intro to osteology august 2010 revision
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This document provides an introduction to osteology, the study of bones. It discusses several key concepts: - Osteology requires memorization of bone anatomy, which is best achieved by thinking of bones as part of a three-dimensional anatomical system. - Standard anatomical position orients the body for consistent description of bones. - Anatomical terminology like anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, and proximal/distal describe the position of bones and their parts in the body. - Different terminology is used for humans (anterior/posterior) versus quadrupeds (ventral/dorsal). - Understanding bone anatomy allows identification and siding of fragments in excavations.
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intro to osteology august 2010 revision
- 1. Introduction to Osteology DAVID HINES INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION Of MISSING PERSONS REVISION AUGUST 2010
- 2. Osteology: the study of bone • • Complex skill • • Requires time, practice, and experience • • • Heavy on memorization • • Difficult to retain • Easy to forget specifics, especially • from a short course • The best way to remember general principles, especially for mass graves work, where we spend a lot of time digging, is to think about the bones as an anatomical system.
- 3. Standard anatomical position • • • • • Erect posture • Feet shoulder-width apart, toes forward, arms near the sides • Palms of hands face forward • When discussing individual bones, describe their ends and surfaces in terms of how they are oriented in standard anatomical position.
- 5. Right Vs. Left RIGHT ARM LEFT ARM
- 6. Right Vs. Left RIGHT EYE LEFT EYE
- 7. Right vs. left • • • • A bone is right if it is on THE SKELETON’S RIGHT in STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION. • A bone is left if it is on THE SKELETON’S LEFT in STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION. • A bone that is not left or right, but in the center of the body, is referred to as MIDLINE.
- 8. RIGHT/LEFT only distinguishes between two of the same bone or limb. You use LEFT and RIGHT to describe whole bones. • But when you’re working with fragments, or talking about parts of a • bone, you don’t use left and right – you wouldn’t say, “the right side of the left humerus,” for example. Also, “left vs. right” is a one-dimensional concept. Bones are three-dimensional. • So we use three- dimensional, anatomical terminology.
- 9. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Position Movement • Anterior / • • Flexion / Extension Posterior (in • Adduction / Abduction humans, equiv alent to Ventral • Rotation (inc. Pronation / / Dorsal) • Supination) • Medial / Lateral • • • Superior / Inferior • • • Proximal / Distal • • • Palmar / Plantar
- 10. Anterior/posterior Anterior Posterior
- 11. Anterior/Posterior Imagine a flat surface, like a sheet of paper, that intersects the body and cuts it into two halves. This flat surface is an ANATOMICAL PLANE. We are divided into anterior and posterior by the CORONAL PLANE.
- 12. MEDIAL/ LATERAL Medial and lateral are determined by proximity to the SAGITTAL PLANE.
- 13. MEDIAL/LATERAL Lateral is AWAY FROM the Medial is TOWARD the midline. midline.
- 14. SUPERIOR/ INFERIOR We are divided into superior and inferior by the TRANSVERSE PLANE.
- 15. Superior/Inferior Superior is UP (toward the Inferior is DOWN (toward the head). feet).
- 16. SUPERIOR/INFE RIOR THE FRANKFORT PLANE, mentioned in your handout, is essentially a transverse plane that goes through the skull. It’s a plane parallel to the floor that goes from the top of your ear canal to the bottom of your eye orbit. This defines the way the head is held in standard anatomical position. •
- 17. PROXIMAL/DISTAL Proximal is TOWARD the torso. Distal is AWAY FROM the torso.
- 18. Palmar/Plantar Palmar refers to the palms of the Plantar refers to the soles of the feet. hands.
- 19. Ventral/Dorsal Ventral Dorsal
- 20. What’s the difference? ANTERIOR/POSTE VENTRAL/DORSAL RIOR • Anterior is toward the front • Ventral is toward the belly. of the body. • Dorsal is toward the back. • Posterior is toward the rear • Dorsal (or dorsum, if you’re using of the body. the noun) also refers to the back of the hands and of the feet. It’s the opposite of palmar/plantar. • • • • Dorsal •
- 21. Why is there a difference? Anterior/Posterior: for BIPEDS Ventral/Dorsal: for QUADRUPEDS. (human).
- 22. Review
- 23. REVIEW ANTERIOR/VENTRAL POSTERIOR/DORSAL
- 24. REVIEW MEDIAL LATERAL
- 25. REVIEW PROXIMAL DISTAL
- 26. REVIEW PALMAR PLANTAR
- 27. Practice
- 28. Movement
- 29. FLEXION/EXTENSION Flexion BENDS the joint. Extension UNBENDS the joint.
- 30. ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION Abduction moves AWAY FROM Adduction moves TOWARD midline. midline.
- 31. ROTATION • Rotation moves around an axis. • Rotation so that the ventral side is down is pronation. • Rotation so that the ventral side is up is supination. • • •
- 32. REVIEW FLEXION EXTENSION
- 33. REVIEW ABDUCTION ADDUCTION
- 34. REVIEW PRONATION SUPINATION
- 35. PRACTICE
- 36. Why do you need to know this? 1) If you know how to orient a bone, you know how to figure out what side it’s from. 2) If you’re excavating a grave and find a part of a skeleton, you can use this knowledge to plan your digging strategy. - -
- 37. Divisions of the skeleton AXIAL (head and torso) APPENDICULAR (limbs)
- 38. DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON CRANIAL POSTCRANIAL (below the head) (the head)
- 39. TYPES OF BONE • Long (clavicle, most limb bones) • Short (carpals and tarsals) • Flat (most bones of the skull, os coxae, scapula) • Irregular (vertebrae, sacrum, some bones of the skull) • Sesamoid (bone that ossifies in tendon; patella is largest • • Accessory (extra bone)
- 40. To Identify & side a bone IDENTIFY SIDE • Immediately • • Orient the • recognizabl bone. e? • • Superior/I • • Axial or Appendicula nferior r? • • Medial/Lat • • Cranial or eral Postcranial? • Anterior/P • • • Long, short, osterior flat, irregular ? • Siding • • Tricks • Identifying features?
- 41. PRACTICE
- 42. ALWAYS REMEMBER Orient and side bones as they appear in STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION.