This document discusses drugs that stimulate or inhibit bone formation. It describes calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone preparations that stimulate bone formation by increasing calcium levels. Drugs that inhibit bone resorption discussed include calcitonin, bisphosphonates, denosumab, and SERMs. These drugs are used to treat conditions like osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease of bone. The document also provides information on the physiological roles and metabolism of calcium.
This document summarizes information about proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It defines a proton pump and PPIs, explaining that PPIs reduce stomach acid production by blocking the proton pump enzyme. The document outlines the main uses of PPIs as relieving acid reflux and treating ulcers. It describes the mechanism of action of PPIs in blocking gastric acid secretion. Examples of common PPI drugs are provided. Risks of overuse are mentioned, as well as the need to step down therapy when stopping PPIs to avoid rebound acid effects.
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
Proton pump inhibitors work by irreversibly binding to and inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme, also known as the proton pump, located on the parietal cells of the stomach. This proton pump is responsible for pumping hydrogen ions into the stomach to produce acid. By inhibiting this pump, proton pump inhibitors reduce acid production and are used to treat conditions caused by excess stomach acid such as ulcers, GERD, and indigestion. Common proton pump inhibitors include omeprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole.
1 anticoagulant, antiplatelets & hematinics for dentistryIAU Dent
1. Anticoagulants like warfarin and heparin are used to decrease blood coagulation and prevent thrombosis, while antiplatelets like aspirin and clopidogrel decrease platelet aggregation.
2. Warfarin inhibits vitamin K and has drug interactions that can increase or decrease its effects, requiring monitoring with PT/INR. Heparin works by potentiating antithrombin III.
3. These drugs are used to prevent deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and complications after heart attacks or strokes. They carry bleeding risks.
This document discusses oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes several classes of drugs including sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants, bromocriptine, and SGLT-2 inhibitors. Each drug class is explained in terms of its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, side effects, and other details. The document provides an overview of current oral medication options for lowering blood glucose levels in diabetes.
Role of PTH , Calcitonin , Calcitriol in Regulation of Plasma-Calcium LevelShriyasMaharjan1
The plasma calcium level is tightly regulated between 9-11 mg/dl by calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and the kidneys and intestines. Calcitriol increases intestinal calcium absorption and renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphate. It also stimulates bone formation. Parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption and renal reabsorption of calcium when levels fall below the normal range. Calcitonin decreases bone resorption and increases calcium excretion by the kidneys, opposing the effects of PTH and helping to maintain normal calcium levels.
Recent advancement in parkinson's diseaseRajesh Yadav
The document discusses recent advancements in Parkinson's disease. It provides an introduction to Parkinson's, including its symptoms and characteristics like dopamine neuron loss. It then outlines current drug treatments that act on the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, such as Levodopa. New drug treatments and surgical options like deep brain stimulation are also discussed. The document concludes by mentioning gene therapy and stem cell therapy as potential future treatment methods.
1) The document discusses drugs used in the treatment of constipation, including laxatives, which are classified based on their mechanism and intensity of action.
2) Bulk forming agents like fiber, psyllium, and methylcellulose work by absorbing water in the intestines and forming a gel, which softens stool and increases stool mass. Stool softeners like docusates and liquid paraffin work by a detergent action that softens stool.
3) Stimulant purgatives like bisacodyl and senna irritate the intestinal mucosa, increasing motility and fluid accumulation in the intestines. They have more potent effects than bulk formers or softeners.
Dear Friends,
This is my 3rd presentation, which will help you to understand the depth knowledge of acute eye irritation/corrosion (OECD-405) study in rabbit.
Protozoal infections and antiprotozoal drugs(therapy).Gagandeep Jaiswal
presentation comprising knowledge about various protozoal infections and therapy options available for the treatment of those infections. various different drugs used in the therapy with their proposed mechanism of action. Hope it will be useful for understanding the pharmacology of antiprotozoals.
This document provides an overview of beta lactam antibiotics, including their structure, mode of action, examples, and mechanisms of resistance. It begins by discussing the bacterial cell wall structure and how beta lactams work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Major classes of beta lactams covered include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Examples such as methicillin, amoxicillin, and imipenem are described. The document also discusses beta lactamase resistance and concludes with a brief overview of classification.
