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Hypothesis
- 2. HYPOTHESIS • Greek word • Hypo+ thesis= hypothesis • Hypo- under or below, Thesis- a reasoned theory or rational view point • Greek, hypotithenai meaning "to put under" or "to suppose." • Meaning: a theory which is not fully reasoned. • It is used to study facts & examine the validity of the theory
- 3. • A tentative assumption or supposition • Hunch/Guess • Employed as a basis for action in search for new truth • States what we are looking for • Proposition which can be put to test to determine the validity. It may prove to be correct/incorrect
- 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPOTHESIS • H should be clear & concise • Able to be tested, verifiable • State relationship between variables • Limited in scope & specific • Consistent, non contradictoriness • Tested within reasonable time • Simple
- 5. IMPORTANCE OF H • Provides direction to research • Sensitizes the investigator • Guide to the thinking process & process of discovery • Investigator’s eye • Focuses research • Prevents blind research • Serves as a framework for drawing conclusions
- 6. TYPES OF H The hypothesis can be stated in the following forms: 1.Null form 2.Prediction form 3.Declarative form 4.Question form
- 7. NULL FORM • It states that no significant difference exists between the variables concerned. • Preferred by researcher • The no difference statement assumes that the two groups will be tested and found to be equal. • H0 • One may either reject, or not reject the null hypothesis; one cannot accept it.
- 8. PREDICTION FORM • It allows the researcher to state principles which he actually expects to emerge from the experiment. • More useful in Action research.
- 9. DECLARATIVE FORM It generally states a relationship between the variables concerned. QUESTION FORM E.g. Is there a significant difference in the instructional standards of boys and girls schools?
- 10. TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS • Null hypothesis & alternative hypothesis: E.G Method of teaching A & method of teaching B If we assume that both the methods are good- H0 If we assume that method A is better then B-Ha • H0 represents the H we are trying to reject Ha represents all other possibilities
- 11. • Make a formal statement- • Select a level of significance: Hypothesis can be tested on a pre-determined level of significance & as such the same should be specified. Generally- either 5% level or 1% level is adopted.
- 12. • If we take α at 5%, it implies that H0 will be rejected when the sampling result has less than 0.05 probability of occurring if H0 is true. • If we take α at 5%, it implies that researcher is willing to take as much as 5% risk of rejecting the H0 when H0 is true. • The α is the max value of probability of rejecting H0 when it is true & is usually determined in advance before testing the hypothesis.
- 13. The factors that affect the level of significance are: (i)The magnitude of the difference between sample means (ii)The size of the samples (iii)The variability of measurement within the samples (iv)Whether the sample is directional or non- directional
- 14. • Deciding the distribution to use: Decide the appropriate sampling distribution. (Normal distribution) • Selecting random sample & computing an appropriate value: from the sample data • Calculation of the probability: of the sample result whether it would diverge as widely as it from expectations, if H0 were true.
- 15. • Comparing the probability: Comparing the probability thus calculated with specified value of ‘α’.
- 16. FLOW DIAGRAM FOR TESTING HYPOTHESIS
- 17. • Type I and Type II errors DECISION ACCEPT H0 REJECT H0 H0 TRUE CORRECT DECISION TYPE I ERROR (α ERROR) H0 FALSE TYPE II ERROR (β ERROR) CORRECT DECISION
- 18. Thank you