This document provides an overview of one-way ANOVA, including its assumptions, steps, and an example. One-way ANOVA tests whether the means of three or more independent groups are significantly different. It compares the variance between sample means to the variance within samples using an F-statistic. If the F-statistic exceeds a critical value, then at least one group mean is significantly different from the others. Post-hoc tests may then be used to determine specifically which group means differ. The example calculates statistics to compare the analgesic effects of three drugs and finds no significant difference between the group means.
This document discusses analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square tests. It covers F tests, one-way and two-way ANOVA, assumptions of ANOVA, and how to perform chi-square goodness of fit and independence tests. Examples are provided for variance ratio F tests, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and chi-square tests. Limitations of chi-square tests include requiring independent observations and minimum expected frequencies of 5 per cell.
Today’s overwhelming number of techniques applicable to data analysis makes it extremely difficult to define the most beneficial approach while considering all the significant variables.
The analysis of variance has been studied from several approaches, the most common of which uses a linear model that relates the response to the treatments and blocks. Note that the model is linear in parameters but may be nonlinear across factor levels. Interpretation is easy when data is balanced across factors but much deeper understanding is needed for unbalanced data.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models and their associated estimation procedures (such as the "variation" among and between groups) used to analyze the differences among means. ANOVA was developed by the statistician Ronald Fisher. ANOVA is based on the law of total variance, where the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation. In its simplest form, ANOVA provides a statistical test of whether two or more population means are equal, and therefore generalizes the t-test beyond two means. In other words, the ANOVA is used to test the difference between two or more means.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an analysis tool used in statistics that splits an observed aggregate variability found inside a data set into two parts: systematic factors and random factors. The systematic factors have a statistical influence on the given data set, while the random factors do not. Analysts use the ANOVA test to determine the influence that independent variables have on the dependent variable in a regression study.
Sir Ronald Fisher pioneered the development of ANOVA for analyzing results of agricultural experiments.1 Today, ANOVA is included in almost every statistical package, which makes it accessible to investigators in all experimental sciences. It is easy to input a data set and run a simple ANOVA, but it is challenging to choose the appropriate ANOVA for different experimental designs, to examine whether data adhere to the modeling assumptions, and to interpret the results correctly. The purpose of this report, together with the next 2 articles in the Statistical Primer for Cardiovascular Research series, is to enhance understanding of ANVOA and to promote its successful use in experimental cardiovascular research. My colleagues and I attempt to accomplish those goals through examples and explanation, while keeping within reason the burden of notation, technical jargon, and mathematical equations.
This document explains the key differences between observational and experimental studies. Observational studies involve observing phenomena as they occur naturally, while experimental studies involve manipulating variables and determining their effects. It defines related concepts like independent and dependent variables, treatment and control groups. It notes advantages of experimental studies like controlling subject selection and variable manipulation, and disadvantages like artificial settings and potential confounding variables.
The document provides an overview of biostatistics and research methodology topics. It defines key biostatistics concepts like population and parameter. It also introduces several non-parametric tests like the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Friedman test. Additionally, it discusses important aspects of research like the need for research, types of research, the research process, and challenges researchers may encounter.
Unit-III Non Parametric tests: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis
test, Friedman Test. BP801T. BIOSTATISITCS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Theory)
The document provides an overview of analysis of variance (ANOVA). It defines ANOVA and discusses its key concepts, including how it was developed by Ronald Fisher. It also covers one-way and two-way ANOVA, describing their techniques and providing examples. The uses, advantages and limitations of ANOVA are outlined.
This document provides an overview of analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques. It discusses one-way and two-way ANOVA, including their assumptions, calculations, and applications. For example, it explains how to set up a two-way ANOVA table and calculate values like sums of squares, degrees of freedom, mean squares, and F values. It also gives an example of using one-way ANOVA to analyze differences in crop yields between four plots of land.
The document discusses analysis of variance (ANOVA), a statistical technique developed by R.A. Fisher in 1920 to analyze the differences between group means and their associated procedures. It can be used when there are two or more samples to study the significance of differences between their mean values. ANOVA works by decomposing the overall variability into different sources and comparing the relative sizes of different variances. It is useful for research in fields like agriculture, biology, pharmacy, and more.
