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'Hypothesis'
- 1. DONE BY: PRAVEEN.R YEAR: IIIBBA RESEARCH METHODS OF MANAGEMENT
- 2. Definition of Hypothesis Assumptionof Hypothesis Nature of Hypothesis Roles of Hypothesis Importance of Hypothesis Characteristics of Hypothesis Sources of Hypothesis Types of Research Hypothesis Uses of Hypotheses in Educational Research
- 3. DEFINITION OF HYPOTHESIS An hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete rather than theoretical terms what you expect will happen in your study. Not all studies have hypotheses. Sometimes a study is designed to be exploratory (see inductive research). A single study may have one or many hypotheses. An hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it.
- 4. ASSUMPTION OF HYPOTHESIS Assumption means taking things for granted so that the situation is simplified for logical procedure. Assumptions are not the very ground of our activity as the postulatesare. They merely facilitate the progress of an agreement a partial simplification by introducingrestrictive conditions. Assumption means restrictive conditionsbefore the argument can become valid. Assumptions are made on the basis of logical insight and their truthfulness can be observed on the basis of data or evidences. The postulatesare the basis and form the original point of an argument. Assumptions are a matter of choice and less use, we make them more free will and our argument is a general propositionor convention.
- 5. NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis is a clearstatementof whatis intended to be investigated. It should be specified before research is conductedand openly stated in reporting the results. NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS Is conceptual in nature. Is a verbal statement in a declarativeform. Has the empirical referent. Indicates the tentative relationshipbetween two or more variables. Is a powerful tool of advancementof knowledge,consistentwith existing knowledgeand conduciveto further enquiry. Can be tested, verifiableor falsifiable. Is not moral or ethical questions. Is neither too specific nor to general. Is a prediction of consequences. Is consideredvaluableeven if proven false.
- 6. ROLES OF HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis, which is a provisional formulation, plays significant role in empirical or socio-legal research. It not only navigates research in a proper direction but also contributes in testing or suggesting theories and describing a social or legal phenomenon. Role of hypothesis in research: A hypothesis, regardless of its source, states what a researcher is looking for. It also suggests some plausible explanations about the probable relationships between the concepts orvariables indicated therein. In fact, it navigates the research. Without it, no further step is possible in empirical research or non-doctrinal legal research. Role of ‘tested’hypothesis: A hypothesis needs to be empirically tested to draw some inferences about the initially posited relationship between the variables indicated in the hypothesis. Therefore, when it is empirically tested (or not), the initially assumed relationship between the concepts or Variables. Test theories: A hypothesis, when empirically proved, helps us in testing an existing theory. A theory is not a mere speculation, but it is built upon facts. It is a set of inter-related propositions or statements organized into a deductive system that offers an explanation of some phenomenon
- 7. IMPORTANCE OF HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis as the Investigator’s ‘Eyes’: By guiding the investigator in further investigation it serves as the investigator’s ‘Eyes’ in seeking answers to tentatively adopted generalization. It Focuses Research: Without it, research is unfocussed research and remains like a random empirical wandering. It serves as necessary link between theory and the investigation. It Places Clear and Specific Goals: A well thought out set of hypothesis is that they place clear and specific goals before the research worker and provide researcher with a basis for selecting sample and research procedure to meet these goals. It Links Together: It serves the important function of linking together related facts and information and organizing them into wholes. It Prevents Blind Research: The use of hypothesis prevents a blind search and indiscriminate gathering of masses of data which may later prove irrelevant to the problem under study.
- 8. CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPOTHESIS A good hypothesis must possess the following characteristics – It is never formulated in the form of a question. It should be empirically testable, whether it is right or wrong. It should be specific and precise. It should not be contradictory. It should specify variables between which the relationship is to be established. It should describe one issue only. A hypothesis can be formed either in descriptive or relational form. It soes not conflict with any law of nature which is known to be true. It guarantees that available tools and techniques will be effectively used for the purpose of verification.
- 9. SOURCE OF HYPOTHESIS Hypotheses are originated from essentially the same background that serves to reveal problem. These sources are namely theoretical background, knowledge, insight and imagination that come from instructional program and wide reading experiences, familiarity with existing practices. SOURCE OF HYPOTHESIS Specialization of an educational field. Published studies, abstracts research journals, hand books, seminars on the issue, current trends on the research area. Instructional programs persuaded. Analyze of the area studied. Considering existing practices and needs. Extension of the investigation. Offshoots of research studies in the field.
- 10. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Scientists need to scrutinize previous work in the area and select an experimental design to use that helpsthem find data that either supportsor rejects their hypothesis. Simple Hypothesis:This predicts the relationship between a single independentvariable (IV) and a single dependentvariable (DV) Complex Hypothesis: This predicts the relationshipbetween two or more independentvariables and two or more dependentvariables Directional Hypothesis: This may imply that the researcher is intellectually committed to a particularoutcome. Non directionalHypothesis: This form of hypothesis is used in studies where there is no sufficient past research on which to base a prediction.Do not stipulatethedirection of the relationship. AssociativeHypothesis:Associative hypothesesproposerelationships between variables, when one variable changes, the otherchanges. Do not indicate cause and effect.
- 11. USES OF HYPOTHESIS Hypotheses are indispensablefor experimental researches. The experiments are conducted to collectempirical data to verify hypotheses. The experimental method or experimental designs are based on hypotheses. Hypotheses are the crucial aspects of such researches. In normative survey research the investigator may or may not employ hypotheticaltype thinking, dependingupon the purposeof the research study. Hypotheses are essential for analytical studies and there is little scope in descriptive type studies. In historical research the purposemay be either to producea faithful record of the past events irrespective of present day problemor to extend the experience with phenomenain the present to past in orderto make the view of the phenomena. In complex casual research the hypotheseshave important role in such investigations. These types of studies are conceptual in naturewhereas historical are more factual in nature. Therefore formulation of hypothesis is a crucial step of this type of studies.