This document discusses the process of selecting and formulating a research problem. It begins by defining a research problem as a question or issue that a researcher aims to solve. The selection of a research problem depends on factors like the researcher's knowledge and interests. It then outlines the steps in formulating a research problem, including reviewing literature, delimiting the topic, evaluating feasibility, and stating the problem clearly. The goal is to identify a problem that is significant, can be researched, and is feasible given constraints of time, resources and the researcher's abilities.
1. The document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem, which is the first step of the research process. It involves selecting a broad topic and narrowing it down to a specific statement.
2. Several factors are considered when identifying a research problem, including significance to the field of study, originality, feasibility, whether it is solvable, current, and interesting to the researcher. Problems can come from personal or practical experiences, literature, theories, and through consultation with experts.
3. The process of identifying a research problem involves selecting a broad research area, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic, and evaluating the problem by establishing significance, researchability and feasibility before formulating a clear final statement
This document discusses descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and describe phenomena as they occur naturally without manipulation. It can be used to identify problems, justify practices, and develop theories. Descriptive studies describe characteristics like frequency, percentages, averages without relating variables. Types include univariate, exploratory, and comparative designs. Limitations include inability to determine causation and potential for bias. The document provides an example of a descriptive study evaluating nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about Alzheimer's disease.
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative, testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis helps translate research problems into clear predictions about expected outcomes. Hypotheses are derived from literature reviews and conceptual frameworks. The main types discussed are research hypotheses, null hypotheses, and testable hypotheses. Research hypotheses make predictions, while null hypotheses predict no relationship. Testable hypotheses involve measurable variables. Variables are also discussed, including independent, dependent, extraneous, and demographic variables. Assumptions and limitations of research are briefly covered.
The document outlines the key steps in the research process:
1) Establish the need for research and define the problem.
2) Conduct an extensive literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulate clear research objectives and questions.
4) Determine an appropriate research design including data collection methods.
5) Collect, analyze, and interpret the data to draw conclusions and answer the research questions.
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
The document discusses research problems, including defining a research problem, identifying sources of research problems, criteria for a good research problem, and the steps involved in formulating a research problem. Specifically, it states that a research problem is a question to be answered or problem to be solved through research. It also notes that selecting a good research problem is challenging but important, as it forms the foundation of the research study. Finally, it outlines the 5-step process for formulating a research problem: 1) selecting a research area, 2) reviewing literature and theories, 3) delimiting the topic, 4) evaluating the problem, and 5) formulating the final problem statement.
This document defines literature review and outlines its importance and purpose. A literature review aims to critically review knowledge on a research topic. It provides a guide for professionals to stay up-to-date in their field. Literature reviews help identify research problems, gaps in knowledge, and inform the methodology. Sources include primary research articles and secondary sources that summarize others' findings. The document describes the steps of literature review including searching databases and other sources, analyzing sources, and writing an introduction, body, and conclusion. It also outlines strategies like using references and searching forward and backward to identify relevant literature.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
Research ethics involves applying ethical principles to scientific research involving human subjects. The objectives of research ethics are to protect human participants, ensure research benefits society, and ensure research is conducted ethically. Key principles include minimizing harm, obtaining informed consent, protecting anonymity and confidentiality, avoiding misleading practices, and allowing participants to withdraw. Research ethics promotes trust, accountability, and social values in research. However, research poses risks of physical, psychological, social, and economic harm to participants. It may also divert resources from other health needs.
The document discusses various aspects of research design including:
1. Research design involves decisions about what, where, when, how much, and by what means to study a research problem.
2. Key parts of research design include sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design.
3. Experimental designs aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships through control and manipulation of variables while quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation.
The document outlines the key criteria for good research including:
1) Clearly stating the research aim and using common concepts
2) Adequately describing the research procedures to allow for replication
3) Carefully planning the research design to obtain objective results
It also describes the key qualities of good research as being systematic, following a specified sequence of steps; logical, guided by rules of reasoning; and empirical, dealing with concrete data to allow external validation of results.
This document outlines the key components and structure of a research proposal. It discusses the initial conceptualization process and consultation with an adviser to define the research problem and parameters. It also describes the typical chapters in a research proposal, including the introduction, background, theoretical framework, statement of problem, and literature review. The methods and procedures section explains how to describe the research methodology, sampling, and instruments.
