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APA style consists of rules and guidelines for written material.this is especially used for references and bibliography.
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Ppt apa
- 1. Submitted to: Dr. V.T. kamble Professor and Chairman By Gurjeet kaur Research scholar Department of PG studies and Research in library and information science Gulbarga university kalaburgi APA Style Manual
- 2. Introduction: A style guide or style manual is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization or field. The implementation of a style guide provides uniformity in style and formatting within a document and across multiple documents.
- 3. Types of Style Manuals: Research and Documentation describes four commonly used style guide of documentation: •MLA(Modern Language Association) used in English and the humanities •APA(American Psychological Association) used in psychology and the social sciences •Chicago, used in history and some humanities •CSE(Council of Science Editors) used in biology and other sciences.
- 4. APA STYLE MANUAL: APA Style originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension.
- 5. APA Style consists of rules or guidelines that a publisher observes to ensure clear and consistent presentation of written material. These rules are: selection of headings, tone, and length; punctuation and abbreviations; presentation of numbers and statistics; construction of tables and figures, citation of references; and many other elements that are a part of a manuscript
- 6. APA FORMAT Basics List of works cited should begin at the end of the paper on a new page with the centered title, References. Alphabetize the entries in list by the author's last name, using the letter-by-letter system (ignore spaces and other punctuation.) Only the initials of the first and middle names are given. If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any A, An, or The. For dates, spell out the names of months in the text of paper, but abbreviate them in the list of works cited, except for May, June, and July. Use either the day- month-year style (22 July 1999) or the month-day-year style (July 22, 1999) and be consistent. With the month-day-year style, be sure to add a comma after the year unless another punctuation mark goes there.
- 7. Hanging Indentation All APA citations should use hanging indents, that is, the first line of an entry should be flush left, and the second and subsequent lines should be indented 1/2". Hyphenation • For compound words not in the dictionary, use hyphens for clarity rather than omit them. • Hyphenate compound adjectives that precede the noun they modify: role-playing technique two-way analysis middle-class families • Do not hyphenate a compound adjective if its meaning is established or it cannot be misread: grade point average
- 8. Capitalization, Abbreviation, and Punctuation The APA guidelines specify using sentence-style capitalization for the titles of books or articles, so one should capitalize only the first word of a title and subtitle. The exceptions to this rule would be periodical titles and proper names in a title which should still be capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If there is more than one author, use an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. If there are more than six authors, list only the first one and use et al. for the rest. Place the date of publication in parentheses immediately after the name of the author. Place a period after the closing parenthesis. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works within longer works.
- 9. Preferred typeface: Times New Roman Use a 12-point font size Use two spaces after a period at the end of a sentence Double-space entire manuscript Set uniform margins of at least 1 inch on all pages Use a flush left style and leave right margin uneven; do not justify Use the tab key to create a uniform indent for the first line of every paragraph In general - focus on uniformity and readability General Manuscript Guidelines
- 10. Title page Abstract Text References Tables Figures Appendices Order of a Manuscript
- 11. Title page Manuscript title: • should summarize the main idea of the manuscript simply and with style • should be typed in uppercase and lowercase letters, centered between left and right margins, positioned in upper half of page Author: appears on next line after title preferred format: first name, middle initial(s), last name Institutional affiliation: -appears on next line after author -where the author was when research was conducted Running head: -abbreviated form of title printed at top of all pages , flush left, following the words “Running head:” -50 characters or less, all capital letters Author’s note: -can include additional information about affiliation, acknowledgements, disclaimers.
- 12. Abstract Abstract is a short passage that appear just before the introduction along with the recommended keywords. It should be typically range from 150 to 200 words Text Starts on a separate page after the abstract page, numbered page 3 Type manuscript title in upper and lowercase letters, centered on the top line Begin typing introduction on the next line – do not label this section as “introduction” Use headings to organize contents of text
- 13. Heading centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 1) Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 2) Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Reference page Start on a new page after the end of the text Type the word “References” in uppercase and lowercase letters on the top line, centered Double-space the entire reference page and all entries Go on to additional pages as necessary
- 14. Additional work Include additional materials after the reference page(s) in the following order: -tables -figures -appendices Begin each one on a new page Label each piece clearly
- 15. Citations overview • Place citations in sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear which material has come from which sources. • Use pronouns and transitions to indicate whether several sentences contain material from the same source or from different sources. Example : Symthe (1990) found that positioning influences ventilation. In his study of 20 ICU patients, he used two methods to. . . . However, his findings did not support the work of Karcher (1987) and Atley (1989), who used much larger samples to demonstrate that ...
- 16. APA Reference List Print Sources •Book Author's last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of publication). Title of the book. City: Publisher. In one author Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society In case of two authors Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). A reader's guide to science fiction. New York: Facts on File, Inc.
