples are also given for how to write an abstract, incorporate citations in the text, and structure the references page. Key requirements covered include using hanging indention, providing publication details for different source types, and ensuring references are listed alphabetically.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the general structure of APA papers, including sections like the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, and references. It also outlines rules for in-text citations, references list entries, tables, figures, and headings. Key aspects covered include using active voice, clear language, in-text citations for quotations and paraphrases, and ordering references alphabetically by author's last name.
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers, citing sources in-text and in reference lists, and formatting reference list entries for various source types, according to the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook. It addresses formatting basics, using direct quotations and paraphrasing, general citation rules, introducing quotations, in-text citation methods, formatting the reference list, and citing sources from books, articles, websites and other media.
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers and citations according to the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It discusses formatting papers with proper margins, font, spacing, page headers, and section headings. It also explains how to properly cite sources in-text and provide a reference list, including different examples for citing single author sources, multiple author sources, organizations, indirect sources, and electronic sources. Specific rules are given for both in-text citations and formatting the references list.
Referencing others' work correctly is essential to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to trace your research. You must provide enough detail in references for readers to locate cited sources, whether books, articles, or webpages. References should be listed numerically at the end of your work in the order they appear, and citations in text should match reference list entries. Proper formatting of references is important.
The document discusses various styles of referencing, including Vancouver, Harvard, and APA styles. It provides an overview of referencing, the difference between a reference list and bibliography, and how to cite different sources like books, journal articles, websites, and more in Vancouver style. Examples are given for citing sources in-text and formatting reference list entries for various materials according to Vancouver, Harvard, and APA styles.
1. Reference Writing Style
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. APA Style of Citation
4. APA Bibliography Style
5. Research Reference Writing
6. Academic Research
4. APA
This document provides information on referencing and citation styles. It discusses the purpose of referencing, which is to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to identify sources. Different citation styles are covered, including Vancouver, Harvard and APA systems. Guidance is given on citing various sources like journal articles, books, book chapters, websites and more. Standard formats are outlined for structuring citations for each source type.
The document provides information on the Harvard referencing system, including what a reference is, what the Harvard system is, why one should reference their work, when to reference, and how to reference both within the text and at the end of the document. It describes referencing various sources such as books, journal articles, web pages, images, and personal communications. It also discusses plagiarism and how to avoid it by properly citing sources.
This document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citations. It discusses why citations are important, the basic sections of an APA paper, and paper formatting guidelines. It also reviews in-text citation styles for different source types, long quotations, and reference list entries. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate proper APA citation format. Resources for citing sources and reference management software are also listed.
The document provides information about the APA style of referencing, which consists of two elements: 1) in-text citations that provide the author, year, and sometimes page number in the body of the paper, and 2) a reference list at the end that provides complete details for each in-text citation. It then goes on to describe the proper formatting for various types of in-text citations and references, including books, journal articles, websites, and more.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style, including:
- How to cite references in both the text of the paper and in a reference list at the end
- Formatting guidelines for reference list citations of various source types like books, journal articles, websites, and more
- Providing specific examples of how to format in-text citations and reference list citations for different source formats
APA style regulates formatting for papers in the social sciences. It covers stylistic elements like using the third person rather than first, active voice instead of passive, and clear, concise, plain language. APA also governs in-text citations, references lists, and various paper sections and their formatting. Common APA paper types include literature reviews and experimental reports. Papers should follow a general format including title page, abstract, references, and main body sections. In-text citations and reference lists are formatted according to specific APA rules.
La corrosión es la degradación gradual de materiales metálicos debido a procesos electroquímicos o químicos. Ocurre cuando los metales interactúan con su entorno, como el agua o la humedad. Existen varios tipos de corrosión, incluyendo la uniforme, galvánica, por picaduras e intergranular. Se puede prevenir aplicando recubrimientos protectores como pinturas, zinc o plásticos especiales a los metales.
El documento describe un hotel boutique llamado Hotel Sacristía de Santa Ana en Sevilla. El hotel se ubica en el centro histórico de la ciudad y fue creado a través de la rehabilitación de un antiguo edificio, combinando elementos clásicos con detalles originales. Cada habitación tiene un nombre mitológico y decoración única. El hotel ofrece un estilo peculiar a través de su mobiliario y detalles decorativos.
HTW2011: Thai Tran - Android: Opportunities and challengesHow to Web
Thai Tran, CEO of Lightbox, discusses opportunities and challenges with Android development. Lightbox has had over 500k Android app downloads but development is more difficult than iOS due to fragmented devices, lack of tools, and testing challenges. The Android Market is also key to success but difficult to get featured. Better libraries, tools, and tablet apps are still needed to maximize Android's potential.
Durante la década de 1960, conocida como el Boom latinoamericano, destacaron importantes novelistas como Gabriel García Márquez, Julio Cortázar y Mario Vargas Llosa. La novela Cien años de soledad de García Márquez se convirtió en un éxito de ventas mundial. Estos autores compartían una ideología de izquierda y combinaban elementos de la cultura latinoamericana con técnicas literarias modernas. Sus obras reflejaban las influencias artísticas, sociales y políticas de la época como el muralismo
Mª Teresa García Silva - 'Aunando esfuerzos para el futuro de la investigació...Fundación Ramón Areces
El documento describe el valor de la investigación colaborativa en las enfermedades pediátricas. Explica que la integración de conocimientos multidisciplinares es crucial para resolver mejor los problemas de salud. También destaca los avances en diagnóstico, tratamiento y calidad de vida gracias a la investigación en enfermedades raras y metabólicas hereditarias pediátricas.