The document outlines the major and minor objectives of research. The major objectives are to gain new insights into phenomena, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, determine the frequency of occurrences, discover truths and facts, and test hypotheses of relationships between variables. The minor objectives are to seek knowledge, find solutions to problems through systematic methods, gain research degrees and benefits, face challenges, and be of service to society.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
In this ppt you can find the materials regarding Significance of Research/Importance of Research
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Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Research design and types of research design final pptPrahlada G
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the conceptual framework for a research study that includes plans for data collection, measurement, and analysis. The main components of a research design are outlined, including the problem statement, literature review, objectives, methodology, and data analysis plan. Four common types of research designs are explored in more detail: exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and quasi-experimental. Key principles of experimental design like replication, randomization, and local control are also summarized.
This document outlines the basic components and structure of a research paper. It discusses the typical chapters which include an introduction describing the problem, a literature review, the research methodology, presentation of findings, and conclusions. It also provides examples of developing a research topic, writing a research question, and stating the purpose and significance of a study. The document provides guidance on formulating a research problem and selecting a topic that meets criteria such as novelty, practical value, and feasibility.
The document discusses research problems and questions. It defines a research problem as anything unsatisfactory or in need of improvement. Research questions aim to answer the problem and can employ various methodologies like surveys, experiments, interviews, etc. Good research questions are feasible, clear, significant, and ethical. They do not cause harm. Researchers must obtain informed consent, protect privacy/confidentiality, and minimize risks to participants. Deception is discouraged unless justified. Special protections apply to vulnerable groups like children.
The document discusses the selection of research problems in nursing. It outlines sources that nursing research problems can come from, such as personal experiences, literature, theories, and previous studies. Factors like ethics, significance, and feasibility must be considered when determining a research problem. The process of selecting a specific problem involves first identifying potential problems and then evaluating them based on criteria like general interest, ability to study, and implications for nursing. An example research problem and statement are provided on examining opinions about men and women entering the nursing career. Guidelines for critiquing a problem statement, like ensuring clarity and inclusion of key elements, are also outlined.
This document discusses how to define a research problem and title. It explains that a good title should predict the content, catch interest, and clearly describe the research problem. Defining the research problem involves selecting an area and specific topic to investigate. It also involves understanding the sources and risk factors contributing to the problem, determining what instruments will be used, describing the methodology, identifying the main reasons for the problem, and answering any questions raised.
This document provides guidance on developing a strong research title and statement of the problem. It notes that a good title should be specific, express the scale of research, tell the subject nature, be clear and definite, and catch readers' attention. The statement of problem should answer who has the problem, what the problem is, its scope and limitations. It then provides examples of interesting titles and outlines steps to construct a statement of problem, including introducing the main problem, creating logical subsidiary questions, and ensuring questions elicit new knowledge to address the problem.
This document is quoted from Academic Writing Skill, IFL, Cambodia. It's for students in year three not only at IFL but also other universities in Cambodia.
This document discusses the key parts and components of a research paper introduction. It explains that the introduction includes a background of the study, statement of the problem, hypotheses, theoretical and conceptual framework, significance of the study, scope and limitations, and definition of terms. It provides details on each of these components, such as that the background of the study gives important context and cites the reason for studying a particular topic. The statement of the problem presents the general and specific research problems or objectives that will be studied.
The document discusses the importance of ethics in research. It explains that ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge and truth while avoiding error. Ethical principles like honesty, objectivity, integrity, care, openness, and respect for intellectual property help ensure accountability and build public support for research. The document also outlines the codes of conduct researchers should follow, including maintaining confidentiality, responsible publication, respecting colleagues, protecting human subjects, and knowing relevant laws.
This document discusses formulating the general problem and specific problems in a thesis. It provides two examples of general problems and explains that the general problem is followed by specific problems stated as questions. The specific problems must be in question form, define the population/sample, identify variables, and be empirically testable. The document also categorizes two types of questions - non-researchable and researchable - and four types of research questions: factor-isolating, factor-relating, situation-relating, and situation-producing. Examples are given for each type of research question.
This document outlines the six main steps of the research process: 1) Identifying the research problem by examining issues in a community or gaps in previous studies. 2) Formulating hypotheses and designing a study by determining data sources, locations, timeframes and methods. 3) Collecting and organizing qualitative or quantitative data to support hypotheses. 4) Analyzing data and testing hypotheses against collected information. 5) Interpreting results by drawing meaningful implications and validating with research subjects. 6) Reporting conclusions to benefit stakeholders, with responsibility by researchers.
This document outlines the purpose, nature, and criteria for selecting a research topic. It discusses how a research topic should aim to answer a question or solve a problem. A good research problem has a perceived discrepancy, unclear reasons for it, and multiple possible explanations. Strategies for identifying topics include observation, discussion, reading, and exploratory studies. The nature of the topic, whether a phenomenon or problem, helps determine if the research should be basic or applied.
Identifying and defining a research problemAkshay Samant
The document discusses identifying and defining research problems. It provides guidance on how to properly define a research problem, including following a general procedure to identify the problem situation, studying available research, and getting feedback on the problem statement. A well-defined research problem should guide the research and allow the researcher to obtain all needed information to address the underlying management or decision problem.
This document discusses defining and selecting a research problem. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding research concepts, identifying topics, and selecting a problem. A research problem is defined as a situation requiring a solution to be described, explained, or predicted. The document then discusses sources of research problems, steps to define a problem, and considerations for selection such as significance and feasibility. Examples of broad and narrow topics are provided. Finally, the conclusion restates that selecting a problem determines the scope and goals of research.
Here are the elements of the research title identified:
Aim: To determine/identify/explore
Topic: The specific variables, phenomena, or topics being studied
Place: The location where the research will be conducted
Period: The time frame of the study
Population: The people, samples, or sources of data for the study
This document discusses identifying and formulating research problems. It defines a research problem as a question a researcher wants to answer or a problem they want to solve. Identifying and formulating the research problem is the first step in the research process. The document outlines the components of a research problem, sources of problems, criteria for selection, steps in identifying problems, and dos and don'ts for selecting a problem. It emphasizes that formulating a problem well is important, and describes the steps in properly formulating a problem, including developing a title, conceptual model, objectives, and hypotheses.
Research is a systematic process of solving problems or finding answers to inquiries through making observations and using existing knowledge. It aims to improve quality of life by discovering new ideas and advancing the researcher's expertise. Research involves looking again for something through organized methods to gain relevant experiences that deepen knowledge and skills in the area being investigated.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective problem statement for a research proposal. It defines a research problem as a situation that needs a solution where possible solutions exist. An effective problem statement clearly describes the issue to be addressed in one sentence, with additional paragraphs elaborating on the problem's importance and context. It should identify the variables of interest and relationship between variables to be studied. The problem statement establishes the foundation for the rest of the proposal by framing the scope and focus of the research. It is important to demonstrate that the problem is worth studying by considering factors like its current relevance, future implications, practical applications, and theoretical significance. The problem statement helps motivate the need for the study and generates the research questions to be answered.
The document discusses the process of identifying and formulating a research problem. It begins by defining what constitutes a research problem and notes that selecting a problem depends on factors like a researcher's knowledge and interests. It then outlines the key steps in formulating a problem, which include: reviewing literature and theories in the topic area, delimiting the topic to something specific and measurable, evaluating the problem's significance and feasibility, and finally stating the problem in a clear declarative or interrogative statement. The overall process moves from initially identifying a broad research area to defining the specific variables, population, and research question that will be investigated.
1. The document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It defines research as a process of observing phenomena repeatedly to collect data and draw conclusions.
2. A research problem is a question a researcher wants to answer or a problem they want to solve. It is the first step in the research process. Without a problem, research cannot proceed.
3. Formulating a research problem involves selecting a broad research topic, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic to something more specific, evaluating the problem's significance and feasibility, and finally stating the problem in declarative or interrogative format.
Business Research Methods - Identification of Research Problem, Literature Re...SOMASUNDARAM T
This document provides information on researching and defining a research problem. It begins by defining a research problem and explaining the purpose of a problem statement. It describes identifying a research problem through literature reviews, discussions, and rephrasing. The document also covers types of research problems, characteristics of a good statement, and techniques for defining a problem. Finally, it discusses identifying a problem through deductions from theory, interdisciplinary perspectives, and practitioner interviews.
