This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules as the main methods for collecting primary data. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses other techniques like surveys, audits, and panels. For secondary data, it notes that this involves using already available data from sources like governments, organizations, and past research. The key methods are summarized in 3 sentences or less.
The document discusses various sampling techniques used in qualitative research. It begins by defining key sampling concepts like sampling frame, sample design, and sample size. It then outlines prerequisites to consider for sampling like research objectives, target population, and budget. The main types of sampling covered are probabilistic, non-probabilistic, and mixed. Specific non-probabilistic strategies discussed include purposive sampling, convenience sampling, and quota sampling. The document concludes by noting biases that can occur in sampling and emphasizing that non-probabilistic techniques are commonly used in qualitative research.
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the planned sequence of the entire research process, including the framework of methods chosen. A good research design includes accurate purpose and methodology statements, appropriate settings and techniques for data collection and analysis, and consideration of timeline and measurements. Key aspects of research design include type of data needed, participants, variables or research questions, and data analysis methods. Choosing a research design requires considering priorities, practicalities, and the type of primary or secondary, qualitative or quantitative data required, as well as how that data will be collected and analyzed.
This document discusses data collection methods for research. It states that data is essential for making business decisions and can come from records, observations, measurements or interviews. It then describes surveys as a method to gather information through questionnaires administered to a sample of the population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including census surveys which collect all population data and sample surveys which collect a representative sample. It also describes various personal interview techniques used in surveys, such as door-to-door interviews, mall intercepts, and computer-assisted interviews.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
This document discusses techniques for designing and validating questionnaires. It covers factors that affect questionnaires, types of questions, guidelines for preparation, administration methods, validity, reliability, and translation methods. Specifically, it discusses open-ended versus closed-form questions, test-retest and split-half methods for assessing reliability, and a multi-stage translation process involving translation, review, adjudication, and pretesting.
This document discusses the process of conducting surveys. It defines what a survey is and lists its key characteristics. The document outlines the main steps in conducting a survey, which include: defining the problem, identifying the target population, choosing the data collection mode, selecting a sample, preparing the instrument, pretesting the instrument, and training interviewers. It also discusses different types of surveys, sampling techniques, question formats, and other considerations for designing an effective survey.
This document outlines the key elements of quantitative research including hypothesis testing, variables, sampling methods, measurement, validity and reliability, statistical analysis, and causal relationships. Quantitative research aims to systematically test hypotheses through precise standardized measurement and statistical analysis of numerical data. Variables are defined, data is collected from samples using standardized tools and procedures, and results are analyzed using statistical techniques to determine relationships between variables and test hypotheses. The goal is to explain phenomena through objective and replicable quantitative analysis.
This document discusses various methods of data collection. It describes primary data collection methods like personal interviews, questionnaires, and observation. It also discusses secondary data collection from published sources like government publications and commercial research, as well as unpublished sources. The key differences between primary and secondary data are described, such as primary data being real-time while secondary data is from the past. Popular data storage methods include databases, spreadsheets, and statistical programs. The document emphasizes that the best data collection method depends on the research problem and available resources.
This document discusses questionnaires as a research method. It defines a questionnaire as a structured set of questions used to collect data from subjects about their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. The document outlines different types of questions that can be included in a questionnaire like open-ended, closed-format, dichotomous and Likert questions. It also provides guidelines for designing a good questionnaire and discusses methods for questionnaire administration and their advantages/disadvantages.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research studies. It describes:
1) The key steps in data collection including deciding what data to collect, how to collect it, who will collect it, when to collect it, and available resources.
2) The main types of data (primary and secondary) and data collection methods (quantitative like questionnaires and qualitative like focus groups).
3) Important considerations for developing and validating questionnaires including content validity, face validity, construct validity, and criteria validity.
4) Additional data collection methods like interviews (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured) and schedules. Guidelines for effectively implementing each method are provided.
Different Methods of Collection of DataP. Veeresha
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data.