This document summarizes screening models used to evaluate potential aphrodisiac agents. It describes various in vivo and in vitro animal models, including tests of mating behavior, libido, potency, penile microcirculation, intracavernous pressure, and more. Guidelines for conducting the studies in animals are provided. Evaluation methods like determining hormone levels, nitric oxide release, organ weights and histology are also mentioned. The document aims to explain the process of evaluating aphrodisiac agents from experimental animal studies to clinical trials.
Sulfonyl ureas pharmacology Presented by arjumandPARUL UNIVERSITY
Sulfonylureas are most commonly used Oral Hypoglycemic drugs helpful in treating Diabetes Mellitus .
They show their effects on beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin which maintains the blood sugar level.
They are also called as ATP sensitive Potassium[K] channel blockers
Expt 3 antiulcer activity by pyloric ligation methodMirzaAnwarBaig1
This document describes a study to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of a drug using a pyloric ligation rat model. It outlines the requirements including animal type, drugs to be tested, and equipment needed. It then describes the principle behind gastric acid secretion and ulcer formation. The procedure involves starving rats for 24 hours, ligating the pylorus, administering test compounds, sacrificing the rats, and examining the stomachs to measure ulcer indices, gastric acidity, and percent ulcer protection. Treatment with the standard drug ranitidine is expected to reduce ulceration, acidity, and increase ulcer protection compared to saline control.
Coagulants and anticoagulants work in opposing ways to regulate blood coagulation. Coagulants such as vitamin K and plasma fractions help promote coagulation by activating clotting factors. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin inhibit coagulation factors or their production. Thrombolytics such as streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator dissolve clots by activating plasmin. Platelet aggregation inhibitors including aspirin and clopidogrel prevent platelet activation and aggregation, which are key steps in clot formation. These drugs are used to treat and prevent thrombotic conditions.
This document discusses sulfasalazine, a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine is a prodrug composed of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) linked to sulfapyridine through an azo bond. When ingested, it is partially absorbed in the jejunum and the remainder is reduced in the colon by bacteria into sulfapyridine and 5-ASA, its active components. The document also discusses the pharmacology, structure-activity relationships, and use of prodrug approaches of delivering 5-ASA specifically to the colon to treat inflammatory bowel diseases.
This document summarizes endocrine pharmacology and focuses on the pituitary gland, growth hormone, and prolactin. It discusses that the pituitary gland secretes several hormones including growth hormone and prolactin. Growth hormone promotes growth and development, while prolactin stimulates breast development and lactation. The mechanisms, physiological functions, and inhibitors of both growth hormone and prolactin are described in detail. The key roles of these hormones and potential issues if their levels are too high or low are also highlighted.
Calcium is an essential mineral that makes up 2% of total body weight. Over 99% is stored in bones and teeth, with the remainder distributed in tissues and plasma. Calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, vitamin D, and calcium-sensing receptors. PTH increases calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and renal reabsorption, while calcitonin decreases them by inhibiting bone resorption and renal reabsorption. Vitamin D enhances intestinal calcium absorption and bone resorption. Bisphosphonates are effective anti-resorptive drugs used to treat osteoporosis and other bone diseases by inhibiting osteoclast activity and bone res
The document discusses osteoporosis and its management. It provides details on:
- The composition and types of bone tissue in the human skeleton.
- Key cells involved in bone remodeling including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes.
- Minerals and vitamins important for bone health such as calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone.
- Classes of drugs used to treat osteoporosis including bisphosphonates, calcitonin, teriparatide, denosumab, and hormone therapies. Side effects and considerations for each drug class are covered.
This document summarizes calcium metabolism and drugs that affect it. Calcium is essential for muscle, nerve, cardiac and blood coagulation functions. Its absorption is facilitated by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin, while drugs like bisphosphonates, estrogen, fluoride, and mithramycin regulate bone resorption and serum calcium levels. Vitamin D increases calcium absorption and reabsorption, while parathyroid hormone and calcitonin work in opposing manners to control calcium levels in blood and bones. Disorders of calcium regulation like hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism are also discussed.
This document discusses osteoporosis and osteoporosis drugs. It defines osteoporosis and describes methods of diagnosis. It lists risk factors and medical conditions that can lead to osteoporosis. It then discusses several classes of drugs used to treat osteoporosis, including bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D, calcitonin, teriparatide, vitamin K2, strontium ranelate, denosumab, and raloxifene. For each drug, it provides information on mechanisms of action, dosages, formulations, and side effects.