Market Research Report: Courier Market in India 2012Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, visit us at - https://www.researchonindia.com/reportdetails.php?ItemId=521
Global trade boom and sudden upsurge of e-commerce market is significantly boosting the courier market in India. A Courier is essentially a person or company that is engaged in transporting, dispatching and delivering messages, packages and mail at some extra cost. The service is distinctive by its premium services like speed, security, tracking, signature, committed delivery time and specialized & individualized service in comparison normal postal services.
The report begins with an introduction section that gives a total overview of the logistics sector and its components. Thereafter, the section provides an elaborate understanding of courier as a service that entails super fast delivery of consignments within 70kgs of weight.
The introduction section is then followed by the market overview of the courier market. The section demonstrates the current market size along with forecasted market size and growth rate that would be prevalent in the market till 2016. The section also deals with percent revenue split by operators, segmentation by type of consignment, segmentation by expanse of operation and mode of courier transport. It is also provided with a section of sectors that are heavily dependant on courier and volume of business acquired from these sectors.
El documento describe el sistema educativo de Finlandia y su éxito en las pruebas PISA. Señala que Finlandia ha logrado consenso sobre una política educativa común que se refleja en directrices uniformes para el desarrollo del currículo. Los municipios tienen gran responsabilidad en la organización de la educación básica y en definir el currículo de acuerdo a las metas nacionales. Los centros y profesores tienen mucha independencia en el contenido educativo, lo que refleja un enfoque en la aplicación práctica de los conocim
Este documento resume una reunión de padres de 6o grado en la que se presenta al equipo docente, se proporciona documentación sobre criterios de evaluación y promoción, se discuten las tareas escolares, metodologías de enseñanza y actividades complementarias planeadas para el año como visitas a museos y obras de teatro.
El estudio analiza el riesgo de default de la deuda soberana de los países. Venezuela y Grecia son los que presentan mayor probabilidad de incurrir en default, mientras que los bonos de países como Noruega y EE.UU. son los más seguros. La República Dominicana ocupa el puesto 18 con una probabilidad de default del 19.4%, una mejora respecto a enero. España ha visto deteriorarse su clasificación de riesgo en los últimos meses.
Karst in Southern Ontario and the Niagara EscarpmentSkyler MacGowan
The document reviews literature on karst features in southern Ontario, with a focus on the Niagara Escarpment. It summarizes the geological history and formation of the Escarpment between 400-500 million years ago. While karst features exist along the Escarpment, they are relatively underdeveloped due to the Wisconsin Ice Sheet removing existing features around 12,000 years ago, and the short timeframe for new features to form since. The most prominent karst occurs from Manitoulin Island to Grey County where conditions better enable feature development. Though immature, even small-scale features can impact local drainage, as seen in the 2000 Walkerton tragedy. More research is still needed on karst in southern Ontario and its
Software para integración de aplicaciones, paquetes u otras técnicas en bases...Roy Baltodano
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de software para la integración de aplicaciones empresariales, incluyendo Adeptia, LegaSuite Integration, Ericom PowerTerm, TIBCO, IBM WebSphere y Boomi AtomSphere. También discute software para la integración de datos como Data Integration Suite, EnterpriseConnect Data Access y MainframeConnect. Explica tecnologías para la integración de bases de datos en la web como CGI, API, ISAPI, Java, JDBC y JavaScript.
Monitoring and Managing Computer Resource Usage on OSGi Frameworks - Ikuo Yam...mfrancis
1) The document discusses monitoring and managing computer resource usage on OSGi frameworks. Threads created by bundles can deplete resources like CPU and memory.
2) The goal is to develop a monitoring and management system to prevent misbehaving bundles from depleting resources and protect well-behaving bundles.
3) The system uses JMX and MXBeans to monitor thread CPU usage in a lightweight and backwards compatible way without code changes. Bundle-thread relations are tracked using a Bundle-Thread Tree maintained by a Thread Manager.
The document provides technical details about Belgian electronic identity (eID) cards, including:
- Visual details of information contained on the front and back of the cards.
- Security mechanisms like printing, images, and engraving used on the cards.
- An overview of the technology used in the cards, including on-board key generation and JavaCard.
- A timeline of the Belgian eID project from 1999-2009 and the nationwide rollout of the cards.
This document provides a status update and overview of projects funded by the European GNSS Agency (GSA) Fundamental Elements program. It summarizes three ongoing projects in 2015 related to SBAS receiver development for aviation, and E-GNSS engine development for road transportation applications. It also outlines seven planned projects for 2016 related to areas like ARAIM receiver development, maritime receivers, MEOSAR beacon prototyping, and commercial service user terminals. The document concludes by advertising two open calls for proposals on high-end professional receivers and low-end mass market core technology development.
El reggae se originó en Jamaica en los años 1960 a partir del ska y el rocksteady. Se caracteriza por un ritmo más lento y por acentuar el segundo y cuarto tiempo de cada compás. Ha dado lugar a diversos subgéneros como el roots reggae, dancehall, hip hop, entre otros. La palabra "reggae" probablemente deriva de términos en inglés y español que significan "trapos" o "música del rey".
El documento describe la poleoterapia, un tratamiento de fisioterapia que utiliza cuerdas y poleas para realizar movimientos articulares de una manera más cómoda y económica. La poleoterapia puede ser pasiva, autopasiva o de resistencia y se usa para tratar condiciones como parálisis, rigidez articular o fortalecimiento muscular. El tratamiento debe dosificarse con no más de 10 repeticiones por sesión y no más de 4-5 sesiones por día.
The document discusses various methods of computer output and output devices. It describes different types of display devices like LCD monitors, plasma monitors, and CRT monitors. It explains different printers like inkjet printers, laser printers, photo printers, and multifunction devices. It also covers audio output devices like speakers, headphones, and earbuds. Other output devices discussed include data projectors, interactive whiteboards, and accessories for physically challenged users. The document provides details on the characteristics and uses of these common computer output devices.
