The document discusses the key differences between questionnaires and schedules as data collection instruments. It notes that schedules are administered through personal interviews by enumerators, making the process more expensive but allowing respondents to be identified and ensuring complete responses. Questionnaires are generally self-administered, making the process cheaper but resulting in higher non-response rates and incomplete information. The document also provides guidelines for developing valid and reliable questionnaires and schedules, including question structure, sequence, pre-testing and measuring various types of validity and reliability.
This document discusses longitudinal survey research design. It describes longitudinal research as involving repeated observations of the same variables over time. The document outlines the main types of longitudinal research: trend studies, which examine changes within a population over time; cohort studies, which identify a subgroup sharing a characteristic to study over time; and panel studies, which examine the same individuals repeatedly. Strengths are identified as the ability to establish sequences of events and trace development. Drawbacks include high costs and risk of participants dropping out.
Survey research involves studying a representative sample of a population to make inferences about characteristics of the whole population. It is a technique used in social science research to study opinions, attitudes, and social facts. There are different types of surveys, including personal interviews, questionnaires, telephone surveys, and panel techniques. Personal interviews can be structured or unstructured, and they may involve individual or group interactions. Questionnaires use a predetermined set of questions to collect information through self-reporting. Telephone surveys are convenient but risk superficial answers. Panel techniques interview the same sample successively to understand changes over time but are prone to sample loss.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on developing questionnaires. It discusses key topics such as the definition of a questionnaire, its purpose, elements, characteristics, types (open-ended, closed-ended, mixed), steps to develop one, when to use questionnaires, issues to consider regarding content and guidelines for development. Advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires are also presented. The document aims to inform participants on best practices for constructing effective questionnaires.
The document provides guidelines for writing a research report. It discusses the various sections included in a research report such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, analysis, conclusions, and appendices. It also compares the differences between a technical research report aimed at experts and a popular research report aimed at a general audience. Key differences include technical reports emphasizing methods and data while popular reports focus on practical findings and recommendations.
This document describes descriptive research and survey research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of a population without determining causes. Survey research involves asking questions of respondents using methods like questionnaires and interviews. The document outlines approaches like case studies and surveys, and survey designs including cross-sectional, before-after, and longitudinal studies. It also discusses steps to conduct surveys, question formats, data collection modes, and advantages and limitations of interviews and questionnaires.
Longitudinal research involves studying the same sample of individuals over multiple points in time. There are three main types of longitudinal studies: trend studies sample different groups over time from the same population; cohort analyses measure characteristics of groups that experience the same life events; and panel studies measure the same sample at different points to reveal changes. Combining qualitative and quantitative data in longitudinal research allows qualitative data to aid interpretation and suggest new hypotheses. Conducting longitudinal research online through internet surveys panels has advantages like easier recruitment but also disadvantages like lack of representation.
The document discusses different types of interviews used in research. It defines structured and unstructured interviews, as well as standardized and unstandardized interviews. It also describes individual versus group interviews, self-administered versus other-administered interviews, and unique versus panel interviews. Additionally, it covers soft versus hard interviews and personal versus non-personal interviews. The document provides examples and characteristics of each type of interview.
An interview schedule is a tool used to guide interviewers and collect data through structured or open-ended questions. There are two main types: in-depth schedules which use open-ended questions for sensitive topics, and structured schedules which resemble questionnaires. A good schedule includes an introduction outlining objectives, a body with major and follow-up questions, and a closing summary. Careful question wording and format can help obtain accurate, relevant responses while minimizing bias.
This document discusses various types of errors that can occur in sampling techniques, including sampling errors and non-sampling errors. It defines sampling errors as errors that arise from using a sample rather than the entire population. Non-sampling errors occur due to issues in data collection, processing, and analysis. Some key points made are that sampling error decreases with larger sample sizes, while non-sampling error does not necessarily decrease, and that important surveys conducted in Bangladesh include demographic, health, and nutrition surveys.
This document defines observation and discusses its purposes and types. Observation involves perceiving data through the senses and can be used to gather empirical data, supplement information, and describe variables. There are several types of observation including participant observation, where the observer participates in activities; non-participant observation, where the observer does not participate; and controlled observation, where devices are used. Each type has merits and demerits for gathering data. Observation can also be structured, unstructured, general, or scientific.
This document discusses different types of sampling methods. It explains that sampling allows researchers to study large populations in a more economical and timely manner. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Non-probability sampling methods include judgment sampling, convenience sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. Judgment sampling relies on a researcher's knowledge and discretion to select samples, while convenience sampling selects easily accessible samples. Quota sampling determines quotas for different population categories in advance. Snowball sampling finds additional samples through referrals from initial respondents.
concept , meaning, merits and demerits as well as methods along with their meaning,characteristics and its merits and demerits of sampling. difference between probability sampling and non-probability sampling i tabular form along with diagrammatic chart
Questionnaire /Schedule design is a systematic approach/process of including relevant questions in a questionnaire in such a way that the best or accurate responses are obtained from respondent with very little / no discomfort on the part of the respondent as well as the enumerator.The most important part of the survey process is the creation of questions that accurately measure the opinions, experiences and behaviors of the target group. Questionnaire / Schedules design is one of the most critical stages in the survey research process and therefore has to be given the utmost attention. This power point presentation will guide you through schedules and questionnaire design.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules as the main methods for collecting primary data. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses other techniques like surveys, audits, and panels. For secondary data, it notes that this involves using already available data from sources like governments, organizations, and past research. The key methods are summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Observation as a method of data collectionArifa T N
This document discusses observation as a method of data collection in research. It defines observation as a way to gather data by watching behaviors, events, or physical characteristics in their natural setting. There are different types of observation, including structured, unstructured, participant, and non-participant observation. The document also outlines the process of planning observations, recording observations, advantages and disadvantages of observation, and tips for conducting observations.
Non- Probability Sampling & Its MethodsArpit Surana
A detailed explanation of non-probability sampling and its methods have been covered. There are 4 types of non- probability sampling methods:
1. convenience sampling
2. purposive sampling
3. quota sampling (both controlled and uncontrolled)
4. snowball sampling (all 3 ways of performing)
Meaning with adequate examples, pros and cons have been covered
For and query or further information, Kindly contact:
Arpit Surana
https://www.linkedin.com/in/arpitsurana116/
arpitsurana116116@gmail.com
This document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It defines research design as the conceptual structure and plan for conducting research to answer research questions. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Exploratory design is used when little is known about a topic to discover variables and relationships. Descriptive design aims to describe phenomena by observing behaviors. Diagnostic design involves problem identification and finding causes. Experimental design tests hypotheses by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes. The document provides details on each design type, including their purposes and methodologies.
This document discusses techniques for designing and validating questionnaires. It covers factors that affect questionnaires, types of questions, guidelines for preparation, administration methods, validity, reliability, and translation methods. Specifically, it discusses open-ended versus closed-form questions, test-retest and split-half methods for assessing reliability, and a multi-stage translation process involving translation, review, adjudication, and pretesting.
This document discusses the meaning, definition, purpose, types, characteristics, design, advantages, and disadvantages of questionnaires. Some key points:
- A questionnaire is a systematic compilation of questions used to gather information from a population. It can be administered in-person or mailed.
- Questionnaires can be structured or unstructured, closed-ended or open-ended, collecting facts or opinions. Good questionnaires are short, clear, avoid double meanings or embarrassing questions.
- Questionnaires are appropriate for collecting standardized data from large groups when resources allow for printing and mailing.
- Design includes background information, response instructions, and question numbering to keep records. Advantages are low cost and wide coverage, while
This document discusses the meaning, definition, purpose, types, characteristics, design, advantages, and disadvantages of questionnaires. Some key points:
- A questionnaire is a systematic compilation of questions used to gather information from a population. It can be administered in-person or mailed.