Metabolic bone diseases can be classified based on bone structure and components. The skeleton undergoes continuous modeling and remodeling through life due to micro-trauma. Peak bone mass is accrued during adolescence through genetic and environmental factors. Rickets and osteomalacia are caused by decreased bone mineralization due to vitamin D deficiency or impaired absorption. Hormones tightly regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels. Prevention strategies include vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and childhood.
Drug acting on Calcium Presentation .pptxDrSeemaBansal
Calcium is an essential mineral that is important for bone health and many other bodily functions. It is regulated in the body by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D. Calcium levels can be affected by drugs that interfere with absorption or excretion. Calcium is supplemented orally or intravenously to treat deficiencies. PTH and calcitriol work to increase calcium levels while calcitonin works to decrease them. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium levels by facilitating absorption in the intestine.
Calcium plays an important role in many physiological processes like muscle contraction, nerve conduction, hormone secretion, and bone formation. The document discusses calcium homeostasis and how it is regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D, and bisphosphonates. It provides details on the roles of these substances in maintaining normal calcium levels and treating calcium metabolism disorders. It also covers potential side effects of medications that affect calcium like hypercalcemia from vitamin D toxicity and gastrointestinal issues from bisphosphonates.
Calcium is an essential mineral that makes up 2% of body weight. Over 99% is stored in bones, with the rest in tissues and plasma. Calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol (active vitamin D). PTH increases calcium levels by promoting bone resorption, while calcitonin and calcitriol decrease calcium levels by reducing resorption. Bisphosphonates are used to treat osteoporosis and Paget's disease by inhibiting bone resorption. They decrease osteoclast activity and survival. Calcium supplements are used to treat deficiencies and osteoporosis, while bisphosphonates and calcim
This document provides information on vitamins A and D, including their classification, sources, functions, deficiencies, and more. It begins with an introduction to vitamins and their classification as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C and B complex). Specific details are given for vitamin A and D, including dietary sources, recommended daily allowances, absorption, roles in bone health and vision, deficiency diseases like rickets and osteomalacia, and treatment. The summary concludes with prevention through a healthy diet and vitamin D synthesis from sunlight.
This document discusses calcium metabolism and disorders. It defines calcium and its daily requirements. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Disorders include hypercalcemia caused by overactive parathyroids, and hypocalcemia caused by deficiencies. Hyperparathyroidism has primary, secondary, and tertiary forms caused by changes in calcium levels. The case discusses an older patient with hypercalcemia, high PTH, and symptoms of fatigue from possible primary hyperparathyroidism.
This document discusses disorders of the parathyroid glands. It covers the anatomy and function of the parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone, and disorders involving abnormal parathyroid function such as hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism can be primary, secondary, or tertiary and involves excessive PTH production leading to hypercalcemia. Hypoparathyroidism is a deficiency of PTH causing hypocalcemia. Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands can cause hypoparathyroidism as a complication.
Calcium is essential for bone health, muscle function, and other bodily processes. Its levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin. Disorders can result from too little or too much calcium and include rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. Hyperparathyroidism is a common cause of hypercalcemia due to excessive PTH levels and can result from primary or secondary hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands. A case example is presented of a woman with chronic fatigue and mood changes found to have hypercalcemia due to long term thiazide use increasing calcium resorption.
This document summarizes common fungal infections and the antifungal drugs used to treat them. It discusses both superficial and systemic mycoses caused by fungi like Candida, Dermatophytes, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus. The main classes of antifungal drugs covered are polyenes like amphotericin B and nystatin, azoles including imidazoles and triazoles, antimetabolites like flucytosine, and allylamines such as terbinafine. Specific drugs discussed in detail include amphotericin B, griseofulvin, ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconaz
This document summarizes antiprotozoal drugs used to treat amoebiasis and giardiasis. It describes the life cycles and treatment of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Nitroimidazoles like metronidazole are first-line to treat intestinal infections while tissue amoebicides like emetine are used for extra-intestinal amoebiasis. Metronidazole is also used to treat giardiasis. Other drugs discussed include luminal amoebicides, nitazoxanide, paromomycin, and 8-hydroxyquinolines. Adverse effects and mechanisms of action are provided for major antiproto
Anthelminthic drugs are used to treat helminthic parasite infections. The main types of helminths that infect humans are nematodes (roundworms and hookworms), trematodes (flukes), and cestodes (tapeworms). Common anthelminthic drugs include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, praziquantel, ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, niclosamide, and piperazine. These drugs work by paralyzing or killing the parasites and helping expel them from the intestinal tract or tissues. The ideal anthelminthic is broad spectrum, achieves high cure rates with
This document summarizes various classes of antimicrobials including lincosamide antibiotics, glycopeptide antibiotics, oxazolidinones, polypeptide antibiotics, and urinary antiseptics. It describes the mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of lincomycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, polymyxin B, colistin, bacitracin, nitrofurantoin, and methenamine. It also discusses the treatment of lower urinary tract infections with these urinary antiseptics and other antimicrobials like cotrimoxazole, quinolones
Aminoglycosides are a class of bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in gram-negative aerobic bacteria. They are highly polar compounds that are poorly absorbed from the GI tract and must be administered parenterally. They are effective against aerobic gram-negative bacilli but not anaerobes. Common side effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Resistance can develop through bacterial enzyme inactivation of the drug, decreased drug entry into cells, or decreased drug affinity for ribosomes.
