The document summarizes an experiment that tested the effects of homeopathically prepared thyroxin solutions on metamorphosis in highland frogs. Animals were treated with either thyroxin dilutions of 10-11 to 10-21 or a similarly prepared blank solution as a control. Results showed that animals treated with the thyroxin solutions metamorphosed more slowly than controls, with a delay of 2-13.5% at various measurement points. This effect was opposite to the usual effect of molecular thyroxin and sustained previous findings that homeopathically prepared thyroxin can slow frog metamorphosis.
Utkarshtiwari is a student at Symbiosis Institute of Media and Communications in Bengaluru pursuing an MBA in Communication Management (Advertising). He has a keen interest in advertising, brand management, and the works of creative director Piyush Pandey. Utkarshtiwari collects and analyzes television ads from around the world and aspires to create memorable advertising campaigns after graduation.
A group of tiny frogs held a race to climb a very tall tower. A crowd gathered and doubted the frogs' ability to reach the top, with many saying it was too difficult. As the race began, most of the frogs collapsed from exhaustion except one, who continued climbing higher. This lone frog refused to give up while all the others did. In the end, it was the only frog to reach the top. It was revealed that the winning frog was deaf, so it couldn't hear the crowd's negative comments saying it couldn't succeed. The story's message encourages being positive and deaf to those who say your dreams can't be achieved.
6 Steps to Building Your Professional Brandsuzetteconway
In today's job market building a brand is a requirement, not an option. In this presentation I offer a 6 step approach to building your brand and also review some truths about branding and I layout some of the components of your brand, including how to build an online presence.
Designed for kids to learn about frogs and their life cycles, as well as their habitats, characteristics, diet, etc.
Special mention of a few native New Zealand Frogs is made.
Building Your Personal Brand Online - Career DayKrista Neher
The document discusses building a personal brand online. It emphasizes that everyone has a brand whether they like it or not, and that it is important to define your brand, build your brand online through consistent transparency and thought leadership, and monitor your brand to control your online reputation. It provides tips for using social media like LinkedIn, blogs, and Twitter to establish expertise and connect with others, but also cautions that everything online can be public and last forever, so only share content you're comfortable with potential employers seeing.
Frogs are amphibians that live both on land and in water. They have short bodies, webbed fingers or toes, protruding eyes, and lack tails. Most species live in rainforests and all over the world except Antarctica and some islands. Many frogs use camouflage to hide and some can change colors. Poisonous frogs often have bright colors and obtain toxins from their diets to deter predators. Frogs eat insects and small animals, going through a life cycle from egg to tadpole to adult. They communicate through loud calls to find mates and mark territory.
Structural Mechanics: Shear stress in Beams (1st-Year)Alessandro Palmeri
- The document discusses shear stress in beams, specifically focusing on Jourawski's formula for calculating shear stress.
- Jourawski's formula provides an approximate solution for the shear stress distribution over a beam cross-section using simple equilibrium considerations.
- The formula can be applied to solid rectangular sections, giving a parabolic shear stress distribution, but provides inaccurate results for T-section and I-section flanges.
- For T-sections and I-sections, the formula can be applied to the web, where it accurately models the shear stress as parabolic. The maximum shear stress occurs at the neutral axis.
The Quick And Dirty Guide To Creating Blog Posts That Your Audience CravesDominique Jackson
You've been reading about the importance of blogging for a long time. You might have started out with a blog post every now and then, but never got any traction. Most people fail at blogging because they're creating the wrong type of content.
This presentation will show you how to create blog posts that your target audience CRAVES and is STARVING for. The type of content that people look for when they're further into the buying process. And the best part? It's just a simple 3 step process!
- Bullets should be aligned on the left side of slides for easier reading from left to right. Backgrounds, fonts, graphics and other design elements should complement the content without distracting from it. Lists should follow the "rule of four" with no more than four items to aid recall. Text and graphics should have good proximity so the audience's eye flows smoothly through the presentation. Fonts should be visually simple and consistently sized without being overly distracting. Perceptual differences like colors or fonts should be used clearly to distinguish different elements.
Personal Branding To Stand Out & Differentiate YourselfMohamed Yasser
Learn how to stand out of the crowd and differentiate yourself by personal branding strategies, treat yourself as a brand that delivers a unique value in your career field, personal branding will help you stand out and differentiate yourself away of competitors.
Tired of losing sales pitches? Look no further, get some timeless advice from high-stakes presentation consultant: Cliff Atkinson on how to throw out your old sales pitch and make your next one count.