This document provides an overview of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). It explains that two-way ANOVA involves two categorical independent variables and one continuous dependent variable. The document outlines the objectives of two-way ANOVA, which are to analyze interactions between the two factors, and evaluate the effects of each factor. It then provides examples of how to set up and perform two-way ANOVA calculations and interpretations.
The document discusses analysis of variance (ANOVA), which partitions total sum of squares into components due to factors and error. There are two types of ANOVA: one-way and two-way. Two-way ANOVA compares mean differences between groups split across two independent variables and determines if there is an interaction between the variables on the dependent variable. An example tests if gender and education level interact to influence text anxiety.
One-way ANOVA is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups, with one independent variable and one dependent variable. It tests the null hypothesis that all group means are equal against the alternative hypothesis that at least two group means are different. Key assumptions include normal distribution of values within each group, equal variances between groups, and independence of errors. Steps involve stating hypotheses, calculating degrees of freedom, determining the decision rule based on a table F value, and calculating the F statistic to determine if group means are significantly different.
The document discusses parametric hypothesis testing concepts like directional vs non-directional hypotheses, p-values, critical values, and types of parametric tests including t-tests, ANOVA, and when each should be used. It provides examples of one-way and two-way ANOVA, describing how one-way ANOVA is used when groups differ on one factor and two-way is used when groups differ on two or more factors. Key assumptions for parametric tests like normality and sample size are also outlined.
This presentation contains information about Mann Whitney U test, what is it, when to use it and how to use it. I have also put an example so that it may help you to easily understand it.
The document discusses key probability concepts including probability, binomial distribution, normal distribution, and Poisson distribution. It provides examples of how each concept is applied in pharmaceutical research and drug development, such as calculating the probability of adverse drug events, modeling drug response rates, and analyzing the number of medication errors at a pharmacy.
ANOVA (analysis of variance) and mean differentiation tests are statistical methods used to compare means or medians of multiple groups. ANOVA compares three or more means to test for statistical significance and is similar to multiple t-tests but with less type I error. It requires continuous dependent variables and categorical independent variables. There are different types of ANOVA including one-way, factorial, repeated measures, and multivariate ANOVA. Key assumptions of ANOVA include normality, homogeneity of variance, and independence of observations. The F-test statistic follows an F-distribution and is used to evaluate the null hypothesis that population means are equal.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a non-parametric statistical test used to compare two related samples or repeated measurements on a single sample to assess if their population mean ranks differ. It can be used as an alternative to the paired t-test when the population cannot be assumed to be normally distributed. The test involves ranking the differences between paired observations, ignoring the signs of the differences, and comparing the sum of the ranks of the positive or negative differences to critical values to determine if there are statistically significant differences between the samples. A limitation is that observations with a difference of zero are discarded, which can be a concern if samples come from a discrete distribution.
This document discusses parametric tests used for statistical analysis. It introduces t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Z-tests. T-tests are used to compare means of small samples and include one-sample, unpaired two-sample, and paired two-sample t-tests. ANOVA compares multiple population means and includes one-way and two-way ANOVA. Pearson's correlation measures the strength of association between two continuous variables. Z-tests compare means or proportions of large samples. Key assumptions and calculations for each test are provided along with examples. The document emphasizes the importance of choosing the appropriate statistical test for research.
This document provides an overview of analysis of variance (ANOVA). It begins by defining ANOVA and its historical background. It then discusses the basic concepts and assumptions of ANOVA, including comparing group means rather than variances. The document outlines why ANOVA is preferable to multiple t-tests and describes the different types of ANOVA designs including one-way, repeated measures, factorial, and mixed. It provides examples of main effects and interactions. Finally, it demonstrates how to perform one-way and factorial ANOVAs in SPSS and discusses post-hoc tests.