- Questionnaires can be structured or unstructured, closed-ended or open-ended, and aimed at collecting facts or opinions.
- Good questionnaires are short, clear, avoid double meanings or annoying questions, and are easy to interpret.
- Questionnaires are appropriate for large sample sizes, straightforward information, and when standardization is needed.
- Design includes background information, response instructions, and question numbering for organization
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes primary data collection methods like observation, interviews (structured and unstructured), questionnaires, and surveys. It also discusses secondary data sources and factors to consider when using secondary data like reliability, suitability, and adequacy. The key methods covered include observation, personal interviews, telephone interviews, questionnaires, and surveys. It provides details on the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
The document discusses different types of questionnaires and factors to consider when designing one. It defines a questionnaire as a research instrument used to collect information through questions. There are two main types: open-ended questionnaires that allow free responses; and closed-form questionnaires that provide response options. Important considerations for questionnaire design include question wording, order, and avoiding bias. The goal is to create a concise, clear, and unbiased set of questions to accurately gather the desired information from respondents.
This document discusses various methods and considerations for collecting and analyzing data. It describes primary and secondary data sources and qualitative and quantitative methods. It also discusses different research tools like questionnaires, interviews, and mechanical devices. Guidelines are provided for developing questionnaires and conducting interviews. Different types of questions, interview formats, and potential issues are outlined. Overall, the document provides an overview of data collection methods and best practices for tools like questionnaires and interviews.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It outlines the key aspects of primary data collection such as structured vs. unstructured approaches, participant vs. non-participant observation, and open-ended vs. closed questions. Primary data collection allows researchers to gather targeted information directly from respondents but requires more time and resources than using secondary data.
Survey research is used to collect information from individuals to understand populations as a whole. It can be used to describe phenomena, explain causal relationships between variables, and evaluate programs. The key steps in survey research include defining objectives, sampling, questionnaire design, distribution, follow-up, and analysis of responses from participants. Common survey methods are mailed questionnaires, personal interviews, and telephone interviews, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Surveys can also be classified based on their purpose, data collection method, or whether they collect data at one or multiple points in time.
Tools and techniques for data collection.pptxJuruJackline
These the tools and techniques used for data collection when carrying out community diagnosis in public health setting.
The slides looked into details the various tools and how they can be used in the data collection depending on the type of data you would like to collect.
ReseQuantitative RESEARCH INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTIONarch ppIqra Shah
Structured questionnaires and interviews are quantitative research instruments used to collect data. Structured questionnaires contain closed-ended questions with limited response options to standardize responses. They allow researchers to collect large amounts of data efficiently but don't explore complex issues well. Structured interviews follow a standardized set of questions but allow researchers to clarify understanding and obtain more detailed responses than questionnaires. Both methods produce reliable and comparable quantitative data but have limitations regarding response bias and depth of responses.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on how to conduct structured and unstructured observation, as well as disguised, undisguised, controlled, and uncontrolled observation. For interviews, it outlines personal and telephone interviews, and structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interview types. It also discusses how to construct questionnaires and the advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires and schedules. Secondary data collection and steps for data analysis like editing, coding, data entry, validation, and tabulation are also covered.
This document discusses various methods of data collection that researchers use in studies, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and archival data. It provides details on the different types of observation (controlled, participant), interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured), and considerations for each method. The document also outlines questionnaires as a method and considerations like response rates. Overall, the document serves as an overview of common data collection methods, their uses, and factors to consider like reliability, validity, and biases.
Schedules and questionnaire for data collection-Pragathi G SSundar B N
Schedule is a structured set of questions used in personal interviews, while a questionnaire is filled out independently by respondents. Some key differences are:
- Schedules are filled out by enumerators during interviews, while questionnaires are filled out by respondents themselves.
- Response rates tend to be higher with schedules since enumerators can ensure all questions are answered, whereas respondents may not fully complete questionnaires.
- Schedules allow for gathering data from both literate and illiterate respondents, but questionnaires require literacy.
Research tool that becomes a means of collecting information for the study is called a research tool or a research instrument. For example, Inquiry form: questionnaires, opinionnaire, attitude scales, checklists, rating scales, scorecards and schedules.
This document discusses tools of assessment, specifically questionnaires. It defines a questionnaire as a series of questions given to an individual or group to obtain information on a topic. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, only allowing predetermined answers, or open-ended, allowing free responses. Well-designed questionnaires should be concise, clearly presented, and ask objective, non-leading questions in a logical order. While flexible, questionnaires also have limitations like potential bias and an inability to clarify responses. Care must be taken to use appropriate language, question level, sequence, and length when constructing effective questionnaires.
This document outlines the key aspects of survey research. It defines a survey, explains why surveys are used, and describes the characteristics and steps involved in survey research. It discusses tools for surveys such as interviews and questionnaires. It also covers survey research designs like cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Finally, it summarizes the strengths and limitations of survey research.
This document discusses the purpose and types of questionnaires. It explains that questionnaires are forms used to collect responses to questions from a sample of people. There are different types of questions like closed-ended and open-ended, and questions can collect facts or opinions. Properly designing questionnaires is important, including clear instructions, question order, and coding responses for analysis. Questionnaires can efficiently collect standardized information from many people but also have limitations like potential bias and unreliable responses.
This document discusses various data collection methods including interviews, questionnaires, schedules, warranty cards, and surveys. It provides details on the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Interviews allow for focus but are time consuming and costly. Questionnaires are inexpensive and practical but can be difficult to analyze. Schedules provide standardization but data collection can be limited. Warranty cards are easy to collect past data but the reliability is unknown. Surveys provide convenience but respondents may not be fully honest or aware in their answers.
This document provides guidance on conducting surveys through questionnaires. It discusses the different types of surveys, including self-completed questionnaires, telephone surveys, and face-to-face interviews. It outlines the nine key steps to conducting a survey: deciding what information is needed, who to survey, the survey method, sample size, writing questions, testing questions, conducting the survey, analyzing results, and reporting findings. It also provides tips for writing effective questions, including using both open-ended and closed-ended questions, and sequencing questions logically and presenting questionnaires clearly.
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Still I Rise by Maya Angelou
-Table of Contents
● Questions to be Addressed
● Introduction
● About the Author
● Analysis
● Key Literary Devices Used in the Poem
1. Simile
2. Metaphor
3. Repetition
4. Rhetorical Question
5. Structure and Form
6. Imagery
7. Symbolism
● Conclusion
● References
-Questions to be Addressed
1. How does the meaning of the poem evolve as we progress through each stanza?
2. How do similes and metaphors enhance the imagery in "Still I Rise"?
3. What effect does the repetition of certain phrases have on the overall tone of the poem?
4. How does Maya Angelou use symbolism to convey her message of resilience and empowerment?
2. Schedule
The term “schedule” will be used. It has a clear
meaning: the instrument used to gather survey
information through personal interview.
“Questionnaire” has been used to label personal
interview instruments and attitudinal or personality
instruments. The latter are called “scales” in this book.
Schedule information includes factual information,
opinions and attitudes, and reasons for behavior,
opinions, and attitudes.
an inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially
large number of respondents
Comparatively an expensive way to gather data,
actually filled by the enumerators / researchers
responsible
3. How do schedules work
A rather expensive method as enumerators do
not come cheap or research scholar expenses
often run high
Schedules are filled by the enumerator /
researcher who can also interpret the question if
necessary
Needless to say, the identity of the respondents
is known
Information collection is both assured and
punctual
Questionnaires and schedules are flexible in what
they can measure although they each have
shortcomings in certain genres of collection
4. Definition
A questionnaire is a means of eliciting the
feelings, beliefs, experiences, perceptions, or
attitudes of some sample of individuals.
As a data collecting instrument, it could be
structured or unstructured.
An inexpensive way to gather data from a
potentially large number of respondents
5. Difference Between Questionnaire and Schedule
S.No Questionnaire Schedule
1. Questionnaire is generally sent through mail
to informants to be answered as specified in a
covering letter, but otherwise without further
assistance from the sender.