This document discusses research problems and how to formulate them. It defines a research problem as a question to be answered or issue to be solved through inquiry. Key points include:
- Research problems generally have 5 components: relevance, title, objectives, delimitations, and scope.
- Potential sources of research problems include personal/practical experience, literature review, previous research, theories, and social issues.
- Good criteria for selecting a research problem include significance, originality, feasibility, support, and addressing a current issue.
- Formulating a research problem is a complex process involving selecting a topic, reviewing literature and theory, delimiting the topic, and developing a clear problem statement.
Research identification of the problemGunjan Verma
This document outlines the steps in the educational research process. It begins by defining research and noting that the first step is identifying and defining the problem. The key steps in identifying a problem are: selecting an area of interest; delimiting the problem by clarifying and limiting the scope; and evaluating whether the problem is researchable, new, significant, and feasible given the researcher's skills. Sources for identifying problems include personal experience, professional literature, contacts, suggestions, and social/technological changes. Once identified, the problem is further refined through operational definitions before hypotheses are formulated.
Formulation of Research Problem - Meaning, Definition, Components, Techniques...Sundar B N
This ppt covers the Formulation of Research Problem in that many sub themes are covered.
What is a Research Problem
Definition of Research Problem
Problems May Arise from
Characteristics of Good Research Problem
Components of Research Problem
Criteria for Selecting a Research Problem
Importance of formulating a research problem
Technique Involved in Defining a Problem
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ALL CHAPTER Business Research Methods.pdfMaxmadMaxmad
This document provides an overview of research methods and defines key concepts. It discusses:
- The definition of research as a systematic process of examining problems to find solutions.
- The main types of research as applied/fundamental and quantitative/qualitative.
- The importance of properly defining the research problem by clarifying the current and desired situations and identifying gaps.
- Techniques for defining problems such as reviewing literature, discussing with experts, and refining the problem statement.
This document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem. It begins by defining research and the importance of identifying a research problem. A good research problem should address a gap in knowledge, be significant, and lead to further investigation. Sources of research problems include personal and practical experience, previous research, theories, and social issues. The document outlines steps for formulating a research problem, which include selecting an area of interest, reviewing literature, delimiting the topic, evaluating the problem statement, and formulating a final statement. Criteria for selecting a problem include significance, originality, feasibility, and the researcher's knowledge and interests.
A Research problem is a problem that a researcher wants to solve moreover, it is an issues or a concern that an investigator / researcher presents and justifies in a research study.
RESEARCH PROBLEM PRESENTATION WITH GAMES
-SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
-TOPIC IDENTIFICATION
-ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
-CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM
This document discusses research problems and the process of formulating a research problem. It begins by defining a research problem as an area of concern, condition to be improved, or difficult question that requires investigation. Research problems should introduce the importance of the topic, define parameters to be investigated, and provide a framework for reporting results. The document outlines steps for formulating a research problem, which include identifying a broad field of interest, dissecting it into subareas, selecting an interested subarea, raising research questions, formulating objectives, and double checking. Sources of research problems are also discussed, such as personal experience, literature reviews, previous research, and consulting experts.
This document discusses defining the research problem, which is the first step of the research process. It is important to carefully select and formulate the research problem. This involves understanding the nature of the problem through literature reviews and discussions, then rephrasing it into specific terms such as a statement of the problem, research purpose, objectives, and questions. A good research problem should be socially and scientifically important. The researcher then develops hypotheses to test, which are tentative predictions about relationships between variables. The hypotheses will be statistically tested against decision criteria to determine whether relationships are significant.
This document discusses various aspects of the research process, including identifying a research topic, defining the research problem and objectives, and developing a research proposal.
It begins by outlining the typical steps in the research process, from selecting a topic to analyzing data and reporting results. It then focuses on identifying a research topic, noting that topics can come from the researcher's experience, literature, or clients. Attributes of a good topic include being interesting and feasible to study. The document also discusses turning topics into clear research questions and defining the research problem and objectives.
This document discusses research problems and objectives. It defines a research problem as a question about the relationship between two or more variables. Identifying a good research problem is the first step and involves considering factors like significance, originality, and feasibility. Some sources of research problems mentioned include personal experience, literature reviews, previous research, and feedback. Key criteria for selecting a good problem relate to its significance, solvability, and relevance to the field. Research objectives should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound. The objectives focus on how variables will be measured and what the study aims to achieve.