This document provides guidelines for citing references in academic writing using APA style. It is based on the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
The document defines APA style and explains why referencing is important to avoid plagiarism. It provides guidance on inserting in-text citations and creating a reference list, including examples of different source types like books, journal articles, websites and more. It also discusses referencing software that can help generate citations and references.
practicaciting lsession citation and referencing .pptxaidamohamed12
The document provides guidance on using Vancouver style for citing and referencing academic sources. It discusses referencing books, journal articles, tables, figures, and websites according to Vancouver style. Key points include listing all authors for references with six or fewer authors, and listing the first six authors followed by "et al." for references with seven or more authors. Journal titles should be abbreviated according to the style used in Medline. The document also notes that tables should be numbered consecutively and have brief titles, while figure captions should include legends, numbers, and labels. Plagiarism can be avoided by properly citing sources using quotes or paraphrasing and including references.
The document provides an introduction to APA referencing style including:
- Referencing is used to acknowledge sources and avoid plagiarism.
- In-text citations include the author's name and year of publication. The reference list is alphabetical by author.
- Examples are given for different source types like books, journal articles, websites and more. Citations include author, year, title, publisher details.
This document provides guidance on referencing styles and citing sources in academic work. It discusses the importance of referencing to avoid plagiarism and add credibility. It also differentiates between references cited in text and additional sources in a bibliography. The document outlines the Vancouver and Harvard styles for citing sources like books, book chapters, journal articles and webpages in references. It provides examples of how to format citations in these styles.
This document provides a guide to referencing in APA (6th edition) style. It includes sections on how to reference different document types such as books, journal articles, government publications and web resources. Examples are provided for both in-text citations and reference list entries. Key aspects of APA style covered include using author-date citations, formatting quotes and reference lists. The guide assists users in properly attributing sources in research papers and assignments.
The document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, websites, and other materials. Key steps outlined are recording bibliographic details of sources, inserting citations within the text, and providing a numbered reference list at the end with full details of all citations. Referencing software like EndNote is recommended to assist in creating accurate reference lists using the Vancouver style.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, websites and other materials. Key elements that must be included in each reference are author, publication date, title and publisher. Punctuation and formatting must be exact according to the Vancouver style.
This document provides guidelines for citing references in APA style, including examples of how to cite different types of sources like books, book chapters, journal articles, and more. It discusses the key components of in-text citations and reference list entries. Examples are provided for one author, multiple authors, works by the same author in the same year, and more. Electronic sources and sources without page numbers are also addressed.
This document provides an introduction to the APA referencing style, including:
1. An overview of what referencing is and why it is important for avoiding plagiarism.
2. The basic steps involved in referencing sources, including taking notes on bibliographic details and inserting citations in text and a reference list.
3. Examples of how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types like books, journal articles, and websites.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style. It discusses referencing books, journal articles, and conference presentations. The key points covered are:
- References should be listed numerically and in the same order they appear in the text.
- In-text citations use numbers in round brackets to correlate with the reference list.
- The reference list must include sufficient detail for readers to locate each reference.
- Examples are provided of how to format references for different source types, including required elements like author, title, publisher, date.
- Consistency is important when applying the Vancouver style within and across documents.
9.Referencing and Bibliography in Health Research.pptxAbubakar Hammadama
The document provides an overview of referencing and bibliography in health research. It discusses referencing systems like Harvard, APA, and Vancouver styles. It defines referencing as acknowledging sources cited in a paper and bibliography as a full list of sources consulted. The key points covered include how to cite references in text, structure reference lists, and the differences between a reference and bibliography.
The document discusses proper citation and referencing of sources. It states that referencing the work of others prevents plagiarism and allows readers to trace lines of research. References must include sufficient detail for readers to locate the cited work, whether it is a book, article, or webpage. The document then provides examples and guidelines for formatting references according to the Vancouver style.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It discusses referencing sources in-text with citations, and creating a reference list at the end. Key points covered include formatting in-text citations for one, two, three or more authors, works by the same author in the same or different years, and how to reference different source types such as books, book chapters, journal articles, and websites. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how to reference various sources correctly according to APA style.
This document provides an introduction to APA style formatting for citations and references. It explains that APA style uses in-text citations that refer readers to a references list at the end of the document. The references list includes full citations for all sources used in the text, arranged alphabetically by author's last name. The document then provides examples of reference list entries for different source types such as journal articles, books, and websites. It also covers general guidelines for citing authors, titles, dates and other elements in references.
bibliography and references.
various kind of bibliography and references.
elements of bibliography and references.
sources of bibliography and references.
The document defines a bibliography and annotated bibliography and provides examples of their formats. A bibliography is a list of sources used in a work, while an annotated bibliography includes a brief description of each source. The document outlines APA style guidelines for bibliographies, including formatting citations with hanging indents and references in alphabetical order. It also provides examples of citing different source types such as books, articles, websites and encyclopedias. For annotated bibliographies, each citation is followed by a 150-word paragraph evaluation.
The document provides an overview of APA style and resources for learning and applying APA style. It discusses why APA style is commonly used, describes the key components of the APA Publication Manual, lists APA style books available in the library, and provides guidance on citing sources in-text and formatting the reference list according to APA style. Key resources mentioned include the APA Publication Manual, the APA style website, and library holdings of APA style guides and manuals.
The document provides information about the Vancouver referencing style. It discusses that Vancouver style uses an author-number system of in-text citations and a numerical reference list. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors established the Vancouver style guidelines for formatting manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. It standardized requirements for bibliographic references in medicine.
1) The document discusses various aspects of citing and referencing academic sources, including why we need to reference, the difference between references and bibliography, and how to reference using the Harvard and Vancouver styles.
2) It provides guidance on citing different types of sources like books, book chapters, journal articles, and webpages according to the Vancouver style.
3) Key requirements for references are listed, such as including author names, publication details, page numbers if applicable, and ordering references numerically in the list.
This document discusses measures used to describe the central tendency and dispersion of a frequency distribution. It describes the arithmetic mean, median, and mode as measures of central tendency and their advantages and disadvantages. Measures of dispersion discussed include range, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and standard error. The choice of central tendency measure depends on the distribution shape, and the mean is most useful for statistical tests while the median is unaffected by outliers.
This document contains a series of exercises related to biostatistics and research methods. It includes exercises on categorizing variables, designing a questionnaire, different sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling. It also includes exercises on ordering and presenting data in frequency distribution tables, calculating measures of central tendency and dispersion, the normal distribution and confidence intervals. The final exercises are on the chi-square test and t-test, including examples of applying these statistical tests to compare groups.
The document provides guidelines for writing a research protocol, including developing clear objectives, outlining the methodology, addressing ethical considerations, and formatting the protocol. An effective protocol clarifies the research question and plan, guides team-based research, and allows for critical review. Key sections include the introduction stating the problem and rationale, methods describing the design, participants, and analysis, and references supporting the information provided. Attention to detail in the protocol is important to properly plan and communicate the study.
The p-value represents the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. A confidence interval provides a range within which the population mean is likely to fall. The variance measures how far data points are spread out from the mean and is calculated as the sum of squared deviations from the mean divided by the sample size minus one. The coefficient of variation allows for more meaningful comparison of distributions with different magnitudes than just comparing standard deviations. The standard error of the sample mean represents the variability of the sample mean as an estimate of the true population mean.
This document provides practice exercises for an introduction to research in information studies course. It includes questions on defining statistical terms, computing descriptive statistics like mean, median and mode for sample data, generating frequency distributions and histograms, hypothesis testing, and constructing confidence intervals. The exercises cover topics like measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability distributions, sampling distributions, and both descriptive and inferential statistics.
This document contains examples of various statistical analyses exercises involving:
1. Categorizing variables as numerical or categorical.
2. Designing a questionnaire and explaining how to enter data.
3. Different sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling.
4. Presenting data in order arrays, frequency distribution tables, and calculating measures of central tendency and dispersion.
5. Explaining the normal distribution and calculating percentages.
6. Calculating confidence intervals and using the chi-square and t-tests to analyze data.
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) compares the means of multiple groups, such as patients with different types of sickle cell disease. ANOVA assesses how much of the overall variation in the data is explained by differences in group means versus differences within groups. If the between-groups variation is large compared to the within-groups variation, then the group means are likely different. ANOVA extends the two-sample t-test to compare more than two groups and provides an F-statistic to test the hypothesis that all group means are equal. Key assumptions are normality of data and equal variances across groups.
The chi-square test is used to determine if differences in frequencies observed in qualitative variable categories are statistically significant or likely due to chance. An example compares influenza rates in a vaccine vs placebo group in a clinical trial. The expected and observed frequencies are calculated. The chi-square test statistic is greater than the critical value, so the null hypothesis that the vaccine and placebo have the same influenza proportion is rejected. Therefore, the difference is likely due to the vaccine's effectiveness rather than chance.
The t test can be used to compare sample means to population means, compare means between independent samples, or compare readings within a single sample taken at different times. It involves testing a hypothesis about whether two means are statistically significantly different. The document provides examples of applying the t test to compare a sample mean to a population mean, compare means between independent male and female samples, and compare blood pressure readings within a single sample taken before and after treatment.
This document discusses measures of central tendency and dispersion used to describe frequency distributions. It describes the four key properties: central tendency, dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis. For measures of central tendency, it defines and compares the arithmetic mean, median, and mode. For measures of dispersion, it explains the range, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and standard error of the sample mean. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each measure.
Stat 4 the normal distribution & steps of testing hypothesisForensic Pathology
The document discusses the normal distribution and statistical hypothesis testing. It notes that the normal distribution is also called the Gaussian distribution, and has equal mean, median and mode. It then discusses how much of the data falls within standard deviations of the mean for the normal distribution. The document also covers confidence intervals for means, the steps of statistical hypothesis testing including assumptions, hypotheses, significance levels and tests, and different statistical tests used for numerical and categorical data like t-tests, ANOVA, regression and correlation.
This document discusses methods for organizing and summarizing data, including ordered arrays, frequency distributions, and frequency polygons. An ordered array lists values from smallest to largest. A frequency distribution groups observations into class intervals to summarize the data, with 6-15 intervals typically used. Sturge's rule provides a formula for calculating the number of intervals. The width of intervals should be equal if possible. A example frequency distribution table with age data in intervals is provided. Figures also demonstrate a success rate by college graph and frequency polygon displaying age data.
This document discusses correlation and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). It investigates the linear association between body weight and plasma volume in 8 subjects. The correlation coefficient (r) between weight and plasma volume is calculated to be 0.76, indicating a strong positive correlation. A t-test shows this correlation is statistically significant. Values of r range from -1 to 1, where higher positive or negative values indicate stronger linear relationships.
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions. There are two main types of data: data from measurements and data from counts. Data can come from various sources like records, surveys, experiments, and external reports. Biostatistics analyzes data from biological sciences and medicine. Variables are characteristics that can take different values and are either quantitative (measured) or qualitative (categorical). Variables can be random, continuous, discrete, independent, or dependent. Samples are subsets of populations used for statistical analysis. Common random sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.
1. The document discusses various types of pancreatic cysts including pseudocysts, congenital cysts, and neoplastic cystic tumors.