Data are the basic inputs to any decision making process in any fields like education, business, industries…. etc
The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. It is real time data and which are collected by the researcher himself.
Secondary data means data that are already available i.e., they refer to the data which have already been collected and analyzed by someone else.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on developing questionnaires. It discusses key topics such as the definition of a questionnaire, its purpose, elements, characteristics, types (open-ended, closed-ended, mixed), steps to develop one, when to use questionnaires, issues to consider regarding content and guidelines for development. Advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires are also presented. The document aims to inform participants on best practices for constructing effective questionnaires.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for data gathering and analysis in interaction design. It discusses techniques for interviews, questionnaires, observations, and the analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data. The goal is to understand users and inform the design process. Techniques covered include interviews, questionnaires, observations, analysis frameworks like grounded theory, and presenting findings.
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
This document provides an overview of sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It discusses characteristics of good sampling like being representative and free from bias. Probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling are explained. Advantages of sampling like reducing time and costs are highlighted. The document outlines the sampling process and essentials of sampling. Types of sampling and various sampling methods are also summarized.
Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative Research (Biostatistik)AKak Long
DEFINITION : Quantitative research, is defined as a the systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
Quantitative research gathers information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires etc., the results of which can be depicted in the form of numericals.
After careful understanding of these numbers to predict the future of a product or service and make changes accordingly.
Described as the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer research questions, test hypothesis and evaluate outcome.
Importance of data collection:
Helps us search for answers and resolutions
Facilitates and improve decision-making processes and the quality of the decisions made.
#Types of quantitative research.
. Survey research
The collection of data attained by asking individuals questions by either in person, on paper, by phone or online.
2. Correlational research
Measures two variables, understand assess the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable.
3. Casual-comparative research
To find relationship between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred.
4. Experimental research
Researcher manipulates one variables, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables.
The document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts including population, sampling, samples, and qualitative scales. Specifically, it defines population as any complete group with at least one characteristic in common. It explains that sampling is used to select a subset of a population for a study. The document also outlines different types of measurement scales in quantitative research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
Methods of Data Collection presented by Dr. Basanta AdhikariDr, Basanta Adhikari
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on:
- Types of primary and secondary data collection
- Methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules for collecting primary data
- Advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods like observation, personal interviews, telephone interviews, and questionnaires
- Key aspects to consider when designing questionnaires like question wording, sequence, and structure
This document discusses various methods of collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, schedules, and other methods for collecting primary data like content analysis. It provides details on structured vs unstructured observation and interviews. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different primary data collection methods. Secondary data is described as already available data from government publications, reports, and other sources.
There are various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data refers to previously collected data that is analyzed and available for use in other studies. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope, and objective of the research, available funds and time, and required precision.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research studies. It describes primary methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It also discusses secondary data collection. For each method, it provides details on their types, merits, demerits and essential aspects to consider. Focus group discussions and depth interviews are also covered as additional qualitative data collection tools.
This document discusses various tools and methods for data collection. It defines data collection as the process of gathering information from relevant sources to answer research questions and test hypotheses. There are two main sources of data - primary sources where data is directly collected, and secondary sources where data is collected by someone else. Common tools for collecting data include interviews, questionnaires, observations, and various bio-physiological methods. The appropriate method depends on factors like the type of research, sample size, and available resources. Interview and questionnaire-based tools are described in more detail.
Questionnaires, interviews, observation, and existing data are common methods for collecting data in research. Questionnaires involve paper or online surveys to collect self-reported information from participants. Interviews are conducted face-to-face, by phone, or online and allow researchers to ask participants questions and get more in-depth responses than questionnaires. Observation research involves watching and recording behaviors directly. Existing data sources include medical records, organizational records, journals, and other documents that contain relevant pre-collected information.