Defining a Research Problem_Dr.Balamurugan.pptxBalamurugan M
What is Research problem
Techniques to define a Research problem
Selection of Research problem
Necessity of defining a problem
Points to remember on research problem
Sources of Research problem
The document discusses defining a research problem through several key points:
1) A research problem identifies an area that needs further investigation to address a gap in knowledge or understanding. It questions an issue but does not propose a solution.
2) Sources for identifying problems include a researcher's field of study, social and economic trends, existing programs/initiatives, observations, and literature.
3) In selecting a problem, considerations include the topic's uniqueness, significance, researcher's expertise and interest, available resources and data, and ethics. A well-defined research problem is important to successfully conduct meaningful research.
This document discusses defining and selecting a good research problem. It explains that a research problem exists if there is a difficulty, objectives to be met, alternative solutions, and uncertainty. When selecting a problem, the researcher should consider factors like feasibility, familiarity, and importance. Defining the problem involves specifically stating it, understanding it, reviewing literature, and refining it. Sources of problems in nursing research come from practice, education, administration, societal trends, and theory. Selecting a good problem considers interest, scope, expertise, relevance, and ethics. The statement of the problem should capture attention, be researchable, indicate scope, and give purpose.
This document discusses defining a research problem and reviewing literature. It defines what a research problem is and its key components. It also outlines the steps to properly define a research problem, which include: 1) stating the problem generally, 2) understanding the nature of the problem, 3) surveying available literature, 4) developing ideas through discussion, and 5) rephrasing the problem. Reviewing literature is important as it helps bring clarity to the research problem, improve methodology, broaden knowledge, and contextualize findings. The literature review plays a critical role throughout the research process.
This document defines and discusses research methods. It provides definitions of research from dictionaries and scholars as a systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover facts, reach new understandings, and develop organized knowledge. The document outlines the basic concepts of researchers verifying and evaluating ideas through calculation, simulation, and experiments. It also discusses the need for research to explore, describe, diagnose, form hypotheses, and make inductions and deductions. The prime objectives of research are outlined as discovering new facts, verifying important facts, analyzing causes and effects, and finding solutions to problems.
A research plan outlines the key steps of a research project, including what will be studied, how it will be studied, and how progress will be monitored. It provides a blueprint for conducting the research from formulating the research design through collecting and analyzing data. Developing a strong research plan is important as it defines the scope of the project and demonstrates to supervisors and funders that the researcher has planned the study in sufficient detail.
This document provides guidance on conducting and writing a literature review. It discusses the purpose of a literature review in analyzing and critically evaluating previous research on a topic. The document offers tips for finding relevant sources, narrowing a topic, developing a thesis statement, and organizing a literature review. It provides direction on what to include in writing a literature review such as summarizing previous findings, identifying gaps, and making recommendations for further research.
This document discusses the importance of research design and planning in conducting research. It states that research design involves formulating a strategy and considering various factors, and it helps inform the subsequent research plan. The research plan, or proposal, acts as a blueprint that describes what will be done, why, how, the timeline, resources needed, and limitations. Finally, the document emphasizes that a research plan can only be formulated after the research design is decided, as it helps structure the overall research project.
This document discusses research methods and provides definitions and concepts related to research. It defines research as a systematic, objective investigation directed at discovering and developing organized knowledge through careful study and experimentation. The document outlines the meaning, definitions, basic concepts, need, scope, objectives, and significance of research. It explains that research aims to discover new facts, verify information, analyze causes and effects, solve problems, and make improvements through gathering necessary information.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as a master plan for collecting and analyzing information about a research problem. An effective research design answers key questions, provides structure and prevents blind searches. It should specify data sources and collection methods, and include time and cost considerations. The document also outlines different types of research design including exploratory, descriptive, and causal/experimental designs. It provides examples to illustrate when each type would be used and discusses key areas of decision making in developing a research design.
How to Make a Field Storable in Odoo 17 - Odoo SlidesCeline George
Let’s discuss about how to make a field in Odoo model as a storable. For that, a module for College management has been created in which there is a model to store the the Student details.
How to Use Pre Init hook in Odoo 17 -Odoo 17 SlidesCeline George
In Odoo, Hooks are Python methods or functions that are invoked at specific points during the execution of Odoo's processing cycle. The pre-init hook is a method provided by the Odoo framework to execute custom code before the initialization of the module's data. ie, it works before the module installation.