A schedule is generally filled by the research
worker or enumerator, who can interpret the
questions when necessary.
2. Data collection is cheap and economical as
the money is spent in preparation of
questionnaire and in mailing the same to
respondents.
Data collection is more expensive as money
is spent on enumerators and in imparting
trainings to them. Money is also spent in
preparing schedules.
3. Non response is usually high as many people
do not respond and many return the
questionnaire without answering all
questions. Bias due to non response often
remains indeterminate.
Non response is very low because this is
filled by enumerators who are able to get
answers to all questions. But even in this
their remains the danger of interviewer bias
and cheating.
6. Cont……..
4. It is not clear that who replies. Identity of respondent is not
known.
5. The questionnaire method is likely
to be very slow since many
respondents do not return the
questionnaire.
Information is collected well in
time as they are filled by
enumerators.
6. No personal contact is possible in
case of questionnaire as the
questionnaires are sent to
respondents by post who also in
turn returns the same by post.
Direct personal contact is
established
7. Cont…
7. This method can be used only when
respondents are literate and
cooperative.
The information can be gathered even
when the respondents happen to be
illiterate.
8. Wider and more representative
distribution of sample is possible.
There remains the difficulty in sending
enumerators over a relatively wider area.
9. Risk of collecting incomplete and
wrong information is relatively more
under the questionnaire method, when
people are unable to understand
questions properly.
The information collected is generally
complete and accurate as enumerators can
remove difficulties if any faced by
respondents in correctly understanding the
questions. As a result the information
collected through schedule is relatively
more accurate than that obtained through
questionnaires.
8. Cont….
10. The success of questionnaire methods lies
more on the quality of the questionnaire
itself.
It depends upon the
honesty and
competence of
enumerators
11. The physical appearance of questionnaire
must be quite attractive.
This may not be the
case as schedules are to
be filled in by
enumerators and not by
respondents.
12. This is not possible when collecting data
through questionnaire.
Along with schedule
observation method can
also be used.
9. Factors affecting
questionnaires
Length of the questionnaire.
Reputation of the sponsoring agency.
Complexity of the questions asked.
Relative importance of the study as determined
by the potential respondent.
Extent to which the respondent believes that his
responses are important.
Quality and design of the questionnaire.
Time of year the questionnaires are sent out.
10. Types of questionnaires
Open or unrestricted form - calls for free response
from the respondent
There is predetermined set of response
They provide true, insightful and unexpected
suggestions
Allows for greater depth of response; is difficult to
interpret, tabulate, and summarize.
An ideal questionnaire contains open ended
questions toward end of all questions
11. Closed or restricted form of
questionnaire
Offers respondents a number of alternative replies,
from which the subjects must choose the one that
most likely matches the appropriate answer.
Characteristic of questionnaire
Facilitates easy statistical calculation
Provides easy preliminary analysis
Can be asked to different groups at different
intervals
Facilitates efficient tracking of opinion.
12. Types of closed form of
questionnaire
Dichotomous questions: respondent to make a
choice between two responses such as yes/ no or
male/ female
Multiple choice question: respondents to make a
choice between more than two response
alternatives
Cafeteria questions :respondents to select a
response that most closely corresponds to their
view.
Rank order questions – Respondents to rank their
responses from most favorable to least favorable
Contingency questions: A question that is asked
further only if the respondent gives a particular
response to previous question.
13. Rating questions: Respondent is asked to rate a
particular issue on a scale that ranges from poor to
good
Likert questions: helps know how strongly the
respondent agrees with a particular statement.
Bipolar questions: These questions have two
extreme answers his/ her response between two
opposite ends of the scale.
Matrix questions: it includes multiple questions and
identical categories are assigned .questions are
placed along the top and list of questions down the
side
15. Characteristics of a good
questionnaire
Deals with a significant topic
Seeks only that information which cannot be obtained
from other sources such as census data
As short as possible, only long enough to get the
essential data.