This document discusses various methods of primary and secondary data collection. It describes key advantages and disadvantages of primary data collection methods like surveys and interviews which involve collecting data directly from subjects. Secondary data collection involves using existing data collected for other purposes which is often easier but relies on the accuracy of the original data collection. The document also outlines different types of interviews like unstructured, semi-structured, and structured interviews and the steps involved in conducting structured interviews.
The document discusses various research instruments used in research, including questionnaires, interviews, and observations. It focuses on questionnaires, describing the different types of questions used (structured/closed-ended, unstructured/open-ended, contingency, and matrix questions). Guidelines are provided for constructing questionnaires, including ordering questions, presentation, pretesting, and administration. Response rates and the importance of cover letters are also discussed. Interviews are described as well, with types being informal/conversational, general guide, and standardized/open-ended.
1. Fieldwork involves learning activities conducted outside the classroom to gather new information. Various methods are used to collect primary and secondary data, including observation, questionnaires, interviews, records analysis, sampling, and measurement.
2. The key steps in fieldwork include pre-field preparation, pilot study, data collection, and follow-up. Data collection methods have advantages and disadvantages that researchers must consider for their specific studies.
3. Presenting findings involves organizing, analyzing, and communicating the data through written reports, displays, presentations and other methods. Careful planning is needed to address challenges that may arise during fieldwork.
Interviews involve collecting data through talking to respondents and recording their responses, which can be structured or unstructured and conducted face-to-face or by telephone. In-depth interviews delve below surface responses to gain insights into meanings and complex attitudes, but are time consuming and difficult to analyze. Sample sizes for in-depth interviews are small to provide rich insights rather than statistics, and the interview process involves informing respondents, asking open-ended questions, and recording responses.
Tools and techniques for data collection.pptxJuruJackline
These the tools and techniques used for data collection when carrying out community diagnosis in public health setting.
The slides looked into details the various tools and how they can be used in the data collection depending on the type of data you would like to collect.
This document discusses various methods of collecting data for research purposes. It describes primary and secondary data, as well as qualitative and quantitative data. Some key methods of primary data collection that are covered include experiments, surveys, interviews, observation, questionnaires, and schedules. Specific types of interviews like health interviews and health examination surveys are also mentioned. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods like personal interviews, telephone interviews, questionnaires, and observation. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope and objectives of the study, availability of funds and time constraints.
Overall, the document provides an overview of different approaches to collecting both primary and secondary data to inform research.
Data collection methods 3.pptx community health nursing 2akoeljames8543
The document discusses various methods for collecting data, including direct observation, experiments, surveys, questionnaires, interviews, participant observation, focus groups, and laboratory analysis. It provides details on questionnaire design and administration, types of interview questions, steps in participant observation and focus group research, and advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Primary data is collected directly by the researcher through methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Observation can be structured, unstructured, participant, non-participant, controlled, or uncontrolled. Interviews can be personal, telephone-based, structured, unstructured, focused, clinical, or non-directive. Questionnaires are effective when respondents are educated and cooperative but have a low response rate. Schedules require enumerators to ask respondents questions from a form and record their answers.
The document discusses qualitative research methods, specifically interviews. It explains that qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences in natural settings through open-ended questions. Interviews are a common way to collect qualitative data and can vary from highly structured to unstructured. Structured interviews are easy to replicate but lack detail, while unstructured interviews provide more flexible, in-depth responses but are more difficult to analyze. The document also provides examples of interview strengths and limitations.
This document discusses various aspects of conducting qualitative interviews for research purposes. It defines key terms, describes different types of interviews including informal, general guide, and standardized interviews. It covers telephone interviews, training interviewers to reduce bias, preparing for interviews, and procedures for conducting and analyzing interviews. The goal of qualitative interviews is to understand participants' meanings and experiences on a deeper level through open-ended questioning and probes.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including individual interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques. It provides details on how to conduct effective interviews and focus groups, including developing discussion guides, selecting and incentivizing participants, and the roles of the moderator. It also compares primary and secondary data and discusses how to minimize bias in interviews.
This document discusses various techniques and tools for collecting data in research. It describes commonly used techniques like document review, observation, interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussions. For each technique, it provides details on how to implement it, advantages and disadvantages. It also distinguishes between data collection techniques, which are methods for gathering information, and data collection tools, which are instruments used to apply the techniques.
The document discusses different types of interviews used in research. It defines structured and unstructured interviews, as well as standardized and unstandardized interviews. It also describes individual versus group interviews, self-administered versus other-administered interviews, and unique versus panel interviews. Additionally, it covers soft versus hard interviews and personal versus non-personal interviews. The document provides examples and characteristics of each type of interview.
The document discusses iso-quants, which represent combinations of two inputs that produce the same level of output. Iso-quant curves slope downward and are convex, showing efficient combinations of inputs. The marginal rate of technical substitution measures how one input can substitute for another while maintaining output. Iso-product schedules and maps show multiple iso-quant curves representing different output levels. Iso-cost lines represent combinations of inputs a producer can acquire given their budget at fixed input prices.
The document discusses various aspects of research design including:
1. Research design involves decisions about what, where, when, how much, and by what means to study a research problem.
2. Key parts of research design include sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design.
3. Experimental designs aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships through control and manipulation of variables while quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation.
Price discrimination exists when different prices are charged for the same product to different buyers. There are three main types of price discrimination: personal, geographical, and according to usage. Price discrimination is possible when there are differences in elasticity of demand, market imperfections, differentiated products, and legal sanctions or monopoly power. Price discrimination can occur through personal, geographical, or according to usage and is classified into three degrees based on how prices are set for individual units or groups.
1. Oligopoly is a market structure with few sellers offering similar or differentiated products where the sellers recognize their interdependence.
2. Under oligopoly, firms may engage in independent pricing, collusive pricing through explicit or implicit coordination, or price leadership where one dominant firm sets the price.
3. Sweezy's kinked demand curve model suggests that under oligopoly, prices tend to be rigid because firms will match price cuts but not price increases to avoid losing customers. However, the model makes unrealistic assumptions and fails to consider non-price competition.
Price determination under monopolistic competitionJithin Thomas
This document discusses price determination under monopolistic competition. It describes monopolistic competition as having many small sellers selling differentiated but close substitute products. It states that under monopolistic competition, a firm maximizes profits when marginal cost equals marginal revenue. The document also discusses selling costs, product differentiation, and how older firms have less elastic demand curves under monopolistic competition.
Price Elasticity of Demand, Degrees of Elasticity, Factors determining Elasticity of Demand, Measurement of Price Elasticity, Importance of Elasticity of Demand
Fundamental Concepts in Decision Making – Managerial EconomicsJithin Thomas
This document discusses key fundamental concepts in managerial decision making including incremental reasoning, opportunity cost, contribution, time perspective, time value of money, and risk and uncertainty. Incremental reasoning involves estimating the impact of alternatives and considers incremental cost and revenue. Opportunity cost refers to the revenue forgone by choosing one option over another. Contribution is the per unit difference between incremental revenue and cost. Time perspective considers decisions from both a short and long run view. The time value of money recognizes that money available now is worth more than the same amount in the future. Risks are known uncertainties while uncertainty involves unknown unknowns.
Leverage - Financial, Operating and CombinedJithin Thomas
Leverage refers to assets or sources of finance that a firm uses which require fixed payments. There are three types of leverage: operating, financial, and combined. Operating leverage is caused by fixed operating expenses and measures how changes in sales impact earnings before interest and taxes. Financial leverage is caused by fixed financial costs like interest and measures how changes in earnings before interest and taxes affect earnings per share. Combined leverage multiplies the effects of operating and financial leverage and represents the total risk faced by a firm.
Production Function, Law of Variable Proportions, Return to Scale, Comparison between laws of Returns and Returns to Scale, Economies of Scale of Production.