This document provides an overview of analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques, including one-way and two-way ANOVA. It defines ANOVA as a statistical tool used to test differences between two or more means by analyzing variance. One-way ANOVA tests the effect of one factor on the mean and splits total variation into between-groups and within-groups components. Two-way ANOVA controls for another variable as a blocking factor to reduce error variance and splits total variation into between treatments, between blocks, and residual components. The document reviews key ANOVA terms, assumptions, calculations including sum of squares, F-ratio and p-value, and provides examples of one-way and two-way ANOVA.
a full lecture presentation on ANOVA .
areas covered include;
a. definition and purpose of anova
b. one-way anova
c. factorial anova
d. mutiple anova
e MANOVA
f. POST-HOC TESTS - types
f. easy step by step process of calculating post hoc test.
The document discusses different types of t-tests and one-way ANOVA for comparing means of continuous outcome data. It describes one sample t-test, paired t-test, two independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA. For one-way ANOVA, it outlines the assumptions, definitions, notations, partitioning of total sum of squares, and provides examples to illustrate these statistical tests for comparing several means.
1) ANOVA is used to compare the means of more than two populations and determine if observed differences are due to chance or actual differences in the population means.
2) The document provides an example of using a one-way single factor ANOVA to analyze the effects of different teaching formats on student exam scores.
3) The ANOVA compares the between-treatment variability to the within-treatment variability using an F-test. If the between-treatment variability is significantly larger, it suggests the population means differ. In this example, the F-test showed no significant difference between the teaching formats.
This document provides an overview of parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. It defines key concepts like standard error, degrees of freedom, critical values, and one-tailed versus two-tailed hypotheses. Common parametric tests discussed include t-tests, ANOVA, ANCOVA, and MANOVA. Nonparametric tests covered are chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Friedman. The document explains when to use parametric versus nonparametric methods and how measures like effect size can quantify the strength of relationships found.
This document provides an overview of analysis of variance (ANOVA), including:
- ANOVA is used to compare means of three or more populations using an F-test. It assumes normal distributions, independence, and equal variances.
- Between-group and within-group variances are calculated to determine the F-value. If F exceeds the critical value, the null hypothesis of equal means is rejected.
- Two-way ANOVA extends the technique to analyze two independent variables and their interaction effects on a dependent variable. Graphs can show interactions like disordinal, ordinal, or no interaction.
The document discusses various parametric statistical tests including t-tests, ANOVA, ANCOVA, and MANOVA. It provides definitions and assumptions for parametric tests and explains how they can be used to analyze quantitative data that follows a normal distribution. Specific parametric tests covered in detail include the independent samples t-test, paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Examples are provided to illustrate how each test is conducted and how results are interpreted.
The document provides information on statistical techniques for comparing means between groups, including t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and their assumptions and applications. T-tests are used to compare two groups, while ANOVA allows comparison of three or more groups and controls for increased Type I error rates. Steps for conducting t-tests, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests using SPSS are outlined along with examples and interpretations.
The document discusses statistical methods for comparing means between groups, including t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA). It provides information on different types of t-tests (one sample, independent samples, and paired samples t-tests), assumptions of t-tests, and how to perform t-tests in SPSS. It also covers one-way ANOVA, including its assumptions, components of variation, properties of the F-test, and how to run a one-way ANOVA in SPSS. Examples are provided for each statistical test.
This document discusses parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. Parametric tests like the t-test and ANOVA assume a normal distribution of data and compare population means. Nonparametric tests do not assume a normal distribution and can be used when sample sizes are small or distributions are unknown. Specific parametric tests covered include the t-test for comparing two groups, one-way ANOVA for comparing three or more groups on one factor, and two-way ANOVA for examining two factors. Examples of how and when to use these various tests are provided.
The document provides an overview of different statistical analysis methods including independent ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and MANOVA. It discusses key aspects of each method such as their appropriate uses, assumptions, and how to conduct the analyses and interpret results in SPSS. For ANOVA, it covers topics like F-ratio, significance levels, post-hoc tests, effect sizes, and examples. For MANOVA, it compares it to ANOVA and explains how MANOVA can assess differences across groups on multiple dependent variables simultaneously.