How To Sell Hamster Kombat Coin In Pre-marketSikandar Ali
How To Sell Hamster Kombat Coin In Pre Market
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How To Sell Hamster Kombat Coin In Pre Market
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How To Sell Hamster Kombat Coin In Pre Market
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Lecture Notes Unit4 Chapter13 users , roles and privilegesMurugan146644
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : USERS, Roles and Privileges
In Oracle databases, users are individuals or applications that interact with the database. Each user is assigned specific roles, which are collections of privileges that define their access levels and capabilities. Privileges are permissions granted to users or roles, allowing actions like creating tables, executing procedures, or querying data. Properly managing users, roles, and privileges is essential for maintaining security and ensuring that users have appropriate access to database resources, thus supporting effective data management and integrity within the Oracle environment.
Sub-Topic :
Definition of User, User Creation Commands, Grant Command, Deleting a user, Privileges, System privileges and object privileges, Grant Object Privileges, Viewing a users, Revoke Object Privileges, Creation of Role, Granting privileges and roles to role, View the roles of a user , Deleting a role
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
URL for previous slides
chapter 8,9 and 10 : https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/lecture_notes_unit4_chapter_8_9_10_rdbms-for-the-students-affiliated-by-alagappa-university/270123800
Chapter 11 Sequence: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/sequnces-lecture_notes_unit4_chapter11_sequence/270134792
Chapter 12 View : https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/rdbms-lecture-notes-unit4-chapter12-view/270199683
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Dr. Nasir Mustafa CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION "NEUROANATOMY"Dr. Nasir Mustafa
CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION
"NEUROANATOMY"
DURING THE JOINT ONLINE LECTURE SERIES HELD BY
KUTAISI UNIVERSITY (GEORGIA) AND ISTANBUL GELISIM UNIVERSITY (TURKEY)
FROM JUNE 10TH TO JUNE 14TH, 2024
The word “Gymnosperm” comes from the Greek words “gymnos”(naked) and “sperma”(seed), hence known as “Naked seeds.” Gymnosperms are the seed-producing plants, but unlike angiosperms, they produce seeds without fruits. These plants develop on the surface of scales or leaves, or at the end of stalks forming a cone-like structure.
Topics to be Covered
Beginning of Pedagogy
What is Pedagogy?
Definition of Pedagogy
Features of Pedagogy
What Is Pedagogy In Teaching?
What Is Teacher Pedagogy?
What Is The Pedagogy Approach?
What are Pedagogy Approaches?
Teaching and Learning Pedagogical approaches?
Importance of Pedagogy in Teaching & Learning
Role of Pedagogy in Effective Learning
Pedagogy Impact on Learner
Pedagogical Skills
10 Innovative Learning Strategies For Modern Pedagogy
Types of Pedagogy
2. INTRODUCTION
A research problem is a question that researcher
wants to answer or a problem that a researcher
wants to solve
Identification & formulation of a research problem is
the first step of the research process.
Selection of research problem depends on several
factors such as researcher’s knowledge, skills,
interest, expertise, motivation & creativity with
respect to the subject of inquiry.
It is like the identification of a destination before
under taking a journey
Without a problem , research cannot proceed
because there is nothing to proceed to ward.
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“If one wants to solve a problem , one must generally
know what the problem is . It can be said that a large
part of the problem lies in knowing what one is trying
to do.
Research problem may take a number of forms ,
from the very simple to the very complex
Research Topic:
The broad general area expected to investigate. It is a
broad idea or concept from which many problems may be
delineated.
Research Problem:
A situation or circumstance that requires a solution to be
described, explained, or predicted. It is an unsatisfactory
4. DEFINITION
According to Kerlinger, ‘A problem is an
interrogative sentence or statement that asks what
relation exists between two or more variable. The
answer to question will provide what is having
sought in the research.
R.S. Woodworth defines problem as ‘a situation for
which we have no ready & successful response by
instinct or by previous acquired habit. We must find
out what to do’, i.e. the solution can be found out
only after an investigation.
In other words, ‘a research problem is an area of
concern where there is a gap in the knowledge
base needed for professional practices.