Download here: http://www.paywithapost.de/pay?id=80eb8437-7393-4e61-b8a6-175d76d9eb5b
The document provides principles for presenting data in the clearest way possible: tell the truth and ensure credibility with data; get to the main point by drawing meaning from the data; pick the right tool like pie, bar, or line graphs depending on the data; highlight what's important by keeping slides focused on conclusions, not all data; and keep visuals simple to avoid distractions.
How People Really Hold and Touch (their Phones)Steven Hoober
The document discusses design guidelines for touchscreen interfaces based on research into how people actually hold and interact with mobile devices. It provides data on finger sizes, common grips, touch targets, and notes that touch interaction is not just about finger size and pinpoint accuracy. The guidelines include making targets visible and tappable, designing for different screen sizes, leaving space for scrolling, and testing interfaces at scale.
What 33 Successful Entrepreneurs Learned From FailureReferralCandy
Entrepreneurs encounter failure often. Successful entrepreneurs overcome failure and emerge wiser. We've taken 33 lessons about failure from Brian Honigman's article "33 Entrepreneurs Share Their Biggest Lessons Learned from Failure", illustrated them with statistics and a little story about entrepreneurship... in space!
SEO has changed a lot over the last two decades. We all know about Google Panda & Penguin, but did you know there was a time when search engine results were returned by humans? Crazy right? We take a trip down memory lane to chart some of the biggest events in SEO that have helped shape the industry today.
How I got 2.5 Million views on Slideshare (by @nickdemey - Board of Innovation)Board of Innovation
This document provides tips for creating engaging slide decks on SlideShare that garner many views. It recommends focusing on quality over quantity when creating each slide, using compelling images and headlines, and including calls to action throughout. It also suggests experimenting with sharing techniques and doing so in waves to build momentum. The goal is to create decks that are optimized for sharing and spread across multiple channels over time.
This study examined the effects of homeopathically prepared thyroxin solutions on metamorphosis in highland frogs. Homeopathic dilutions of thyroxin (10-11 to 10-21) were administered to tadpoles every 8 hours from the two-legged stage. The number of frogs that reached the four-legged stage was counted at regular intervals and compared to a control group given similarly prepared water. Frogs exposed to the thyroxin dilutions metamorphosed more slowly than controls, with 2-13.5% fewer reaching the four-legged stage at measurement points. This suggests that homeopathically prepared thyroxin has an opposite, slowing effect on metamorphosis compared to molecular thy
The document describes a study that found that exposure to the common herbicide atrazine at low doses caused sexual abnormalities in frogs, including hermaphroditism and demasculinization. Larvae exposed to more than 0.1 parts per billion of atrazine developed as hermaphrodites, and males exposed to over 1 part per billion had demasculinized larynges and decreased testosterone levels. The study suggests that atrazine exposure disrupts hormone production and may explain some cases of declining amphibian populations globally.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biology and the scientific process. It discusses putting biology into context using scientific inquiry, which involves making observations, forming hypotheses, performing experiments, and analyzing data. It also discusses types of sources like primary sources that publish original research and secondary sources that review and comment on primary sources. Scientific journals are described as articles being submitted by researchers and peer-reviewed. The scientific process is outlined as involving observation, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, and analysis. Finally, it notes that scientific findings should be independently verifiable.
Slides for discussing concepts from the book Made to Stick by Dan and Chip Heath. Some of these slides were used for humans+the environment, Fall 2012 and the Urban Ecology Institute 2012 Summer Institute.
The document describes using a dissolution assay method to investigate how drugs dissolve in the presence of additives and simulated gastrointestinal fluids under changing pH conditions meant to simulate gastrointestinal transit. The method monitors drug concentration in solution over time as the pH is varied. Results are presented for several drugs showing how dissolution rates are affected by pH, additives, and simulated fluids. The assay provides a way to study oral drug absorption considering relevant biological conditions.
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption and kinetics of two pesticides, abamectin and imidacloprid, in greenhouse soil from Palestine. Key findings include:
1) The highest removal percentages for imidacloprid and abamectin were 13.4% and 7.5% respectively, occurring at a soil dosage of 3.0 g.
2) pH affected adsorption, with imidacloprid removal highest at pH 1.5 and lowest at pH 12, while abamectin removal was highest at pH 12 and lowest around pH 7.
3) Temperature also impacted adsorption, with binding generally increasing at higher temperatures from 15-47
This document summarizes research on the biotransformation of phenol to L-tyrosine using resting cells of Citrobacter freundii MTCC 2424. Various process parameters were optimized including the concentration of ammonium chloride, phenol, sodium pyruvate, pH, temperature, and incubation time. The maximum conversion of phenol to L-tyrosine (69%) was obtained using 0.25M ammonium chloride, 0.1M phenol, 0.2M sodium pyruvate at pH 8.5 and 35°C for 45 minutes, producing 6.49g/L of L-tyrosine. Higher phenol concentrations were found to inhibit the biotransformation reaction.
Evaluations of Some Biological Properties of Ethanolic Leave Extract of Costu...IOSRJPBS
Costus afer plant has been known to the traditionalist for a very long time. The locals having realized its medicinal potentials have employed it in a variety of ways. This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial, biochemical and CNS depressant properties of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer in albino mice and anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats. Ninety albino mice (22-29g) of both sexes were selected and divided into eighteen groups of five mice each. Four groups for analgesic activity, three groups for in-vivo clothing time, four groups for spontaneous locomotor activity, three groups for heamatological evaluation and four groups for phenobarbitone induced hypnosis. Twenty albino rats (180-200g) of both sexes were also selected and divided into four groups of five rats each and used for anti-inflammatory activity. In all, the control groups receive 0.2ml of normal saline while two dose groups of the extract was used 400 and 1200mg/kg representing low and high dose in the treatment group. Indomethacin, Phenobarbitone, Chropromazine, Indomethacine, Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole were used as reference drug for anlagesic activity, locomotor activity, hypnosis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal test respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer was performed. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides and terpenoids whereas anthraquinones, essential oil and phlobatannins were absent. The results obtained shows that ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer posses antibacterial activity but no antifungal activity. There was a dose dependent increase in analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, bleeding/clotting time and CNS activity. The hematological evaluation of the leaves of costusafer shows that the extract has no noticeable effect on the HB, PCV, RBC, but decreases the WBC, platelet count, neutrophils and lymphocytes components of the blood, also the clotting/bleeding time was seen to increase dose dependently in the treated groups. In conclusion, ethanol extract of costus afer ker Gawl leaves possess antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activity.
Three fungal isolates - Thermomyces lanuginosus (TMDU1), Aspergillus sp.I (TMDU2), and Aspergillus sp.II (TMDU3) - were isolated from soil and plant debris samples that were able to produce xylanase enzymes. TMDU1 was identified as the best xylanase producer based on qualitative enzyme assays. The isolates were further characterized based on morphological properties and microscopic analysis. TMDU1 demonstrated changing colony colors and conidia distribution, and was confirmed as the most promising xylanase producer for future studies into its enzymatic capabilities.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Pupalia lappacea L.JussAnti inflammatory activi...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and egg white-induced paw edema models. The extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited paw edema in both models, supporting the traditional use of the plant for inflammatory conditions. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin in the extract, which may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects. The results provide a pharmacological basis for the folkloric use of P. lappacea as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
This document provides information about Be Well Repress Oral Spray, a homeopathic treatment for cold sores, herpes, and shingles. It contains several homeopathic ingredients including Euphorbium, Rhus toxicodendron, and Vincetoxicum that have been shown in studies to have antiviral properties against viruses like herpes simplex virus and respiratory syncytial virus. The spray is applied under the tongue three times daily and can also be applied directly to lesions. It is produced by Richard Clement Nutrition and Be Well Homeopathics, which have been providing homeopathic treatments for 12 years.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the total tannin content and antidiarrheal activity of Tecomaria capensis leaves extract. The study found that the extract contained high quantities of tannins. In tests using animal models, the extract showed significant and dose-dependent inhibition of diarrhea, reduction of intestinal transit, and antienteropooling effects, supporting the traditional use of the plant for treating diarrhea. The results provide scientific evidence that Tecomaria capensis leaves extract has potential antidiarrheal properties.
An in vivo examination of the stability of venom from the australian box jell...ijoding
This study examined the stability of venom from the Australian box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri under different conditions. The venom was extracted from nematocysts and its effects were tested on anesthetized rats by measuring changes in blood pressure. The study found that the venom retained its characteristic biphasic effects on blood pressure (initial hypertension followed by collapse) when exposed to a range of pH levels from 5-9 and temperatures from 4-30 °C. However, boiling the venom abolished its effects. Freeze drying and reconstituting the venom also did not significantly impact its activity, though repeated freeze drying and reconstituting led to loss of activity. The results provide useful information on handling C. fleckeri venom for
The 10th DVFA Life Science Conference focused on digital transformation in healthcare. Topics included challenges and opportunities of digital transformation, connected diabetes management, increased data protection requirements, new business models in digital health, next generation sequencing, using smart data for better health outcomes, and a capital market perspective on digital health. There were presentations from industry experts and startup companies, as well as panel discussions on these topics.
The document summarizes a research project that aims to:
1. Test an HRV-based health monitoring system (IMI-HCS) under real-world conditions and integrate customer feedback from Europe.
2. Study the relationship between HRV parameters and nutritional state.
3. Describe benefits of the system for healthy and diseased clients and define group-specific details.
The document summarizes an upcoming conference on digital transformation in healthcare hosted by the Society of Investment Professionals in Germany. The 10th DVFA Life Science Conference will focus on challenges and opportunities around digital transformation in healthcare, with explosive growth in health data driving momentum in the digitalization of the healthcare sector. The conference will provide insights into topics like network medicine, electronic health records, medical apps/cloud computing, and EU data protection rules, with panels on new business models and capital market perspectives in digital health. It will feature industry experts as speakers and is aimed at professionals in life sciences, healthcare, and related fields.
Gerhard Lingg has extensive education and experience in alternative and integrative medicine. He received multiple doctorate degrees and has held professorships. His research focuses on areas like heart rate variability, herbal medicine, mobile health, and the effects of homeopathic remedies. He has published several books and papers, holds patents, and regularly presents at international conferences.
„Studieren, wie ich es will!“
JEDERZEIT - VON ÜBERALL - FLEXIBEL – UNGEBUNDEN
Mit unseren Angeboten bieten wir Studierenden über den ganzen Globus einen Zugang zu Bildung auf höchstem Niveau, interdisziplinärer Vernetzung und wissenschaftlichem Austausch.
Dual-degree Programme
This document provides information about blended and distance learning programs offered by Universidad Central de Nicaragua and Universidad Azteca. It describes a dual-degree Health Economics program that can be completed entirely online or through a blended model. The 3-year program awards an MSc and PhD in Health Sciences. It is designed for professionals in health-related fields and addresses challenges in health care.
This document provides information about blended and distance learning programs offered by Universidad Central de Nicaragua (UCN) and Universidad Azteca. It summarizes their dual-degree Health Economics program, which can be completed entirely online or through a blended model. The 2-year program awards an MSc from UCN and an MBA from Universidad Azteca, and covers topics like business administration, statistics, sociology, and health fields. It is conducted in English or German and costs 11,500-12,000 EUR in total tuition fees.
This study examined the effects of craniosacral therapy (CST) on heart rate variability (HRV) in 31 patients with subjective discomforts. HRV was measured before and after a 30-minute control rest period and a 30-minute CST session on consecutive days using a mobile device. Standard deviation of heart rate intervals (SDNN) and total power (TP), indicators of autonomic nervous system activity, increased significantly after CST but not the control rest. Heart rate also decreased significantly after CST compared to rest. However, interactions between treatment and HRV changes were not fully statistically significant. The study provides preliminary evidence that CST may positively influence autonomic nervous system regulation.
This document outlines a Horizon 2020 proposal for a project called Nutriglob. The proposal was submitted by Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Mosgöller and Dr. Dr. Gerhard Lingg PhD for a PHC-26-2014 single-stage call under the topic area H2020-PHC-2014. The proposal number is SEP-210165258 and the project is proposed under the acronym Nutriglob.
Offene Kommunikation mit Todkranken und ihren Angehörigen – mit diesen Inhalten
soll ein Problembewusstsein und eine Sensibilisierung einerseits, andererseits ein
Abbau von Hemmungen zur Auseinandersetzung mit Todkranken erreicht werden.
Derartige Ausbildungsprogramme ersetzen jedoch nicht kontinuierliche Formen der
Supervision und Fortbildung, wie sie vor allem in solchen Stationen sinnvoll erscheinen,
die einen hohen Anteil an unheilbar Kranken versorgen. Hierzu zählen insbesondere
Supervisions- und Balint Gruppen. Gemessen an den Kenntnissen über die spezifischen
Bedürfnisse Todkranker und Sterbender und ihrer Bezugspersonen, sind nach wie vor
zahlreiche Defizite in der klinischen Versorgung festzustellen, die zu den Belastungen
der Betroffenen und ihres sozialen Umfeldes beitragen. Neben meist supportiven
psychotherapeutischen Hilfen steht daher die Beratung von Team und Familienangehörigen
im Vordergrund.
Deskriptiver Regulationsbiologischer Hintergrund der Wirkung von Body-Waves und Ernährungsvorschlägen als innovative Health-Coaching-Strategie für gesunde Arbeitsbedingungen der Europäischen Bevölkerung
Effekte eines frequenzmodulierten Magnetfelds und einer Laserstimmulation auf das menschliche autonome Nervensystem
More from http://www.universidadazteca.net/study_offers (20)
Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, discuss NSCLC in this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.
Case presentation of a 14-year-old female presenting as unilateral breast enlargement and found to have a giant breast lipoma. The tumour was successfully excised with the result that the presumed unilateral breast enlargement reverting back to normal. A review of management including a photo of the removed Giant Lipoma is presented.
Causes Of Tooth Loss
PERIODONTAL PROBLEMS ( PERIODONTITIS, GINIGIVITIS)
Systemic Causes Of Tooth Loss
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Female Sexual Hormones Condition
3. Hyperpituitarism
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
6. Osteoporosis
7. Hypophosphatasia
8. Hypophosphatemia
Causes Of Tooth Loss
CARIES/ TOOTH DECAY
Causes Of Tooth Loss
CAUSES OF TOOTH LOSS
Consequence of tooth loss
Anatomic
Loss of ridge volume both height and width
Bone loss :
mandible > maxilla
Posteriorly > anteriorly
Anatomic consequences
Broader mandibular arch with constricting maxilary arch
Attached gingiva is replaced with less keratinised oral mucosa which is more readily traumatized.
Anatomic consequences
Tipping of the adjacent teeth
Supraeruption of the teeth
Traumatic occlusion
Premature occlusal contact
Anatomic Consequences
Anatomic Consequences
Physiologic consequences
Physiologic Consequences
Decreased lip support
Decreased lower facial height
Physiologic Consequences
Physiologic consequences
Education of Patient
Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
Establishment and Verification of Occlusal Relations and Tooth Arrangements
Initial Placement Procedures
Periodic Recall
Education of Patient
Informing a patient about a health matter to
secure informed consent.
Patient education should begin at the initial
contact with the patient and should continue throughout treatment.
The dentist and the patient share responsibility for the ultimate success of a removable partial denture.
This educational procedure is especially important when the treatment plan and prognosis are discussed with the patient.
Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation
Begin with thorough medical and dental histories.
The complete oral examination must include both clinical and radiographic interpretation of:
caries
the condition of existing restorations
periodontal conditions
responses of teeth (especially abutment teeth) and residual ridges to previous stress
The vitality of remaining teeth
Continued…..
Occlusal plan evaluation
Arch form
Evaluation of Occlusal relationship through mounting the diagnostic cast
The dental cast surveyor is an absolute necessity in which patients are being treated with removable partial dentures.
Mouth preparations, in the appropriate sequence, should be oriented toward the goal of
providing adequate support, stability,
retention, and
a harmonious occlusion for the partial denture.
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
A base made to fit the anatomic ridge form does not provide adequate support under occlusal loading.
The base may be made to fit the form of the ridge when under function.
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
This provides support
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POTENTIAL TARGET DISEASES FOR GENE THERAPY SOURAV.pptxsouravpaul769171
Theoretically, gene therapy is the permanent solution for genetic diseases. But it has several complexities. At its current stage, it is not accessible to most people due to its huge cost. A breakthrough may come anytime and a day may come when almost every disease will have a gene therapy Gene therapy have the potential to revolutionize the practice of medicine.
Hepatocarcinoma today between guidelines and medical therapy. The role of sur...Gian Luca Grazi
Today more than ever, hepatocellular carcinoma therapy is experiencing profound and substantial changes.
The association atezolizumab (ATEZO) plus bevacizumab (BEVA) has demonstrated its effectiveness in the post-operative treatment of patients, improving the results that can be achieved with liver resections. This after the failure of the use of sorafenib in the already historic STORM study.
On the other hand, the prognostic classification of BCLC is now widely questioned. It is now well recognized that the indications for surgery for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are certainly narrow in BCLC and no longer reflect what is common everyday clinical practice.
Today, the concept of multiparametric therapeutic hierarchy, which makes the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma much more flexible and allows the best therapy for the individual patient to be identified based on their clinical characteristics, is gaining more and more importance.
The presentation traces these profound changes that are taking place in recent years and offers a modern vision of the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Ventilation Perfusion Ratio, Physiological dead space and physiological shuntMedicoseAcademics
In this insightful lecture, Dr. Faiza, an esteemed Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the essential concept of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙), which is fundamental to understanding pulmonary physiology. Dr. Faiza brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to the table, with qualifications including MBBS, FCPS in Physiology, and multiple postgraduate degrees in public health and healthcare education.
The lecture begins by laying the groundwork with basic concepts, explaining the definitions of ventilation (V˙) and perfusion (Q˙), and highlighting the significance of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙). Dr. Faiza explains the normal value of this ratio and its critical role in ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs.
Next, the discussion moves to the impact of different V˙/Q˙ ratios on alveolar gas concentrations. Participants will learn how a normal, zero, or infinite V˙/Q˙ ratio affects the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. Dr. Faiza provides a detailed comparison of alveolar gas concentrations in these varying scenarios, offering a clear understanding of the physiological changes that occur.
The lecture also covers the concepts of physiological shunt and dead space. Dr. Faiza defines physiological shunt and explains its causes and effects on gas exchange, distinguishing it from anatomical dead space. She also discusses physiological dead space in detail, including how it is calculated using the Bohr equation. The components and significance of the Bohr equation are thoroughly explained, and practical examples of its application are provided.
Further, the lecture examines the variations in V˙/Q˙ ratios in different regions of the lung and under different conditions, such as lying versus supine and resting versus exercise. Dr. Faiza analyzes how these variations affect pulmonary function and discusses the abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios seen in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and their clinical implications.
Finally, Dr. Faiza explores the clinical implications of abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios. She identifies clinical conditions associated with these abnormalities, such as COPD and emphysema, and discusses the physiological and clinical consequences on respiratory function. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts for medical professionals and students, highlighting their relevance in diagnosing and managing respiratory conditions.
This comprehensive lecture provides valuable insights for medical students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory physiology. Participants will gain a deep understanding of how ventilation and perfusion work together to optimize gas exchange in the lungs and how deviations from the norm can lead to significant clinical issues.
Chair, Benjamin M. Greenberg, MD, MHS, discusses neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in this CME activity titled “Mastering Diagnosis and Navigating the Sea of Targeted Treatments in NMOSD: Practical Guidance on Optimizing Patient Care.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4av12w4. CME credit will be available until June 27, 2025.
Mastering Diagnosis and Navigating the Sea of Targeted Treatments in NMOSD: P...
Frogs Poster Final
1. Treatment of Highland Frogs from the Two Legged Stage with
Homeopathically Prepared Thyroxin (10 – 10 )
-11 -21
Gerhard Lingg M.D.(A.M.) ARTE SANITAS - Unabhängiges privates Institut für medizinische Innovation, CH-9410 Heiden, www.artesanitas.at
The influence of moderately diluted, agitated, i.e., homeopathically prepared, thyroxin solutions RESULTS
(10–11 – 10–21, final concentration in the basin water 0.6 × 10–15 – 0.6 × 10–25 parts by weight after There were 260 animals treated with thyroxin Q dilutions and
the first application) on metamorphosis in highland Rana temporaria from the two-legged stage 260 animals with analogously prepared water. As shown in
was studied. In accordance with the homeopathic idea of effects of specially prepared dilutions Fig. 1 and Table 2, animals treated with the test solution (black
squares) metamorphosed more slowly than the control animals
being inverse to those of their mother substances, animals were treated either with thyroxin
(white squares) at most points in time (2–13.5%).
10–11 – 10–21 or analogously prepared blank solution (water). Development was monitored by
The p values were significant at three points in time, out of
documenting the number of animals that had entered the four-legged stage. It has been found which one was statistically significant after Bonferroni
that animals treated with the thyroxin solutions metamorphosed more slowly than the control correction. SD was about 7–10%.
animals, i.e., the effect of the homeopathically prepared thyroxin was opposed to the usual
effect of molecular thyroxin. The number of test animals that reached the four-legged stage at 80
defined points in time was smaller (2–13.5%) in the group treated with homeopathically
prepared thyroxin at the points in time, compared to control. The results in this study sustain 70
the previous multiresearcher findings that show that diluted homeopathically prepared thyroxin
is able to slow down metamorphosis of R. temporaria. 60
50
4-legged (%)
KEYWORDS: amphibian, hormone, thyroxin, homeopathic dilution, Q-dilution, hormesis
40
INTRODUCTION
30
Previous experiments performed in five independent laboratories in Austria and the Netherlands have shown 4-legged (%)
that a homeopathically prepared dilution of thyroxin 10–30 (“decimal dilution”, final concentration in the basin wa- 20
ter 10–35) was used to slow down metamorphosis from the two- to four-legged stage in highland Rana temporaria
(3–11%; p < 0.001). Thyroxin 10–30 was compared to analogously prepared solvent water 10–30; number of animals 10
= 1,620 per group[1,2,3,4].
Further studies on thyroxin 10–30 were discussed elsewhere, namely analogous experiments with animals -
from lowland biotopes[5], experiments with highland[3,4] and lowland[5] animals pretreatedwith molecular
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
thyroxin, and experiments with lowland animals treated from the spawn stage on[6].
For the experiment presented here, we used the same setup as for the initial multilaboratory study[1,2,3,4], measuring points (8h)
but a special preparation process of the homeopathic drug involving dilution steps of 1:50,000 and leading to
thyroxin 10–11 – 10–21 was used.