This document discusses the cost of capital and how it is calculated. It defines cost of capital as the minimum required rate of return that suppliers of capital require as compensation for time and risk. The cost of capital is used to evaluate investment decisions, design debt policy, and appraise financial performance. It is calculated as a weighted average of the cost of debt and equity. The cost of debt is based on interest rates, while the cost of equity is based on expected returns required by shareholders to compensate for risk. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is then determined by weighting the costs of each component by the proportion of debt and equity in the firm's capital structure.
The document discusses various capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate investment decisions. It describes methods such as payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index. Each method is explained with examples and their advantages and limitations are discussed. The net present value method is considered the most appropriate technique as it incorporates the time value of money and maximizes shareholder wealth.
This document discusses journalizing transactions in accounting. It explains that journalizing involves recording transactions in a journal and covers the rules of debit and credit for personal, real, and nominal accounts. Personal accounts include natural, artificial, and representative accounts. Real accounts are tangible and intangible assets. Nominal accounts include expenses/losses and incomes/gains. The document provides examples of journal entries and discusses subdivisions of journals, including general, cash, purchases, and sales journals. It also covers opening, adjusting and closing entries that are recorded in the general journal.
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How AI is Disrupting Service Industry More Than Design ThinkingBody of Knowledge
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Design Thinking are two powerful tools that, when used together, can revolutionize the service industry. By combining these approaches, businesses can develop innovative solutions that enhance customer experience, increase efficiency, and drive growth. Here's how AI and Design Thinking are disrupting the service industry
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2. TYPES OF DATA
• PRIMARY DATA
• Are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time and thus
happen to be original in character and known as Primary data.
• SECONDARY DATA
• Are those which have been collected by someone else and which
have already been passed through the statistical process are known
as Secondary data.
3. COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
• There are several methods of collecting primary data, particularly in
surveys and descriptive researches.
• In descriptive research, we obtain primary data either through
observation or through direct communication with respondents in
one form or another or through personal interviews.
4. Methods of data Collecting Primary Data
• OBSERVATION METHOD :
• Observation method is a method under which data from the field is collected
with the help of observation by the observer or by personally going to the field.
• ADVANTAGES
• Subjective bias eliminated
• Researcher gets Current information
• Independent to respondent’s variable
• DISADVANTAGES
• It is expensive method
• Time consuming
• Limited information
• Unforeseen factors may interfere with observational task
• Respondents opinion can not be recorded on certain subject
5. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Structured Observation
• When observation is done by characterizing style of recording the observed
information, standardized conditions of observation , definition of the units to
be observed , selection of pertinent data of observation then it is structured
observation
• Unstructured Observation
• When observation is done without any thought before observation then it is
unstructured observation
6. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Participant & Non Participant Observation
• When the Observer is member of the group which he is observing
then it is Participant Observation. In participant observation
Researcher can record natural behavior of group , Researcher can
verify the truth of statements given by informants in the context of
questionnaire , Difficult to collect information can obtain through this
method but in this researcher may loose objectivity of research due
emotional feelings. Prob. of control in observation isn’t solved.
• Non Participant Observation• When observer is observing people
without giving any information to them then it is non participant
observation
7. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Controlled & Uncontrolled Observation
• When the observation takes place in natural condition i.e.
uncontrolled observation. It is done to get spontaneous picture of life
and persons
• When observation takes place according to definite pre arranged
plans , with experimental procedure then it is controlled observation
generally done in laboratory under controlled condition.
8. INTERVIEW METHOD
• This method of collecting data involves presentation or oral-verbal
stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses.
• Interview Method This is Oral Verbal communication . Where
interviewer asks questions( which are aimed to get information
required for study ) to respondent
• There are different type of interviews:
• PERSONAL INTERVIEWS : The interviewer asks questions generally in a
face to face contact to the other person or persons.
9. Types of Personal Interview
• Structured Interview
• Predetermined questions
• Standardized techniques of recorded
• Interviewer follows rigid procedure
• Time required for such interview is less than non structured manner interview
• Not necessary of skill or specific knowledge
• Analysis of data becomes easier
• Unstructured Interview
• No Predetermined questions
• No Standardized techniques
• Interviewer has freedom to ask, omit, add any questions
• Ask questions without following sequence
• Deep knowledge & skill required
• Analysis of data is difficult prescribed manner
10. Merits of Personal Interview
• Information at greater depth
• Flexibility of restructuring the Questionnaire
• Interviewer by his skill can over come resistance
• Non Response generally low
• Samples can controlled more effectively
• Personal information can be obtained
• Interviewer can collect supplementary information about
respondent’s personal characteristics and environment which has
value in interpreting results
11. De Merits Of Interview
• Expensive method
• Respondent may give bias information
• Some Executive people are not approachable so data collected may
be inadequate
• Takes more time when samples are more
• Systematic errors may be occurred
• Supervisors has to do complex work of selecting ,training and
supervising the field staff.
13. TELEPHONIC INTERVIEWS -MERITS
• Flexible compare to mailing method
• Faster than other methods
• Cheaper than personal interview method
• Call-backs are simple and economical also
• High response than mailing method.
• When it is not possible to contact the respondent directly, then interview is
conducted through – Telephone
• Replies can be recorded without embarrassment to respondents
• Interviewer can explain requirements more easily
• No field staff is required
• Wider distribution of sample is possible
14. TELEPHONIC INTERVIEWS -DEMERITS
• Little time is given to respondents
• Survey is restricted to respondents who have telephones
• Not suitable for intensive survey where comprehensive answers are
required
• Bias information may be more
• Very difficult to make questionnaire because it should short and to
the point
15. Other Types
• Focused interviews : attention is focused on the given experience of the
respondent and its possible effects.
• Clinical interviews : concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or
with the course of individual’s life experience, rather than with the effects of the
specific experience, as in the case of focused interview.
• Group interviews : a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed.
• Qualitative and quantitative interviews : divided on the basis of subject matter
i.e. whether qualitative or quantitative.
• Individual interviews : interviewer meets a single person and interviews him.
• Selection interviews : done for the selection of people for certain jobs.
• Depth interviews : it deliberately aims to elicit unconscious as well as other types
of material relating especially to personality dynamics and motivations.
16. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
• This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly in case of
big enquiries. The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are
expected to read and understand the questions and write down the
reply in the space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself.
The respondents have to answer the questions on their own.
• Questionnaire Method Questionnaire is sent to persons with request
to answer the questions and return the questionnaire Questions are
printed in definite order , mailed to samples who are expected to
read that questions understand the questions and write the answers
in provided space .
17. Merits of Questionnaire
• Low cost even the geographical area is large to cover
• Answers are in respondents word so free from bias
• Adequate time to think for answers
• Non approachable respondents may be conveniently contacted
• Large samples can be used so results are more reliable
18. Demerits of Questionnaire
• Low rate of return of duly filled questionnaire
• Can be used when respondent is educated and co operative
• It is inflexible
• Omission of some questions
• Difficult to know the expected respondent have filled the form or it is
filled by some one else
• Slowest method of data collection
19. Main aspects of a Questionnaire
1. General Form
• Structured questionnaire – All questions and answers are specified
and comments in the respondents own words are held to the
minimum.
• Unstructured questionnaire- Interviewer is provided with general
guide on the type pf information to be collected. He can form his own
questions.
• Answers are taken down in respondents own words, at time recorded
on tape.
20. Main aspects of a Questionnaire
2. Question sequence
• Question sequence should be clear and smoothly moving (relation of
one question to another should readily apparent
• First few questions are important for creating interest in respondents
mind
• Question which gives stress on memory or of a personal character
and wealth should be avoided as opening questions
• Easier question should be at the start of the questionnaire
• General to specific questions should be the sequence of questions
21. Main aspects of a Questionnaire
3. Question formation and wording
• Question should easily understood Question should be simple and
concrete.