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that contain a large lactone ring to which deoxy-sugar derivatives are attached. They work by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria and inhibiting protein synthesis. The main macrolides are erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and roxithromycin. They are used to treat respiratory infections, sexually transmitted diseases, skin and soft tissue infections, and others. Common side effects include nausea and diarrhea. Some macrolides can interact with other drugs by inhibiting the CYP3A4 enzyme or increasing their effects. Newer macrolides like azithromycin have fewer drug interactions than older ones like erythromycin
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, sites of action in the kidney, therapeutic uses, and side effects. It covers loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics. Loop diuretics act in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and have the highest efficacy for increasing sodium excretion. Thiazide diuretics act in the early distal convoluted tubule and have medium efficacy. Potassium-sparing diuretics and osmotic diuretics have various mechanisms of action and are used to treat conditions like hypertension, heart failure, and edema. All diure
Haematinics such as iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are used to treat various types of anemia by increasing the formation of red blood cells. Coagulants and anti-coagulants like heparin affect blood clotting, while fibrinolytics dissolve clots that have already formed. Antiplatelet drugs inhibit platelet aggregation to prevent excessive clotting. These drugs work by targeting different parts of the blood formation and clotting process.
Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs act on the body. Drugs can act through various mechanisms including stimulation, depression, irritation, replacement, and cytotoxic effects. The main mechanisms of drug action are receptor-mediated and non-receptor mediated effects. Receptor-mediated effects occur through ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. Non-receptor effects include physical, chemical, and enzymatic actions. The dose-response relationship determines a drug's potency and efficacy. Drug interactions can result in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects.
Pharmacokinetics deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body. Drug absorption involves movement of a drug from its site of administration into systemic circulation by crossing biological membranes. Distribution refers to the reversible transfer of a drug between blood and tissues. Key factors affecting distribution include a drug's physicochemical properties, binding to plasma proteins, and barriers to tissue permeability. Highly protein-bound drugs are restricted to the vascular compartment and have a prolonged duration of action.
This document discusses various antiviral agents used to treat different viral infections. It describes drugs used against herpes viruses like acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir. It also discusses antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV infection, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like zidovudine, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like nevirapine, and protease inhibitors like saquinavir. It also mentions anti-influenza agents amantadine and oseltamivir, as well as other antiviral drugs like interferons and ribavirin.
This document summarizes anti-tubercular drugs used to treat tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases. It discusses first-line drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin which are effective, less toxic options routinely used to treat tuberculosis. Second-line drugs discussed include fluoroquinolones, macrolides, rifapentine, and rifabutin which are used for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis or atypical mycobacterial infections. World Health Organization recommended treatment regimens including the directly observed treatment short course protocol are mentioned. Mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects of various anti
β-Lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems contain a β-lactam ring. Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered and is effective against streptococcal infections, syphilis, and diphtheria. It works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Resistance can arise via β-lactamase production or altered penicillin binding proteins. Semisynthetic penicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin are acid stable and have a broader spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacteria. They are used to treat a variety of infections affecting the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary tract.