FIGURE 1. The effect of thyroxin 10–11 – 10–21 (“Q” dilutions 1, 2, and REFERENCES
3) on highland R. temporaria. Ordinate = cumulative frequency of 1. Endler, P.C., Pongratz, W., Van Wijk, R., Kastberger, G., and
four-legged tadpoles (N). Haidvogl, M. (1991) Effects of highly diluted
METHODS Abscissa = points in time. Black squares = frequencies of animals succussed thyroxin on metamorphosis of highland frogs. Berlin
treated with homeopathically prepared thyroxin; white squares = J. Res. Hom. 1, 151–160.
The experiments were carried out by Lingg in his laboratory at Bregenz, Austria. The study was planned by animals treated with analogously prepared water. For further details, 2. Zausner, C., Lassnig, H., Endler, P.C., Scherer, W., Haidvogl,
Lingg and Endler. Application of the homeopathically prepared thyroxin or solvent was done blind. see text. M., Frass, M., Kastberger, G., and Lüdtke, R. (2002)
Die Wirkung von “homöopathisch” zubereitetem Thyroxin auf
die Metamorphose von Hochlandamphibien -
Animals, Staging, Water. and Further Laboratory Conditions TABLE 2 Ergebnisse einer multizentrischen Kontrollstudie. Perfusion 17,
Rana temporaria larvae were taken from highland pools in the Austrian Alps, approximately 1,500 m above The Effect of Thyroxin 10–11 – 10–21 268–276.
sea level. The starting stage for treatment was defined as the point at which the hind legs of the two-legged 3. Welles, S.U., Endler, P.C., Scherer-Pongratz, W.,
Suanjak-Traidl, E., Weber, S., Spranger, H., Frass, M., and
tadpoles are straddled, such that one can only just see through the triangle formed by thigh, shank, and tail. This
Measuring Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lothaller, H. (2007) Pretreatment with thyroxin 10(-8) and the
point of development occurs during Gosner’s stage 31[7, p. 45]. The tadpoles were observed until the forelegs ef fect of homeopathically prepared thyroxin 10(-30)
would break through the skin and the animals thus entered the four-legged stage. Basins contained 7.5 l of dwell on highland frogs--a multi-researcher study. Forsch.
water each; water was not refreshed during the experiment. N water Q – animals 22 57 100 130 158 174 199 Komplement. Med. 14, 353–357.
In experiment 1, 40 animals were always allotted to each of a total of eight white plastic basins according to a N thyroxin Q – animals 27 48 82 100 123 149 189 http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.
random procedure. In experiments 2 and 3, 25 animals were always allotted. Indirect natural light was used. Room P 0.53 0.35 0.13 0.01 0.003 0.03 0.39 asp?doi=111540
temperature was 20 ± 2°C. The tadpoles were fed with blanched greens (lettuce) ad libitum. Experiments were Sign. without corr. — — ** ** * — 4. Weber, S., Endler, P.C., Welles, S.U., Suanjak-Traidl, E.,
carried out in August and September 2007. Sign. Bonferroni corr. — — — — ** — — Scherer-Pongratz, W., Frass, M., Spranger, H., Peithner, G.,
and Lothaller, H. (2008) The effect of homeopathically
prepared thyroxine on highland frogs: influence of
Preparation and Administration of Test Solutions N = Numbers of four-legged animals at the measuring points; P = p electromagnetic fields. Homeopathy 97, 3–9.
values (Chi-square tests); Sign. = significance without correction and 5. Endler, P.C., Lüdtke, R., Heckmann, C., Zausner, C., Lassing,
One group of two-legged animals were treated with the homeopathically prepared test dilutions of Bonferroni corrected. * = significant; ** = highly significant H., Scherer-Pongratz, W., Haidvogl, M., and Frass, M.
tetraiodothyronine sodium pentahydrate (L-thyroxine, T4, Sigma), while the other one was treated with the (2003) Pretreatment with thyroxin (10-8 parts by weight)
analogously prepared solvent. enhances a “curative” effect of homeopathically prepared
Dilutions Q1 (= 2 × 10–11 parts by weight), Q2 (= 4 × 10–16), and Q3 (=8 × 10–21) were prepared according to Values for thyroxin Q – animals were below those of water thyroxin (10-13) on lowland frogs. Forsch. Komplementarmed.
standardized instructions[8]. These involved dilution steps of 1:50,000 and vigorous agitation between steps. Q – animals in each of the subexperiments including 50 + 50, Klass. Naturheilkd.10, 137–142.
