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The musculoskeletal system
- 1. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Bones, joints and muscles Tendons, ligaments and cartilage
- 2. The human skeleton • Contains 206 bones •Initially: flexible cartilage •Ossification
- 3. Process of ossification • Approximately 20 years • Growth plates • Bone building: - Osteoblasts - Osteocytes - Osteoclasts • Video http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-2001 25.htm
- 4. Structure of bones Compact bone • Outside part of the bone • Extremely strong and hard • Periosteum Spongy bone • Mesh-like network (trabeculae) • Red marrow (blood cells) • Yellow marrow (fat) http://youtu.be/yFJ4iswRiu4
- 5. Micrographs
- 6. Anatomical classification of bones • Bones are characterized anatomically as: – long bones (e.g. humerus, femur) – flat bones (membrane bones) – irregular bones (such as the vertebrae) • All these bone types, regardless of their anatomical form, are composed of both spongy and compact bone.
- 7. Functions of the skeleton • Bone provides the internal support of the body and provides sites of attachment of tendons and muscles, essential for locomotion. • Bone provides protection for the vital organs of the body: the skull protects the brain; the ribs protect the heart and lungs. • The hematopoietic bone marrow is protected by the surrounding bony tissue. • The main store of calcium and phosphate is in bone. Bone has several metabolic functions especially in calcium homeostasis. • http://youtu.be/8d-RBe8JBVs
- 8. Joints • Meeting of two bones • Make the skeleton flexible • Types: - Immovable or fibrous - Partially movable, or cartilaginous - Freely movable, or synovial
- 9. Joints • Types of synovial joints: - Hinge: knees and elbows - Gliding: wrists and ankles - Ball and socket: hips and shoulders - Pivot: Head
- 10. Joints consist of the following: •Cartilage: the bones are covered with cartilage (a connective tissue), which is made up of cells and fibers and is wear- resistant. Cartilage helps reduce the friction of movement. •Synovial membrane: a tissue that lines the joint and seals it into a joint capsule. The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid (a clear, sticky fluid) around the joint to lubricate it. •Ligaments: strong ligaments (tough, elastic bands of connective tissue) surround the joint to give support and limit the joint's movement.
- 11. Joints consist of the following (II) • Tendons: tendons (another type of tough connective tissue) on each side of a joint attach to muscles that control movement of the joint. • Bursas: fluid-filled sacs, between bones, ligaments, or other adjacent structures help cushion the friction in a joint. • Synovial fluid: a clear, sticky fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. • Meniscus: a curved part of cartilage in the knees and other joints.
- 12. Synovial joints
- 13. The Muscles • Pull on the joints, allowing us to move. • Help the body perform other functions. • More than 650 muscles ( half of a person's body weight) • Tendons: tough, cord-like tissues • 3 different kinds of muscle
- 14. How do muscles move? • Contracting and relaxing. • Work in pairs of flexors and extensors. • The flexor contracts to bend a limb at a joint. • The extensor contracts to extend or straighten the limb at the same joint.
- 15. How do skeletal muscles work? http://youtu.be/XoP1diaXVCI