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DSilvaGraf83
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DMoseStaton39
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
This document provides an overview of common statistical tests used to analyze data, including the t-test, ANOVA, and ANCOVA. It describes the assumptions, test statistics, and SAS code for each test. The t-test is used to compare two population means or determine if two sets of data are significantly different. ANOVA examines differences among group means and can be one-way or two-way. ANCOVA combines aspects of ANOVA and regression by including categorical and continuous predictors to examine the influence of independent variables on a dependent variable while controlling for a covariate.
ANOVA and meta-analysis are statistical techniques used to analyze data from multiple groups or studies. ANOVA allows researchers to determine if variability between groups is statistically significant or due to chance. It compares the means of three or more independent groups and tests the hypothesis that their means are equal. Meta-analysis systematically combines results from independent studies on a topic to obtain an overall estimate of effect. It involves identifying relevant studies, determining their eligibility, abstracting their data, and statistically analyzing the data to summarize results. Both techniques provide a more robust analysis than examining individual studies alone.
This document discusses a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) model. It defines ANOVA and explains that it allows comparison of three or more population means. The key assumptions of ANOVA are normal distributions and equal variances across populations. The document provides an example of using a single factor ANOVA to compare final exam scores from students in different teaching formats. Total variability is partitioned into between and within treatment variability, and average variability is measured using mean square values.
This document provides an overview of analysis of variance (ANOVA). It begins by defining parametric tests and discussing the assumptions of ANOVA. The key ideas of ANOVA are introduced, including comparing the variance between groups to the variance within groups. Calculations for one-way ANOVA are demonstrated, including sums of squares, mean squares, and the F-statistic. Examples are provided to illustrate one-way ANOVA calculations and interpretations. Violations of assumptions and extensions to two-way ANOVA are also discussed.
- Analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be used to test if there are significant differences between the means of three or more populations. It tests the null hypothesis that all population means are equal.
- Key terms in ANOVA include response variable, factor, treatment, and level. A factor is the independent variable whose levels make up the treatments being compared.
- ANOVA partitions total variation in data into variations due to treatments and random error. If the treatment variation is large compared to error variation, the null hypothesis of equal means is rejected.
This document provides an overview of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). It defines ANOVA, explains its assumptions and steps, and provides an example to illustrate its use. Specifically:
1) ANOVA is used to compare the means of three or more groups and determine if they differ significantly. It partitions variance into between-groups and within-groups components.
2) The key assumptions are normality, homogeneity of variance, and independence of observations.
3) Steps include establishing a significance level, calculating an F-statistic to compare between-group and within-group variance, and determining whether results are statistically significant.
ANOVA is a statistical technique used to compare the means of three or more groups. It can test if population means are equal or if some are different. The document outlines the steps in ANOVA including describing data, stating hypotheses, calculating test statistics, and making conclusions. It also discusses one-way and two-way ANOVA designs, comparing means between multiple groups while controlling for Type I error, and the calculations involved including sums of squares, degrees of freedom, and F-ratios.
Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis and Simulation ...Oleg Kshivets
5YS of local advanced non-small cell LCP after combined radical procedures significantly depended on: tumor characteristics, LC cell dynamics, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors, biochemical factors, hemostasis system, anthropometric data, adjuvant treatment and procedure type. Optimal strategies for local advanced LCP are: 1) availability of very experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity radical procedures; 2) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 3) precise prediction; 4) AT for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Human blood has a hydrogen ion concentration [H+ ] of 35 to 45 nmol/L and it is essential that its concentration is maintained within this narrow range.
Hydrogen ions are nothing but protons which can bind to proteins and alter their characteristics.
All the enzymes present in the body are proteins and an alteration in these enzyme systems can change the homeostatic mechanisms of the body.
Hence, a disturbance in acid-base balance can result in malfunction of the various organ systems.
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.
Acidosis is defined as a pH Less than 7.35.
Conversely, when the pH is more than 7.45, alkalosis is said to exist.
Acidosis and alkalosis are of two types each: respiratory and metabolic.
An increase in carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels increases the plasma [H+ ] and decreases the pH (respiratory acidosis).
Similarly, a decrease in plasma carbon dioxide levels reduces the [H+ ] and increases the pH (respiratory alkalosis).
A decrease in [HC03 -] reduces the pH and is called metabolic acidosis.