This document discusses sulfonamides, including their history, mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects. It notes that sulfonamides were the first synthetic antibacterial agents and are bacteriostatic, inhibiting bacterial synthesis of folic acid. Co-trimoxazole is a fixed dose combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that has a synergistic effect. The combination is widely used to treat urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and travelers' diarrhea. Common adverse effects include rashes, nausea, and hematologic issues.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 11, Venous Catheter - Basics, Insertion, Use and Care -...NephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/QeWTw_fYPlA
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/fUWI9boFc7w
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
As a leading rheumatologist in Chandigarh, Dr. Aseem specializes in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of rheumatic conditions, including but not limited to:
Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the joints.
Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage.
Lupus: A systemic autoimmune disease that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs.
Ankylosing Spondylitis: A type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing pain and stiffness.
Gout: A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, and tenderness in the joints.
Psoriatic Arthritis: A type of arthritis that affects some people with psoriasis.
Vasculitis: An inflammation of the blood vessels that can cause a variety of symptoms.
Sjogren’s Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder characterized by dry eyes and mouth.
Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Dr. Aseem Goyal utilizes advanced diagnostic techniques to identify the underlying causes of rheumatic conditions. Our state-of-the-art facility is equipped with the latest technology to provide comprehensive diagnostic services, including:
Blood Tests: To check for markers of inflammation and autoimmune activity.
Imaging Studies: Such as X-rays, MRI, and ultrasound to assess joint and soft tissue damage.
Joint Fluid Analysis: To examine the fluid in the joints for signs of inflammation or infection.
Biopsy: In certain cases, a small tissue sample may be taken for further examination.
Treatment Approaches
Dr. Aseem Goyal adopts a holistic and patient-centered approach to treatment. Depending on the specific condition and its severity, treatment options may include:
Medications
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): To slow the progression of rheumatic diseases.
Biologic Agents: Targeted therapies that block specific pathways in the immune system.
Corticosteroids: To control severe inflammation quickly.
कायाकल्प क्लिनिक: पटना के अग्रणी सेक्सोलॉजिस्ट और स्किन केयर विशेषज्ञ
पटना का एक शानदार स्वास्थ्य सेवा प्रदाता, कायाकल्प क्लिनिक, आपके स्वास्थ्य और त्वचा की देखभाल में विशेषज्ञता प्रदान करता है। हमारे नवीनतम तकनीकी समाधानों और अनुभवी विशेषज्ञों के साथ, हम पुरुष और महिलाओं के स्वास्थ्य सम्बंधित मुद्दों को हल करते हैं। यहां पर हम प्रदान करते हैं:
Expert Treatment for Sex Issues at Kaya Kalp Clinic in Patna -best sexologist in patna
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Discover the Best Sexologist in Patna: Expert Care at Kayakalp Clinic
Kayakalp Clinic - Best Sexologist in Patna
Kayakalp Clinic - Best Sexologist in Patna
When it comes to sexual health, finding the right expert is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. At Kayakalp Clinic in Patna, we pride ourselves on providing exceptional care for a wide range of sexual health issues. If you’re searching for the best sexologist in Patna, look no further. Our team of highly skilled professionals is here to help you navigate and resolve your concerns with confidentiality and compassion.
Why Choose Kayakalp Clinic?
1. Experienced Professionals
Our sexologists are highly trained and experienced in dealing with various sexual health issues. They stay updated with the latest advancements in the field to provide the best care possible.
2. Comprehensive Services
At Kayakalp Clinic, we offer a wide range of services, including:
- Treatment for erectile dysfunction
- Solutions for premature ejaculation
- Counseling for low libido
- Infertility treatment
- Management of sexual pain disorders
- STI screening and treatment
- Relationship and intimacy counseling
3. Personalized Treatment Plans
We understand that every individual is unique, and so are their health concerns. Our sexologists take the time to understand your specific needs and create personalized treatment plans to ensure the best outcomes.
CASE PRESENTATION ON CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE) WITH HE...Bhavana
This is a case presentation of a 70 year old female patient who was admitted in the hospital with the chief complaints of right sided upper limb and lower limb weakness and with mouth deviation towards the left, and nausea and fever.
General Endocrinology and mechanism of action of hormonesMedicoseAcademics
This presentation, given by Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the foundational concepts of general endocrinology. It covers the various types of chemical messengers in the body, including neuroendocrine hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and traditional hormones. Dr. Faiza explains how these messengers are secreted and their modes of action, distinguishing between autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects.
The presentation provides detailed examples of glands and specialized cells involved in hormone secretion, such as the pituitary gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, adrenal medulla, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testis. It outlines the special features of hormones, differentiating between peptides and proteins based on their amino acid composition.