• Closed questions are easy to handle but this is like fixing the answers
in people’s mouth. So depending upon problem for which survey is
going on both close ended and open ended question may be asked in
Questionnaire.
• Words having ambiguous meaning should be avoided
• Catch words, words with emotional connotations , danger words
should be avoided.
22. Essentials of Good Questionnaire
• Good Questionnaire Should Short & simple Questions
• Should arranged in logical sequence (From Easy to difficult one)
• Technical terms should avoided
• Some control questions which indicate reliability of the respondent ( To
Know consumption first expenditure and then weight or qty of that
material)
• Questions affecting the sentiments of the respondents should avoided
• Adequate space for answers should be provided in questionnaire
• Provision for uncertainty (do not know, No preference)
• Directions regarding the filling of questionnaire should be given
• Physical Appearance - Quality of paper, color
23. SCHEDULE METHOD
• It is one of the important methods for the study of social problems.
• Schedules Like Questionnaires but it filled by enumerator.
• Enumerators are specially appointed for filling questionnaire
• Enumerators explain the aim and objective to respondent and fill the
answers in provided space.
• In the words of Thomas Carson Macormic, “The schedule is nothing
more than a list of questions which it seems necessary to test the
hypothesis .”
24. Questionnaire V/S Schedule
• Generally send through mail
• No further assistance from sender
• It is a Cheaper method
• Non response is high
• It is not always clear who replies
• Very slow process
• No Personal Contact
• Can be used only when respondent is
educated and cooperative
• Wider distribution of sample
• Success depend on the quality of
questionnaire
• Schedule is filled by the enumerator
• More expensive- Hier and train
enumerators
• Non response is high
• Identity of the responder is known
• Information is collected well in time
• Direct personal contact
• Info can be collected form illiterates
also
• No wide distribution of sample
• Success depends on the honesty and
competence of questionnaire
25. Other Methods Of Data Collection
• Warranty Cards - Post card size cards sent to customers and feedback
collected through asking questions on that card
• Distributor or Store Audits - Audits are done by distributor or
manufacturer’s salesperson. Observation or copying information about
inventory in retail shops. Useful method for knowing market share, market
size, effect of in store promotion.
• Pantry Audits - From the observation of pantry of customer to know
purchase habit of the people (which product , of what brand etc.)
Questions may be asked at the time of audit
• Consumer Panels - When pantry audit is done at regular basis, Daily record
of consumption of certain customers. Or repeatedly interviewed at the
specific periods to know their consumption.
26. Other Methods Of Data Collection
• Transitory consumer panels – for limited time
• Continuing Consumer panel - For indefinite period
• Use of Mechanical Device - Eye Cameras to record eyes focus on
certain sketch
• Psycho galvanometer to measure body excitement to visual stimulus
• Motion Picture camera to record movement of body at the time of
purchase
• Audiometer concerned to TV. Useful to know Channel, program
preference of people
27. Other Methods Of Data Collection
• Depth Interview - To discover the underlying motives or desires of
samples . To explore needs , feelings of respondents. Skill is required ,
indirect question or projective techniques are used to know behavior
of the respondent.
• Content Analysis - Analysing contents of documentary material as
news paper, books magazines about certain characteristics to identify
and count
28. Collection of secondary data
• Data that are already avaliable
• Publications of Central, state , local government• Technical and trade
journals
• Books, Magazines, Newspaper
• Reports & publications of industry ,bank, stock exchange
• Reports by research scholars, Universities, economist
• Public Records
29. Collection of secondary data
• Before using Secondary data researcher must check
• Reliability od the data
• Suitability of data
• Adequacy of data
30. Selection of appropriate method of data
collection
• Nature and scope of the enquiry
• Availability of funds
• Time factor
• Precision required