Similarly, an increase in [HC03 -] increases the pH and produces metabolic alkalosis.
The pH is regulated in the human body mainly by two organs: the respiratory system and the renal system.
The arterial carbon dioxide levels are regulated by the respiratory system.
Any increase in carbon dioxide levels stimulates the respiratory centre in the medulla thus augmenting respiration, alveolar ventilation and elimination of extra CO2 levels.
A decrease in CO2 levels may reduce the stimulus to breathe and cause hypoventilation.
This response is limited by hypoxia as the hypoxic drive stimulates the patient to maintain respiration.
Respiratory response to changes in CO2 level occurs very fast.
The plasma bicarbonate levels are regulated by the kidneys.
Any decrease in [HC03 -] stimulates the kidney to retain and synthesise bicarbonate.
High [HC03 -] results in elimination of more bicarbonate in urine.
In general, the pulmonary response to a change in acid-base status is faster and occurs immediately.
However, renal regulation takes time, a few hours to days.
Kidneys filter and reabsorb all the bicarbonate in the urine.
When necessary, kidneys can also produce extra bicarbonate through the glutamine pathway.
When an acid-base disorder occurs, the initial disturbance that occurs is termed the primary disorder.
The body attempts to normaliZe the pH by certain compensatory mechanisms resulting in a secondary disorder, e.g. primary metabolic acidosis results in an increase in hydrogen ions and a consequent decrease in bicarbonate ions.
To compensate for this, the patient hyperventilates and reduces the arterial carbon dioxide levels, thus moving the pH back to normal ( compensatory respiratory alkalosis )
These are the class of Drugs that are used to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias by blocking ion channels involved in cardiac impulse generation and conduction. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide block sodium channels to prolong the action potential duration, while Class IB drugs like lignocaine shorten repolarization. Class III drugs like amiodarone block potassium channels to prolong the action potential. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil inhibit calcium influx. Other drugs include adenosine for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, beta blockers for supraventricular arrhythmias, and atropine for bradycardias. Adverse effects vary between drugs but include arrhythmias, heart block and QT prolong
Definition of mental health nursing, terminology, classification of mental disorder, ICD-10, Indian Classification, Personality development, defense mechanism, etiology of bio psychosocial factors,
General Endocrinology and mechanism of action of hormonesMedicoseAcademics
This presentation, given by Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the foundational concepts of general endocrinology. It covers the various types of chemical messengers in the body, including neuroendocrine hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and traditional hormones. Dr. Faiza explains how these messengers are secreted and their modes of action, distinguishing between autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects.
The presentation provides detailed examples of glands and specialized cells involved in hormone secretion, such as the pituitary gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, adrenal medulla, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testis. It outlines the special features of hormones, differentiating between peptides and proteins based on their amino acid composition.
Key principles of endocrinology are discussed, including hormone secretion in response to stimuli, the duration of hormone action, hormone concentrations in the blood, and secretion rates. Dr. Faiza highlights the importance of feedback control in hormone secretion, the occurrence of hormonal surges due to positive feedback, and the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as the master clock regulating rhythmic patterns in biological clocks of neuroendocrine cells and endocrine glands.
The presentation also addresses the metabolic clearance of hormones from the blood, explaining the mechanisms involved, such as metabolic destruction by tissues, binding with tissues, and excretion by the liver and kidneys. The differences in half-life between hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones are explored.
The mechanism of hormone action is thoroughly covered, detailing hormone receptors located on the cell membrane, in the cell cytoplasm, and in the cell nucleus. The processes of upregulation and downregulation of receptors are explained, along with various types of hormone receptors, including ligand-gated ion channels, G protein–linked hormone receptors, and enzyme-linked hormone receptors. The presentation elaborates on second messenger systems such as adenylyl cyclase, cell membrane phospholipid systems, and calcium-calmodulin linked systems.
Finally, the methods for measuring hormone concentrations in the blood, such as radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), are discussed, providing a comprehensive understanding of the tools used in endocrinology research and clinical practice.