Key principles of endocrinology are discussed, including hormone secretion in response to stimuli, the duration of hormone action, hormone concentrations in the blood, and secretion rates. Dr. Faiza highlights the importance of feedback control in hormone secretion, the occurrence of hormonal surges due to positive feedback, and the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as the master clock regulating rhythmic patterns in biological clocks of neuroendocrine cells and endocrine glands.
The presentation also addresses the metabolic clearance of hormones from the blood, explaining the mechanisms involved, such as metabolic destruction by tissues, binding with tissues, and excretion by the liver and kidneys. The differences in half-life between hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones are explored.
The mechanism of hormone action is thoroughly covered, detailing hormone receptors located on the cell membrane, in the cell cytoplasm, and in the cell nucleus. The processes of upregulation and downregulation of receptors are explained, along with various types of hormone receptors, including ligand-gated ion channels, G protein–linked hormone receptors, and enzyme-linked hormone receptors. The presentation elaborates on second messenger systems such as adenylyl cyclase, cell membrane phospholipid systems, and calcium-calmodulin linked systems.
Finally, the methods for measuring hormone concentrations in the blood, such as radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), are discussed, providing a comprehensive understanding of the tools used in endocrinology research and clinical practice.
Human blood has a hydrogen ion concentration [H+ ] of 35 to 45 nmol/L and it is essential that its concentration is maintained within this narrow range.
Hydrogen ions are nothing but protons which can bind to proteins and alter their characteristics.
All the enzymes present in the body are proteins and an alteration in these enzyme systems can change the homeostatic mechanisms of the body.
Hence, a disturbance in acid-base balance can result in malfunction of the various organ systems.
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.
Acidosis is defined as a pH Less than 7.35.
Conversely, when the pH is more than 7.45, alkalosis is said to exist.
Acidosis and alkalosis are of two types each: respiratory and metabolic.
An increase in carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels increases the plasma [H+ ] and decreases the pH (respiratory acidosis).
Similarly, a decrease in plasma carbon dioxide levels reduces the [H+ ] and increases the pH (respiratory alkalosis).
A decrease in [HC03 -] reduces the pH and is called metabolic acidosis.
Similarly, an increase in [HC03 -] increases the pH and produces metabolic alkalosis.
The pH is regulated in the human body mainly by two organs: the respiratory system and the renal system.
The arterial carbon dioxide levels are regulated by the respiratory system.
Any increase in carbon dioxide levels stimulates the respiratory centre in the medulla thus augmenting respiration, alveolar ventilation and elimination of extra CO2 levels.
A decrease in CO2 levels may reduce the stimulus to breathe and cause hypoventilation.
This response is limited by hypoxia as the hypoxic drive stimulates the patient to maintain respiration.
Respiratory response to changes in CO2 level occurs very fast.
The plasma bicarbonate levels are regulated by the kidneys.
Any decrease in [HC03 -] stimulates the kidney to retain and synthesise bicarbonate.
High [HC03 -] results in elimination of more bicarbonate in urine.
In general, the pulmonary response to a change in acid-base status is faster and occurs immediately.
However, renal regulation takes time, a few hours to days.
Kidneys filter and reabsorb all the bicarbonate in the urine.
When necessary, kidneys can also produce extra bicarbonate through the glutamine pathway.
When an acid-base disorder occurs, the initial disturbance that occurs is termed the primary disorder.
The body attempts to normaliZe the pH by certain compensatory mechanisms resulting in a secondary disorder, e.g. primary metabolic acidosis results in an increase in hydrogen ions and a consequent decrease in bicarbonate ions.
To compensate for this, the patient hyperventilates and reduces the arterial carbon dioxide levels, thus moving the pH back to normal ( compensatory respiratory alkalosis )
These are the class of Drugs that are used to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias by blocking ion channels involved in cardiac impulse generation and conduction. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide block sodium channels to prolong the action potential duration, while Class IB drugs like lignocaine shorten repolarization. Class III drugs like amiodarone block potassium channels to prolong the action potential. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil inhibit calcium influx. Other drugs include adenosine for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, beta blockers for supraventricular arrhythmias, and atropine for bradycardias. Adverse effects vary between drugs but include arrhythmias, heart block and QT prolong
Subcutaneous nodules in rheumatic diseases Ahmed Yehia Assistant Professor of internal Medicine, Immunology, rheumatology and allergy
How to use subcutaneous nodules as a clue for diagnosis by completing the puzzle
Periodontal disease is a disease, or more likely a number of diseases of the periodontal tissues that results in attachment loss and destruction of alveolar bone. The natural history of periodontal disease, in some but not all patients, results in tooth loss. Periodontal disease, however, encompasses a wider spectrum of diseases than just periodontitis and the recognition of these diseases requires a diagnosis be made.