50 + 50, and 160 + 160 animals. 6. Graunke, H., Endler, P.C., Scherer-Pongratz, W., Frass, M.,
Preparation of test and control substances was done by K. Leisser, Homeocur ltd, Retz, Austria. and Lothaller, H. (2007) Treatment of lowland frogs from
A quantity of 0.25 ml of probe dilution (test or control) was added per 7.5 l of basin water at intervals Frequencies of animals treated with homeopathically prepared
the spawn stage with homeopathically prepared thyroxin
of 8 h. Thus, final concentration in the basin water would be 0.6 × 10–15 after first application of Q1, 0.6 × 10–20 of thyroxin reached the values of control animals with a delay of
(10(-30)). TheScientificWorldJOURNAL 7, 1697–1702.
Q2, and 0.6 × 10–25 of Q3. At day 1, Q1 was used, at day 2, Q2 (etc., see Table 1). about 0.29–1.39 intervals between points in time (= 2–11 h). 7. Endler, P.C. and Schulte, J. (1998) Ultra High Dilution.
Thus, in accordance with our previous studies, the effect of the Physiology and Physics. Kluwer Academic, Dortrecht.
TABLE 1 homeopathically prepared thyroxin was opposed to the usual 8. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag (2007) Homöopathishes
Application Scheme of Test and Control Dilutions (for explanation, see text) stimulating effect of molecular thyroxin. Arzneibuch 2006. Amtliche Ausgabe. Deutscher Apotheker
Verlag, Stuttgart.
DISCUSSION 9. Endler, P.C., Pongratz, W., Smith, C.W., and Schulte, J. (1995)
Day 1 Day 2 Day 2 Day 2 Day 3 Day 3 Day 3 Day 4 Day 4 Day 4 Day 5 Day 5 Day 5
Non-molecular information transfer from thyroxin to
22 h 06 h 14 h 22 h 06 h 14 h 22 h 06 h 14 h 22 h 06 h 14 h 22 h From our studies [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9], there appears to be a
frogs with regard to homeopathic toxicology. Vet. Hum.
relationship between the effect of homeopathically prepared Toxicol. 37, 259–260.
Q1 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q2 Q2 Q2 thyroxin and an elevated thyroxin level in the animals during
metamorphosis.
Thyroxin diluted in steps of 1:10 (“decimal dilution”) up to
Ascertaining and Evaluating the Data 10–30 led to a slowing down of metamorphosis of about
3–11%[1,2,3,4]. Thyroxin diluted in steps of 1:50,000
Following a suggestion by R. Lüdtke, Institut für Medizinische Informationsverarbeitung Tübingen (“Q”-dilution) up to 10–11– 10–21 also led to a slowing down of
University[5], the points in time when the numbers of water control animals that had reached the four 2–13.5% (the study presented here).
legged stage were closest to the 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th, 60th, and 70th percentiles were defined as From a theoretical point of view, it seems interesting that
reference points. The time interval between reference points normally was 8 or 16 h. In those cases, when information from the original thyroxin molecules may have been
values of water control animals were, for example, 6% in one point in time and 14% in the following, we “imprinted” in water by input of kinetic energy in a sequence
decided to use the arithmetic mean (10%) both for water and control values. In this way, it was possible to of only a few steps of dilution 1:50,000 plus vigorous agitation
aggregate, for each of the reference points, the cumulative frequency of animals treated with control or with a comparable result by a much longer sequence of steps
test solution having reached the four-legged stage. Aggregate values obtained at the reference points for of 1:10. It goes without saying that further investigation should
PUBLIKATION im Medline-erfassten “Scientific World Journal”
each of the types of treatment were analyzed by Chi-square tests using four-field tables with aggregate concern both “decimal” dilutions in the range of 10–11 – 10–21 as Treatment of Frogs with Homeopathically Prepared Thyroxin (10-16)
frequencies of two- or three-legged animals as complement. According to a Bonferroni correction for well as “Q” dilutions in the range of 10–30. Gerhard Lingg, P. Christian Endler, Waltraud Scherer-Pongratz,
multiple measurements (i.e., 7), p values would have to be <0.007 to signify statistical significance. Additionally, the so-called “hormesis” effect of moderate Michael Frass
Different statistical methods had been discussed in connection with the amphibian model previously, Interuniversity College for Health and Development
molecular dilutions[7, p. 5ff], prepared without “homeopathic”
Graz / Castle of Seggau, Austria
such as variance analysis, t-test, survival analysis, proportional hazards model, and logistic regression[5]. agitation phases, could be investigated with the amphibian Harald Lothaller University of Graz, Austria
These usually lead to comparable results but need larger numbers of basins in one and the same model. E-mail: college@inter-uni.net
experiment. Furthermore, depending on differences in the overall duration of experiments, standard
deviation (SD) is usually contorted when experiments from different laboratories are pooled. Also, in
order to make results comparable to those of previous publications, we restricted ourselves to the
(comparatively rough and estimative) Chi-square test.