This document contains an overview of different types of ocular neoplastic disorders or ocular tumors among pediatric patients. you can have a quick basic concept about ocular tumors among children and a basic management strategy. You will have perfect idea about almost 8 ocular tumors among pediatric patients .
Subcutaneous nodules in rheumatic diseases Ahmed Yehia Assistant Professor of internal Medicine, Immunology, rheumatology and allergy
How to use subcutaneous nodules as a clue for diagnosis by completing the puzzle
THE MANAGEMENT OF PENILE CANCER. PowerPointBright Chipili
This PowerPoint includes all the relevant information and science about penile cancer and its management. Information is based on Campbell 12th edition and EAU 2024 updated guidelines.
As a leading rheumatologist in Chandigarh, Dr. Aseem specializes in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of rheumatic conditions, including but not limited to:
Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the joints.
Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage.
Lupus: A systemic autoimmune disease that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs.
Ankylosing Spondylitis: A type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing pain and stiffness.
Gout: A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, and tenderness in the joints.
Psoriatic Arthritis: A type of arthritis that affects some people with psoriasis.
Vasculitis: An inflammation of the blood vessels that can cause a variety of symptoms.
Sjogren’s Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder characterized by dry eyes and mouth.
Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Dr. Aseem Goyal utilizes advanced diagnostic techniques to identify the underlying causes of rheumatic conditions. Our state-of-the-art facility is equipped with the latest technology to provide comprehensive diagnostic services, including:
Blood Tests: To check for markers of inflammation and autoimmune activity.
Imaging Studies: Such as X-rays, MRI, and ultrasound to assess joint and soft tissue damage.
Joint Fluid Analysis: To examine the fluid in the joints for signs of inflammation or infection.
Biopsy: In certain cases, a small tissue sample may be taken for further examination.
Treatment Approaches
Dr. Aseem Goyal adopts a holistic and patient-centered approach to treatment. Depending on the specific condition and its severity, treatment options may include:
Medications
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): To slow the progression of rheumatic diseases.
Biologic Agents: Targeted therapies that block specific pathways in the immune system.
Corticosteroids: To control severe inflammation quickly.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 11, Venous Catheter - Basics, Insertion, Use and Care -...NephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/QeWTw_fYPlA
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/fUWI9boFc7w
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Factors influencing growth & development:
Growth & development depend upon multiple factors or determinants. They influence directly or indirectly by promoting or hindering the process.
The determinants can be grouped as Heredity & environment..
Heredity or genetic factors are also related to sex, race, & nationality. Environment includes both pre natal & post natal factors.
TEST BANK Physical Examination and Health Assessment 9th Edition by Carolyn J...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK Physical Examination and Health Assessment 9th Edition by Carolyn Jarvis, All Chapters 1 - 32 Full Complete.pdf
TEST BANK Physical Examination and Health Assessment 9th Edition by Carolyn Jarvis, All Chapters 1 - 32 Full Complete.pdf
2. Overview
• Introduction.
• Why ANOVA instead of multiple t-tests?
• One way ANOVA.
• Assumptions of One way ANOVA.
• Steps in One way ANOVA.
• Example.
• Conclusion.
3. Introduction
• ANOVA is an abbreviation for the full name of the method:
Analysis Of Variance.
• Invented by R.A. Fisher in the 1918.
• ANOVA is used to test the significance of the difference
between more than two sample means.
• Name “ANOVA” is a misnomer as it compares mean to check
variance between group.
4. Summary Table of Statistical tests
Level of
Measurement
Sample Characteristics
Correlation
1 Sample
2 Sample K Sample (i.e., >2)
Independent Dependent Independent Dependent
Categorical or
Nominal
Χ2 or
bi-
nomina
l
Χ2 Macnarmar’s
Χ2
Χ2 Cochran’s Q
Rank or
Ordinal
Mann
Whitney U
Wilcoxin
Matched
Pairs Signed
Ranks
Kruskal
Wallis H
Friedman’s
ANOVA
Spearman’s
rho
Parametric
(Interval &
Ratio)
z test
or
t test
t test
between
groups
t test
within
groups
1 way ANOVA
between
groups
1 way ANOVA
(within or
repeated
measure)
Pearson’s
r
Factorial (2 way) ANOVA
Χ2
5. Why ANOVA instead of multiple t-tests?
• If you are comparing means between more than two groups,
we can choose two sample t-tests to compare the mean of one
group with the mean of the other groups?