2. It outlines benign cystic neoplasms like serous cystadenomas and malignant mucinous cystic neoplasms.
3. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is discussed as the fourth leading cause of cancer death which often has KRAS and p16 mutations and a desmoplastic response.
The document describes the anatomy, histology, embryology, congenital anomalies, and types of pancreatitis of the pancreas. It notes that the pancreas has exocrine and endocrine components. It also lists the main congenital anomalies as agenesis, pancreas divisum, annular pancreas, and ectopic pancreas. The document provides details on the pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of both acute and chronic pancreatitis.
This document summarizes liver diseases including α1-antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic disorder causing liver and lung disease. It also describes intrahepatic biliary tract diseases like primary and secondary biliary cirrhosis. Benign liver tumors like hemangiomas and adenomas are outlined as well as primary malignant tumors such as hepatoblastoma and angiosarcoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed in depth, including risk factors, morphology, clinical features, and prognosis. Metastatic liver tumors from other primary cancers are also noted.
1. Liver cirrhosis is the end stage of many chronic liver diseases and is characterized by diffuse hepatic fibrosis and parenchymal nodule formation.
2. Liver abscesses can be caused by parasitic or pyogenic infections and present as solitary or multiple lesions on gross and microscopic examination.
3. Alcoholic liver diseases include fatty liver, alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), and alcoholic cirrhosis, progressing from steatosis to necroinflammation and fibrosis.
1. Liver lies in right hypochondrium and divided in to right and left lobes.
2. Microarchitecture : liver is divided into 1 to 2 mm hexagonal lobules.
3. There are four methods for liver biopsy.
4. Most hepatic infections are viral in origin.
5. In fulminant hepatitis hepatic insufficiency progresses from onset of symptoms to hepatic encephalopathy within2 to 3 weeks.
1. The gallbladder can be divided into three parts and lacks two layers. It may also have congenital anomalies.
2. Common gallbladder disorders include cholelithiasis and cholecystitis.
3. Extrahepatic bile duct disorders include stones, infections, and atresia in infants.
4. Tumors of the biliary tract include both benign and malignant types such as adenomas and adenocarcinomas.
1. Vancouver Referencing
2006 Info Sheet 34, Sem 1, 2006
Note: this page is only an introduction to the Vancouver referencing system. For an authoritative guide please refer to:
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted
to biomedical journals. Med Educ 1999;33:66-78. This is available online at http://www.icmje.org/ with
examples at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html.
University of Western Australia Vancouver Referencing Guide: http://www.library.uwa.edu.au/
education_training___and___support/guides/how_to_cite_your_sources/citing_your_sources_-
_vancouver_style
University of Queensland Vancouver Referencing Guide
http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf
For a comprehensive guide, please refer to the American Medical Association’s publication manual:
American Medical Association manual of style: a guide for authors and editors. 9th ed. Baltimore:
Williams & Wilkins; 1998
It is very important that you check your department's or school's assignment guide as some details, eg
punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page and the above sources do differ on some points.
You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements
What is Referencing?
Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in
your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as
ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works, must be referenced.
There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Vancouver
referencing style. The Vancouver style of referencing is predominantly used in the medical field.
When referencing your work in the Vancouver style, it is very important that you use the right punctuation and
that the order of details in the reference is also correct. In this style, the journal titles used in the references are
abbreviated from an authoritative list (see below).
A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.
Why Reference?
Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read
more fully the cited author’s arguments.
Steps involved in Referencing
1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.
In the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume
number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these
details will necessarily be applicable).
2. In the case of a journal article the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the
article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.
For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the infor-
mation, and database name or web address (URL).
2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).
3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).
In-Text Citations
In the Vancouver style, a consecutive number is allocated to each reference as it is cited for the first time in the
text of the assignment. This number becomes the unique identifier of that source and if the source is cited
again the same number is repeated. Numbers are inserted to the right of commas and full stops, and to the left
of colons and semi-colons. Multiple sources can be listed at a single reference point. The numbers are then
separated by commas and consecutive numbers are joined with a hyphen. Vancouver uses superscript num-
bers, or standard numbers in brackets, in the text, e.g. 1-4,10,12 or (1-4,10,12).
The references are listed at the end of your assignment in the numerical order in which they are cited in the
text.
The main advantage of the Vancouver style is that the text reads more easily, without the intrusion of in-text
citations which can be difficult to keep brief. The reader can also check the references as they read through
the text, without having to search through the list alphabetically for the first author of a particular reference.
Use double quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation. Type [sic] after a misspelled word or an incorrect or
apparently absurd statement in quoted material to indicate that this is an accurate rendition of the original
source. Use single quotation marks for quotations within quotations.
If material quoted from texts or speeches is longer than 4 typewritten lines, the material should be set off in a
block i.e. in reduced type and without the quotation marks. Space is often added both above and below these
longer quotations.
How to Create a Reference List
In the Vancouver style, the reference list is arranged numerically in the order in which references are cited in
the text.
When referencing your work in the Vancouver style, it is very important that you use the right punctuation and
that the order of details in the reference is also correct.
Book and journal titles are not italicised or placed in quotation marks. Journal titles are abbreviated. A list of
abbreviations for the titles is available online. Connect to PubMed at http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi,
click on "Journals Database" and then enter the full journal title to view its abbreviation.
If you are using EndNote, you will need to import the journals term list so your journal titles will be abbreviated.
The journal term list is a special list that allows you to include not only the name of a journal, but up to three
different abbreviations as well. Bibliographic styles can be set to use any of the abbreviations in place of the
full journal name. This is particularly useful for the Vancouver style.
EndNote includes 3 files of journal names and abbreviations appropriate for medical (Index Medicus format),
chemical (CAS format) and humanities journals. The files are located in the Term Lists folder in the EndNote
program folder.