6. SELECTION OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM
Any research problem does exist if the following condition
are in existence:-
1.There must be an individual or a group or an
organization having different types of environment.
2.There must be atlest two course of action is defined by
one or more values of the controlled variable.
3. There must be atlest two possible outcomes .Out of
these two a researcher wants an objective.
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4. The courses of action available must provide some
chance of obtaining the objective but they cannot
provide the same chance as they have unequal
efficiencies for the desired result.
R.L.ACKOFF has discussed the five components of a
research problem as under:-
1. Research consumer:
-individuals or group which have some difficulty or
problem. they may be researcher or other.
2. Research – consumer’s objective:-
- there must be some objective to be attained as
the research consumer must have something to get
it. If one wants noting one cannot have a problem.
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3.Alternative means to meet the objective:
-this means that there must be at least two means(courses
of action) available to a researcher or if has no choice of
means, he/she cannot have a problem.
4. Doubt in regard to selection of alternatives:
-the existence of alternative courses of action is not enough
to experience a problem
-The researcher must have some doubt as to which
alternative to select.
-without such a doubt there can be no problem
5. There must be one or more environments:
- there must be some environment to which the difficulty or
problem pertains
- A researcher may have doubts as to which will be most
efficient means in one environment.
- -some problems are specific to any one environment while
others are quite general.
9. The following points should be kept in mind by a researcher in
selecting a research problem:
1.The subject on which research work has been overdue should
not be chosen, because it will be a difficult task to throw any
new light.
2.The problem should neither be too narrow nor too vague.
3.The topic of the research should be familiar and feasible so
that the researcher can easily have an access to related
research materials or source of research.
4.Controversial subject should be avoided while selecting a
research problem.
5.While selecting a research problem the researcher should also
take into account the various factors such as the importance of
subject, the qualifications , the training of researcher , the
investment elements in the research in terms of time, money and
energy.
6.The selection of any research problem must be preceded by a
13. Selection of a research
areas
Reviewing the literature &
theories
Delimiting the research
topic
Evaluating the research
problem
Formulating final statement
of research problem
14. Selection of a research area:
Formulation of a research problem begins with
selection of a broad research topic from personal
experience, literature, previous research, & theories in
which researcher is interested & has significance for
library profession.
For example, a researcher gets an idea to conduct a
study on the Impact of library internship on MLIS
Student.
Therefore, he or she initially begins with such broad
research topic.
15. Reviewing literature & theories:
After getting a broad idea for research, he or she needs
to review the LISc. literature & theories.
Literature is reviewed to know what has already been
done in this selected areas of research.
Review of library theories provides an opportunity for
LISc researcher to plan a research problem to
contribute towards either testing or development of a
theory/conceptual model.
16. Delimiting the research topic:
In this step, researcher proceeds from a general area of
interest to more specific topic of research to conduct a
study.
For example, initially a researcher decides to conduct a
study on Impact of library internship on MLIS Student;
later in this stage researcher limits it to specific research
topic ‘a study on perception of MLIS Students about
impact on internship in pondicherry university ’.
In this stage, a researcher clearly identifies variables,
population, & setting of research study.
17. Evaluating the research problem
Once researcher is clear about the specific research
problem, next the research problem must be carefully
evaluated for its significance, researchability, &
feasibility.
Feasibility of the research problem should be
evaluated for time, cost, availability of subjects &
resources, administrative & peer support, ethical
consideration, & researcher’s competence & interest.
18. Formulating final statement of research
problem:
After establishing the significance, researchability, &
feasibility, then researcher finally formulates a final
statement of a research problem.
A statement of research problem could be in
declarative or interrogative format
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1.Declarative format:
In this format, a research problem is
stated in declarative statement.
e.g.- impact of library internship on MLIS student of
Pondicherry University.
2. Interrogative format:
In interrogative format, a research
problem is stated in question form.
e.g- “What is the Impact of library internship on MLIS
Student of Pondicherry University ?”
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The choice of either of these two types of format formulation
of a research problem depends on the researcher’s
preference & institutional policies.
Declarative format much popular among researchers.
For the formulation of a research problem it is preferable it it
fulfils the following features:
Research problem is clearly, precisely articulated.
It clearly states the variables, population, & research setting
under study.
Variable are expressed in measurable terms.
The type of study also may be included in the statement of
research problem.