:Before ANOVA, this was the only option available to
compare means between more than two groups.
• The problem with the multiple t-tests approach is that as the
number of groups increases, the number of two sample t-tests
also increases.
• As the number of tests increases the probability of making a
Type I error also increases.
6. One way ANOVA
• One way ANOVA (=F test) compares the mean of two or more
group whenever there is one independent variable is involved.
• It finds out whether there are any statistical significance
difference between their group means.
• If more then one independent variable is involved then it is
called as N way ANOVA.
• One way ANOVA specifically tests the null hypothesis.
• H0 = u1 = u2 = u3 = uk , u = group mean & k= no. of groups.
• If One way ANOVA shows a statistical significant result it
means HA is true.
7. Variables In One way ANOVA
• In an ANOVA, there are two kinds of variables: independent
and dependent
• The independent variable is controlled or manipulated by the
researcher.
• It is a categorical (discrete) variable used to form the
groupings of observations.
8. • There are two types of independent variables: active and
attribute.
• If the independent variable is an active variable then we
manipulate the values of the variable to study its affect on
another variable.
• For example, anxiety level is an active independent variable.
• An attribute independent variable is a variable where we do not
alter the variable during the study.
• For example, we might want to study the effect of age on
weight. We cannot change a person’s age, but we can study
people of different ages and weights.
9. • In the One-way ANOVA, only one independent variable is
considered, but there are two or more (theoretically any finite
number) levels of the independent variable.
• The independent variable is typically a categorical variable.
• The independent variable (or factor) divides individuals into two
or more groups or levels.
• The procedure is a One-way ANOVA, since there is only one
independent variable.
10. • The (continuous) dependent variable is defined as the variable
that is, or is presumed to be, the result of manipulating the
independent variable.
• In the One-way ANOVA, there is only one dependent variable –
and hypotheses are formulated about the means of the groups on
that dependent variable.
• The dependent variable differentiates individuals on quantitative
(continuous) dimension.
11. Assumptions of One way ANOVA
1) All populations involved follow a normal distribution.
2) Homogeneity of variances: The variance within each group
should be equal for all groups.
3) Independence of error: The error (variation of each value
around its own group mean) should be independent for each
value.
4) Only ONE independent variable should be checked whether
it produces a significant difference between the groups.
12. Example of One way ANOVA
Group A Group B Group C
160,110,118,124,13
2
122,136,124,126,12
0,138
148,126,124,128,14
0
N1= 5 N2= 6 N3= 5
Mean=128.8 Mean= 127.66 Mean=133.2
EXAMPLE: A study conducted to assess & compare the
effect of Treatment A vs Treatment B vs Treatment C
on SBP in a specified population.
13. ANOVA
One way ANOVA Three way ANOVA
Effect of Drugs on SBP
Two way ANOVA
Effect of Diet &
Drugs on SBP
Effect of Exercise,
Drugs, Diet on SBP
14. Steps in One way ANOVA
2. State Alpha
3. Calculate degrees of Freedom
4. Calculate test statistic
- Calculate variance between samples
- Calculate variance within the samples
- Calculate F statistic
1. State null & alternative hypotheses
15. Example- one way ANOVA
Example: A investigator wants to find out the
analgesic effect of aspirin vs diclofenac vs
ibuprofen in a group of population with equal
variances.
Aspirin Diclofenac Ibuprofen
1 5 9
4 10 3
7 2 2
9 1 4
3 7 2
16. Steps Involved
1.Null hypothesis –
No significant difference in the means of 3 samples
2. State Alpha i.e 0.05
3. Calculate degrees of Freedom
k-1 & n-k = 2 & 12
4. State decision rule
Table value of F at 5% level of significance for d.f 2 & 12 is
3.88
The calculated value of F > 3.88 , H0 will be rejected
5. Calculate test statistic
17. One way ANOVA: Table
Source of
Variation
SS (Sum of
Squares)
Degrees of
Freedom
MS (Mean
Square)
Variance
Ratio of F
Between
Samples
SSB k-1 MSB=
SSB/(k-1)
MSB/MSW
Within
Samples
SSW n-k MSW=
SSW/(n-k)
Total SS(Total) n-1
18. Calculating variance BETWEEN samples
1. Calculate the mean of each sample.
2. Calculate the Grand mean.
3. Take the difference between means of various samples &
grand average.