- 17. Edited Book Author's last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of publication). Title of the article. In editor's name (Ed.), Title of the book (pages of the article). City: Publisher. Example: Flower, L., Hayes, J. R., Carey, L., Schriver, K., & Stratman, J. (1986). Detection, diagnosis. In L. Ede (Ed.), The Braddock essays (pp. 191-228). Boston:Bedford St. Martin's.
- 18. Periodical—Journal Paginated by Issue Author's last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of publication). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, Volume(Issue), pages of the article. .Example: Szasz, T. (2004). Protecting patients against psychiatric intervention. Social Science and ModernSociety, 41(3), 7-9
- 19. Periodical—Journal Paginated by Volume Author's last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of publication). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, Volume, pages of the article. Example: Weber, E. U., Shafir, S., & Blais, A. (2004). Predicting risk sensitivity in humans and lower animals. Psychological Review, 111, 430-445.
- 20. Periodical—Magazines Author's last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, date of publication). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, Volume, pages of the article. Example: Schwartz, P. (2002, June). Love is not all you need. Psychology Today, 35, 57-62.
- 21. Periodical—Newspapers Author's last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, date of publication). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, pages of the article. Example: Martinez, A. (2004, May 5). Questions arise about liability. The Sun, pp. A1, A6.
- 22. Electronic Sources Article from an Internet-only Journal Author's last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of publication). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, Volume(Issue). Retrieval date, from URL Example: Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., & Barton, S. M. (2003). Collegiate academic dishonesty revisited: What have they done, how often have they done it? Electronic Journal of Sociology, 7(4). Retrieved May 5, 2004, from http://www.sociology.org/content/vol7.4/lambert_etal.html
- 23. journal Article from a Database Author's last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year of publication). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, Volume, pages of the article. Retrieval date, from database (document number). Example: Troyer, L., & Younts, C. W. (1997). Whose expectations matter? The relative power of expectations in determining social influence. The American Journal of Sociology, 103, 692-743. Retrieved May 5, 2004, from Expanded Academic ASAP database (A20317868).
- 24. APA In-Text in print sources APA uses an author-date system of in-text citation. Each of the samples below is followed by the entry that would appear on the reference list page. In-Text Citation for a Quotation Include the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number. Example: Szasz (2004) commented, "We are hypocrites if we ignore who the parties are that support the enactment of mental health laws and deny patients the option of rejecting psychiatric services"(p. 8). Or "We are hypocrites if we ignore who the parties are that support the enactment of mental health laws and deny patients the option of rejecting psychiatric services" (Szasz, 2004, p. 8). Reference List Entry Szasz, T. (2004). Protecting patients against psychiatric intervention. Social Science and Modern Society, 41(3), 7-9.
- 25. In-Text Citation for a Paraphrase or Summary Include the author's last name and the year of publication. The page number is not required; however, it is recommended especially when citing a section from a long work. Example: According to Meyer and Smith (1987), a beginning writer may use academic jargon incorrectly in an attempt to sound sophisticated. Part of a tutor's job, then, is to help that student develop his or her unique voice (p. 162). Or A beginning writer may use academic jargon incorrectly in an attempt to sound sophisticated. Part of a tutor's job, then, is to help that student develop his or her unique voice (Meyer & Smith, 1987, p. 162). Reference List Entry Meyer, E., & Smith, L. Z. (1987). The practical tutor. New York: Oxford University Press.
- 26. APA In-Text Electronic Publications Include the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number or paragraph number. For sites lacking page numbers or paragraph numbers, give the heading and paragraph number. If that information is unavailable, simply provide the author's last name and the year of publication. Example: Psychologists Seff, Gecas, and Frey (1993) argued that "research on birth order effects has been remarkably inconsistent and inconclusive with regard to various personality and behavioral outcomes" (Introduction section, 4). Reference List Entry Seff, M. A., Gecas, V., & Frey, J. H. (1993). Birth order, self concept, and participation in dangerous sports. The Journal of Psychology, 127. Retrieved May 23, 2004, from Expanded Academic ASAP database (Article A14110698).
- 27. No Author/No Date Include a shortened title of the work (Use italics for books and periodicals; use double quotations for articles.), the year of publication (If no publication date is available use the abbreviation n.d.), and the page number, if applicable. Example: Merton asserted that the "lack of integration between what the culture calls for and what thestructure permits . . . causes deviant behavior" (Merton's Strain, n.d.). Reference List Entry Merton's Strain Theory. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2004, from http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/ CURRIC/soc/crime/mert_str.htm
- 28. Conclusion APA style has come to refer to this well-developed system of writing conventions that includes guidelines on how to organize empirical reports, how to reference other published works, and how to solve a dozen other problems that arise in the preparation of a manuscript. APA style is widely used, not only by APA publications but by various other scientific journals including medical and public health journals, textbooks, and academia for papers written in classes etc.
- 29. Thank You
Editor's Notes
- Thank you