Attractive in appearance, neatly arranged, and clearly
duplicated or printed.
Directions are clear and complete. Questions are
objective, with no leading suggestions to the desired
response
Questions are presented in good psychological order,
proceeding from general to more specific responses.
To easy tabulate and interpret.
16. Guidelines for preparing
questionnaire
o Prepared according with study objective
o Concise, precise and brief
o Criticism from faculty and class members
o Trailing the questionnaire with friends
o Respondents selected carefully
o As par as possible open ended questions should be
avoided
o Controversial and ambiguous questions should be avoided
o Getting permission in organization before administering
questionnaire
o Try to get the aid of sponsorship
o Mailed questionnaire should have introduction, purpose
and directions to fill the questions
o Abrupt ending of the questions and questionnaire should
be avoided.
17. Sequence of questions
Arranged in logical sequence
Answer to questions not influenced by previous
questions
Questions should flow from general to more
specific
Questions should flow least to more sensitive
18. Question construction
The sample -- who are you going to ask
The method--- how are you going to ask them
The questionnaire– what are you going to ask
them
The result – what will you do with information
The cost – how much do you want to pay for
answer
The time scale– By them do you need information
19. Construction of questionnaire
Problem definition
Search for relevant secondary data for problem
Exploratory interviews with subject expertise
and review personal experience with
colleques
Writing of specific research objectives
Listing of hypothesis to be tested
Development of questions for
questionnaire
20. Method of administration of
questionnaire
POSTAL
Low cost
Not in labour
intensive
PHONE
High speed
Rapport with
respondent
High respondent
rate
ELECTRONIC
low cost, high
speed, not labour
intensive PERSONALLY
ADMINISTERED
detailed
questions ,
high response
rate
21. • Cost effective
• Easy to analyse
• Less time and energy need to
administer
• Reduce bias as interviewer is
not present
• Used for large sample size
• Less instructive than face to
face interview
Advantages
of
questionnaire
22. • Not suitable for all
• Low response rate
• Mailed questions may
filled by some one
• Provides superficial
information
• Chances of
misinterpretation
• People can lie and
answer the questions
vaguely.
Disadvantages
of
questionnaire
23. Validity of Research tool
Validity of an instrument refers to the degree to
which an instrument measures what it is
supposed to be measuring
Types of validity
1.Face validity: overlook of instrument regarding
its appropriateness to measure a particular
attribute or phenomenon
2.Content validity: Scope of coverage of the
content are to be measured
3.Criterion validity: Relationship between
measurements of the instruments with some
other external criteria
24. Predictive validity: degree of fore casting judgment
Concurrent validity: it is the degree of the
measures at present.
4.construct validity: Gives more importance to
testing relationship predicted on theoretical
measurement.
25. • Degree of
consistency and
accuracy with
which an
instrument
measures the
attribute for which
it is designed to
measure
Reliability
of the
tool
26. Test –Retest method
Administration of a research instrument to a sample of subjects
on two different occasions
Scores of the tool administered at two different occasions is
compared and calculated by using following formula of
correlation coefficient
The correlation coefficient reveals the magnitude and directions
of relationships between scores generated by research
instrument at two separate occasions.
Interpretation of results– the results of the correlation coefficient
ranges between -1.00 through 0.0 and +1.00, and the results
are interrelated as follows
+1,00 score---- perfect reliability
0.00 score ---- no reliability
Above 7 indicates --- acceptable reliability
27. Split of method
Divide items of a research instrument in two equal
parts through grouping either in odd number
question and even number question /first half and
second half item groups
Administer two subparts of the tool
simultaneously, score them independently and
compute the correlation co-effcient on the two
separate scores
28. References
Barbara H. Forsy et.al; Methods for Translating
Survey Questionnaires Paper presented to
American Association for Public Opinion
research, Montreal, Canada, May, 2006.
Kothari C.K; Research Methodology‐ Methods
and Techniques , New Age International, New
Delhi;2004