• In EndNote, go to Tools/Open Term Lists/Journals Term Lists
• Click on the Lists tab then go to Journals/Import List. Choose Medical.txt.
To abbreviate the journal titles, complete the following:
• In EndNote, go to Edit/Output Styles/Vancouver Curtin 2006/Journal Names
• Select the Abbreviation 1 button.
Journal titles should now be abbreviated in the reference list.
2
3. Examples of Referencing
Books In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)
Single author The theory was first propounded in 1. Comfort A. A good age. London: Mitchell Beazley; 1997. Book
1993 by Comfort 1 that …
OR
Comfort 1 claimed that ‘…’
2 – 6 authors ‘… new definition of disability.’ 2 2. Madden R, Hogan T. The definition of disability in Book
OR Australia: moving towards national consistency.
Madden and Hogan have stated that Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare;
‘…’ 2 1997.
More than 6 Numerous academic librarians 3 3. Rodgers P, Smith K, Williams D, Jones A, Brown W, Book
authors Green B, et al. The way forward for Australian
libraries. Perth: Wombat Press; 2002.
No author ‘ …the most-accepted definition.’ 4 4. Advertising in the Western Cape. Cape Town: ABC Book
Publishers; 1990.
Multiple works by University research 5-6 has indicated 5. Brown P. Corals in the Capricorn group. Rockhampton: Book
same author that… Central Queensland University; 1982.
6. Brown P. The effects of anchor on corals. Rockhampton:
[if not previously cited] Central Queensland University; 1988.
Editor The most comprehensive work on the 7. Kastenbaum R, editor. Encyclopedia of adult Edited Book
subject 7 … development. Phoenix: Oryx Press; 1993.
Different Editions The latest preferred style …8 8. Renton N. Compendium of good writing. 3rd ed. Milton: Book
John Wiley & Sons; 2004.
An edition number is placed after the title of the work -
this is not necessary for a first edition.
3 Semester 2, 2006
4. Encyclopedia or ‘is defined as …’ 9 9. Oxford dictionary for scientific writers and editors. Oxford: Book
Dictionary Clarendon; 1991. Parabola; p.89.
(put Parabola in the Accession
[include the definition looked up – in this case Number field).
‘Parabola’.
Article or chapter As discussed by Blaxter 10 … 10. Blaxter M. Social class and health inequalities. In: Book Section
in a book Carter C, Peel J, editors. Equalities and inequalities in
health. London: Academic Press, 1976; p. 369-80.
Article or chapter Achieving a life of its own 11 … 11. Solving the Y2K problem. In: Bowd D, ed. Technology Book Section
in a book – no today and tomorrow. New York: Van Nostrand
author Reinhold, 1997; p. 27-40.
.
E-book Pettinger’s work on the topic 12 … 12. Pettinger R. Global organizations [monograph online]. Electronic Book
Oxford: Capstone Publishing; 2002 [cited 2004 Sep
28]. Available from: NetLibrary. (put monograph online in the Type of
Medium field, 2004 Sep 28 in Date
Accessed, NetLibrary in Name of
Database).
Pamphlet The pamphlet produced by the 13. Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. Medicines and Book
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia driving [pamphlet]. Sydney: Pharmaceutical Society of (put pamphlet in Short Title).
13…..
Australia; 1998.
Thesis As discussed by Wood 14 …... 14. Wood MA. A study of the perception of the impact of Thesis
modelling on the development of commitment to
action in decision conferencing [PhD thesis]. Perth (put Perth (WA) in City, PhD in Thesis
(WA): Curtin University of Technology; 2004. Type).
4 Semester 2, 2006
5. Conference This was discussed at the conference 15. Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell Conference Proceeding
15 ….
Proceeding tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour
Conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York: (put Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG
Springer; 2002. in Editors, Germ cell tumours V in
Title, Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell
Tumour Conference in Conference
Name, 2001Sep 13 in Year of
Conference, Leeds, UK in Conference
Location, New York in Accession
Number, Springer in Publisher, 2002
in Date).
Image in a book The poster “Buy Australian Apples” 16 16. Cowle C, Walker D. The art of apple branding. Hobart: Book
Apples from Oz; 2005.
Print Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)
Article As mentioned by Wharton, 17 … 17. Wharton N. Health and safety in outdoor activity Journal Article
centres. J Adventure Ed Outdoor Lead. 1996;12(4):8-
9.
Article – no It’s a growing problem in the U.K. 18 … 18. Anorexia nervosa. Br Med J. 1969;2(1):529-30. Journal Article
author
Newspaper ‘… not responsible’. 19 19. Towers K. Doctor not at fault: coroner. The Australian Newspaper Article
article – with or 2000 Jan 18;3.
without author (put 2000 in the Year field, Jan 24 in
Issue Date, 3 in Pages).
Newspaper ‘…not responsible.’20 20. Doctor cleared by coroner. Sydney Morning Herald Newspaper Article
article – no 2000 Jan 24;12.
author
Press release As stated by the company 21 … 21. Watersmith C. BHP enters new era [press release]. Report
Melbourne: BHP Limited; 2000 Mar 1.
(put press release in the Type field,
BHP Limited in Institution, 2000 in
Year, Mar 1 in Date).
5 Semester 2, 2006
6. Electronic In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)
Journals
Full text from an The economic policy issues raised by 22. Reid DB. Australasian association of doctors’ health Journal Article
electronic the Internet are discussed in detail by advisory services. Med J Australia [serial online]. 2005
database Madden 22 … [cited 2006 Mar 28];182(5):255. Available from: Health (put serial online in the Type of Article
and Medical Complete. field, 2002 Oct 16 in Access Date,
ABI/INFORM Global in Name of
Database).