4. Square these deviations & obtain total which will give sum
of squares between samples (SSC)
5. Divide the total obtained in step 4 by the degrees of freedom
to calculate the mean sum of square between samples (MSC).
20. Variance BETWEEN samples (M1=4.8, M2=5,M3=4)
Sum of squares between samples (SSC) =
n1 (M1 – Grand avg)2 + n2 (M2– Grand avg)2 + n3(M3– Grand avg)2
5 ( 4.8 - 4.6) 2 + 5 ( 5 - 4.8) 2 + 5 ( 4.6 - 4.8) 2 = 0.6
Calculation of Mean sum of squares between samples (MSB)
=0.6/2 = 0.3
k= No of Samples, n= Total No of observations
21. Calculating Variance WITHIN Samples
1. Calculate mean value of each sample.
2. Take the deviations of the various items in a sample from the
mean values of the respective samples.
3. Square these deviations & obtain total which gives the sum
of square within the samples (SSE)
4. Divide the total obtained in 3rd step by the degrees of
freedom to calculate the mean sum of squares within samples
(MSE).
22. Variance WITHIN samples (M1= 4.8, M2= 5,M3= 4)
X1 (X1 – M1)2 X2 (X2– M2)2 X3 (X3– M3)2
1 14.4 7 4 2 4
4 0.64 5 0 9 25
7 4.84 10 25 3 1
9 17.64 2 9 2 4
3 3.24 1 16 4 0
40.76 54 34
Sum of squares within samples (SSE) = 40.76 + 54 +34 =128.76
Calculation of Mean Sum Of Squares within samples (MSW)
= 128.76/12 = 10.73
23. The mean sum of squares
1
k
SSC
MSC
kn
SSE
MSE
Calculation of MSC-
Mean sum of Squares
between samples
Calculation of MSE
Mean Sum Of
Squares within
samples
k= No of Samples, n= Total No of observations
24. Calculation of F statsitics
groupswithinyVariabilit
groupsbetweenyVariabilit
F
Compare the F-statistic value with F(critical) value which is
obtained by looking for it in F distribution tables against
degrees of freedom. The calculated value of F > table value
H0 is rejected
25. • F Value = MSB/MSW = 0.3/10.73 = 0.02.
The Table value of F at 5% level of significance for d.f 2 & 12 is 3.88
The calculated value of F < table value
H0 is accepted. Hence there no is significant difference in sample
means
26. Within-Group
Variance
Between-Group
Variance
Between-group variance is large relative to the
within-group variance, so F statistic will be
larger & > critical value, therefore statistically
significant .
Conclusion – At least one of group means is
significantly different from other group means
28. Post-hoc Tests
• Used to determine which mean or group of means is/are
significantly different from the others (significant F)
• Depending upon research design & research question:
Bonferroni (more powerful)
Only some pairs of sample means are to be tested
Desired alpha level is divided by no. of comparisons
Tukey’s HSD Procedure
when all pairs of sample means are to be tested
Scheffe’s Procedure (when sample sizes are unequal)
29. Application of ANOVA
• ANOVA is designed to detect differences among
means from populations subject to different treatments.
• ANOVA is a joint test, the equality of several
population means is tested simultaneously or jointly.
• ANOVA tests for the equality of several population
means by looking at two estimators of the population
variance (hence, analysis of variance).
30. Conclusion
• The one-way analysis of variance is used where there is a
single factor that will be set to three or more levels.
• t is not appropriate to analyse such data by repeated t-tests as
this will raise the risk of false positives above the acceptable
level of 5 per cent.
• If the ANOVA produces a significant result, this only tells us
that at least one level produces a different result from one of
the others.
• Follow-up tests needs to be carried out to find out which group
differs from each other.