Full text from an The internet has had a huge impact on 23. Cell tropism of Salmonella enterica. Int J Med Microbiol Journal Article
electronic the Australian economy 23 … [serial online]. 2004 [cited 2006 Mar 28]; 294(4):225-
database – no 33. Available from: Health and Medical Complete. (put serial online in the Type of Article
author field, 2002 Oct 16 in Access Date,
ABI/INFORM Global in Name of
Database).
Full text Promoted as a ‘frontier state’ 24, Newspaper Article
24. WA packed with overseas appeal. The West Australian
newspaper, Western Australia is seen by overseas [serial online]. 2003 [cited 2004 Nov 13] Nov 12; 47.
newswire or tourists as … (put serial online in the Type of Article
Available from: Factiva.
magazine from field, 2004 Nov 13 in Access Date,
an electronic Factiva in Name of Database).
database – no
author
Full text from the Recreational venues of a seasonal 25. Sopensky E. Ice rink becomes hot business. Austin Journal Article
internet nature can still be profitable 25 … Business Journal [serial on the Internet]. 2002 [cited
2002 Oct 16]; 10(4). Available from: (put serial on the Internet in the Type
http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/10/14/s of Article field, 2002 Oct 16 in
mallb1.html. Access Date,
http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stori
es/2002/10/14/smallb1.html in Name
of Database).
6 Semester 2, 2006
7. Article from ‘ …tips on speaking to groups of health 26. . Bodeker G, Kronenberg F. A public health agenda for Journal Article
Curtin E-Reserve care professionals. 26 traditional, complimentary, and alternative medicine. Am. J.
Public Health [serial online]. 2002 [cited 2006 Mar 29] (put serial online in the Type of Article
92(10):1582-91. Available from: Curtin Library and field, 2002 Oct 16 in
Information Service E-Reserve. Access Date, Curtin University Library
and Information Service E-Reserve in
Name of Database).
Article from a Marketing is money well spent, even in 27. La Rosa SM. Marketing slays the downsizing dragon. Journal Article
CD-ROM (BPO) hard times, according to La Rosa. 27 Information Today [serial on CD-ROM] 1992 [cited
2002 Oct 16]; 9(3):58-9. Available from: UMI Business (put serial on CD-ROM in the Type of
Periodicals Ondisc. Article field, 2002 Oct 16 in
Access Date, UMI Business
Periodicals Ondisc in Name of
Database).
Cochrane This is debated by Iver, Farquhar and 28. Iyer V, Farquhar C, Jepson R. The effectiveness of Generic
Review Jepson 28 oral contraceptive pills versus placebo or any other
medical treatment for menorrhagia. [Cochrane review] (put The effectiveness for oral
In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 1998. Oxford: contaceptive pills…in Secondary Title,
Update Software. Cochrane Review in Type of Work,
The Cochrane Library in Title, 4 in
Number, Oxford in Place Published,
Update Software in Publisher).
World Wide In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)
Web
Document on A good example of how students can 29. Department of Health. Creutzfeldt Jakob disease: Electronic Source
WWW learn online about referencing at their guidance for healthcare workers [homepage on the
own pace can found at Curtin Internet]. c2003 [updated 2003 Mar 23; cited 2003 (put homepage on the Internet in the
University. 29 Nov 9]. Available from Type of Medium field, c2003 in Year,
http://www.doh.gov.uk/pdfs/cjdguidance.pdf 2003 Mar 23 in Last Update Date,
2003 Nov 9 in Access Date,
http://www.doh.gov.uk/pdfs/cjdguidanc
e.pdf in URL).
7 Semester 2, 2006
8. Document on … Curtin University Library launched 30. Curtin University of Technology [homepage on the Electronic Source
WWW – no an improved version of their Internet]. Perth: Curtin University; c2004 [updated
article title homepage. 30 2004 May 21; cited 2004 Dec 21]. Available from: (put Curtin University of Technology in
http://www.curtin.edu.au/ Title, homepage on the Internet in the
. Type of Medium field, Perth in City,
Curtin University in Publisher, c2004 in
Year, 2004 May 21 in Last Update
Date, 2004 Dec 21 in Access Date,
http://www.curtin.edu.au in URL).
Document on Both Leafy Seadragons and Weedy 31. Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons [homepage Electronic Source
WWW – No Seadragons are protected species. 31 on the Internet]. c2001 [updated 2001 Aug 1; cited
author 2004 Dec 10]. Available from: (put Leafy seadragons and weedy
http://www.windspeed.net.au/~jenny/seadragons/. seadragons in Title, homepage on the
Internet in the Type of Medium field,
c2001 in Year, 2001 Aug 1 in Last
Update Date, 2004, Dec 10 in Access
Date,
http://www.windspeed.net.au/~jenny/s
eadragons/ in URL).
Document on A link between these conditions has 32. McCook A. Pre-diabetic condition linked to memory Electronic Source
WWW – No date been noted by McCook. 32 loss [homepage on the Internet]. No date [cited 2003
Feb 7]. Available from: (put homepage on the Internet in the
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news_11531.html Type of Medium field, No date in Year,
2003 Feb 7 in Access Date,
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ne
ws_11531.html in URL)
Image on the The image of the bleached coral 33 33. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority [image on the Electronic Source
web Internet]. c2002 [updated 2006 Jan 28; cited 2006 Feb
15]. Available from: (put Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/scie Authority in Title, image on the Internet
nce/bleaching/ in Type of Medium, c2002 in Year,
2006 Jan 28 in Last Update Date,
2006 Feb 15 in Access Date).
8 Semester 2, 2006
9. Government In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)
Publications
Acts of 34. Environmental Protection Act of 1986, WA [statute on Electronic Source
The Environmental Protection Act 1986
Parliament 34 the Internet]. c2002 [cited 2004 Dec 21]. Available
... from: State Law Publisher. (put Environmental Protection Act of
1986, WA in the Title field, statute on
the Internet in Type of Medium, c2002
in Year, 2004 Dec 21 in Access Date,
State Law Publisher in URL).
Cases State-federal relations in this issue Case
35. The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth
were tested in court as far back as
(1915) 20 CLR 5.
1915 35 … (put The State of New South Wales v.
The Commonwealth in the Case Name
field, 1915 in Year, 20 CLR 5 in
Abbreviated Case Name).
Australian … change from the figures published in 36. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, ageing and Book
Bureau of 1999 by the ABS. 36 carers: summary of findings. Canberra: ABS; 1999.
Statistics Bulletin ABS publication 4430.0. (put ABS publication 4430.0 in the
Accession Number field).
Australian … change from the figures published in 37. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, ageing and Electronic Source
Bureau of 1999 by the ABS. 37 carers: summary of findings [serial online]. c1999
Statistics from [cited 2004 Oct 14]; ABS publication 4430.0. Available (put serial online in the Type of
AusStats from: AusStats. Medium field, c1999 in Year, 2004 Oct
14 in Access Date, ABS publication
4430.0 in Accession Number, AusStats
in URL).
Census … information from the 2001 census 38. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Census of population Electronic Source
Information now becoming dated. 38 and housing: 2001 Census Basic Community Profiles and
Snapshots: Postal Areas: postal area 6050: B01 selected (put Census of population and
characteristics. First release processing [data table online]. housing: 2001 Census Basic
c2001 [cited 2002 Nov 20]. Available from: AusStats. Community Profiles and Snapshots:
Postal Areas: postal area 6050: B01
selected characteristics. First release
processing in the Title field, data table
online in Type of Medium, c2001 in
Year, AusStats in URL).
9 Semester 2, 2006
10. Government … a new approach to resource Report
39. Resource Assessment Commission. Forest and timber
Reports assessment on the macro level. 39 enquiry. Volume 1. Draft report. Canberra: Australian
(put Forest and timber enquiry.
Government Publishing Service; 1991.
Volume 1 in Title, Draft report in Type).
Patent US Patent 20020103498 40 Patent
40. Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc.,
assignee. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting
device and positioning tool assembly. United States (put United States in Country,
20020103498 in Patent Number,
patent 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.
2002 in Year, Aug 1 in Date).
Online Standard from Standards Australia 41 Electronic Source
41. Standards Australia. Size clothing scheme for infants’
and children’s clothing – underwear and outerwear
(put standard online in Type of
[standard online]. c1997 [cited 2006 Feb 22]; AS 1182-
Medium, c1997 in Year, 2006 Feb 22
1997. Available from: Standards Australia Online.
in Access Date, AS 1182-1997 in
Accession Number, Standards
Australia Online in URL.
Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example
Personal This was later confirmed (Savieri S Not included in reference list as they cannot be traced
communication, 1999, personal communication, April by the reader.
e-mail, 24) that an outbreak occurred in
discussion lists ( London at this time.
no web archive)
Films and … as seen in the Lonergan film, You 42. Scorsese M, producer; Lonergan K, director. You can Film or Broadcast
videorecordings Can Count on Me. 42 count on me [motion picture]. United States:
Paramount Pictures; 2000. (put motion picture in the Medium field,
Paramount Pictures in Distributor).
10 Semester 2, 2006
11. Television and …then AMA chief, in a television 43. The medical profession in the 1990s [television Film or Broadcast
radio interview. 43 broadcast]. The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. New York,
programmes Washington D.C.: Public Broadcasting Service; 1993 (put television broadcast in the
Oct 11. Medium field, The MacNeil/Lehrer
news hour in Series, New York,
Washington D.C. in Country, Public
Broadcasting Service in Distributor,
1993 in Year, Oct 11 in Date
Released).
Podcast ….in The Wings of a Butterfly – 44. The wings of a butterfly – children, teenagers and Film or Broadcast
Children, Teenagers and Anxiety 44 anxiety [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC Radio
National; c2005 [updated 2005 Sep 10; cited 2005 (put podcast on the Internet in Type of
Sep 16]. Available from: Medium, Sydney in City, ABC Radio
http://www.abc.net.au/podcast/default.htm#mind. National in Publisher, c2005 in Year,
2005 Sep 10 in Last Update Date,
2005 Sep 16 in Access Date,
http://www.abc.net.au/podcast/default.
htm#mind in URL).
CD-ROM …in Anderson’s Electronic Atlas of 45. Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson’s electronic atlas Computer Program
Haematology 45 of haematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins; 2002. (put CD-ROM in Type).
ERIC document …examined the advantages and 46. Davis RK, Lombardi TP. The quality of life of rural Generic
(microfiche) disadvantages of country education. 46 high school special education graduates [microfiche].
In: Rural goals 2000: Building programs that work. (put The quality of life of rural high
ERIC document No.: ED394765. school special education graduates in
Secondary Title, Rural goals 2000:
Building programs that work in Title ,
microfiche in Type of Work, ERIC
document No.: ED394765 in
Publisher).
11 Semester 2, 2006
12. E-mail discussion … as discussed by Little. 47 47. Little L. Two new policy briefs. ECPOLICY [discussion Journal Article
list – web archive list on the Internet]. 2002 Apr 16 [cited 2002 Nov 13].
Available from: (put ECPOLICY in the Journal field,
http://www.askeric.org/Virtual_Listserv_Archives/ECP discussion list on the Internet in Type
OLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg0003.html of Article, 2002 Apr 16 in Year, 2002
Nov 13 in Access Date,
http://www.askeric.org/Virtual_Listserv
_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/
Msg0003.html in Name of Database).
It is very important that you check your department's or school's assignment guide as some details, e.g. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this
page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements
12 Semester 2, 2006