Classification is the process of identifying and grouping objects or ideas into predetermined categories.
These simplified lecture slides by Dr Sidra Arshad offer a concise look at the cardiovascular effects of heart failure:
1. Define cardiac failure, its pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
2. Differentiate between the factors causing hyper-effective and hypo-effective heart functions
3. Differentiate between right and left heart failure based on their presentation
4. Outline the physiology of treatment of cardiac failure
Interventional radiology is a medical specialty that uses imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound, to guide minimally invasive procedures to diagnose and treat a variety of conditions. These procedures can be an alternative to open surgery, often resulting in shorter recovery times for patients.
A medical treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors by damaging their DNA. When the DNA is damaged, cancer cells can no longer divide and grow, and they eventually die.
3. Drugs inhibits bone resorption
Miscellaneous
Calcitonin
Cinacalcet
Denosumab
SERM
Gallium nitrate
Bisphosphonates
•Etidronate
•Alendronate
•Pamidronate
•They are also use in
•Hypercalcemia
•Paget’s disease of bone
Strontium ranelate- process both action(stimulate bone formation +
Inhibit bone resorption
4. Normal :
9-
11mg/dL
Hypercalcemia
> 12 mg/dL
Hypocalcaemia
< 8 mg/dL
99% of calcium of our body is in bone & teeth
Metabolism regulated by
-Parathormone(PTH)
-Vit-D
-calcitonin
Ca++ metabolism also
Connected to phosphorus
+ Magnesium metabolism
5. Physiological role of Calcium
Controls excitability of nerves & muscles
Maintains integrity and regulates permeability of cell membrane
Essential for muscle contraction (skeletal ,cardiac )
Formation of milk, bone & teeth
Necessary for blood coagulation
Necessary for release of some neurotransmitters from storage
vesicles of the nerve terminal
Acts as a second messenger
6. Absorbed by facilitated diffusion & carrier
mediated active transport in duodenum
Phosphates, Oxalates & tetracycline's
complexes calcium in gut & inhibits its
absorption
Vitamin-D & Parathyroid Ca2+reabsorption
calcitonin Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
Absorption & Excretion
7. lcii
Preparations of Calcium
Calcium chloride ( 27% calcium)
Highly water soluble but (irritant to gastric mucosa) so no
use
Calcium gluconoate ( 9% calcium)
Nonirritating to GI mucosa preferred for parental route in
tetany.
Oral preparation
Calcium-gluconate
Calcium-citrate
Calcium-lactate
Calcium carbonate
Parental preparation
Intravenous-calcium gluconate
Intravenous calcium chloride
8. lcii Calcium lactate ( 13% calcium).
Oral non-irritant & well tolerated.
Calcium dibasic phosphate ( 23% calcium).
Insoluble ,
React with HCl to form soluble chloride in stomach.
Used as antacid & to supplement calcium.
Calcium carbonate (40% calcium).-
Cheap,tasteless,
Preferred because of high percentage of calcium.
As a Antacid mainly used
9. 1.Tetany:-
In severe cases:- 5-10 ml Ca. gluconate stat followed by slow i/v
infusion with total of 0.45- 0.9 gm of calcium
Long term Treatment:- with 1-1.5 gm calcium orally daily.
2. Osteoporosis:- Calcium + vit. D along with hormone replacement
therapy/ raloxifene/ alendronate will ↓se the rate of Ca2+ loss from
the bone.
3.Calcium carbonate:- antacid
4.Iv-calcium gluconate:- use in urticaria,dermatoses
5.Others:-
Growing children, pregnant & lactating women
Long term corticosteroid therapy
After removal of parathyroid tumour
Dietary deficiency
Postmenopausal osteoporosis
10. .
.
Young adults 11-24 yrs
Pregnant & lactating women
Men 25-65 yrs
Women 25-50 yrs
Women 51-65 yrs if taking
hormone replacement therapy
1.2- 1.5 gms
Children 1-10 yrs 0.8- 1.2 gms
1.0
gms
Women 51-65 yrs not taking HRT
everyone › 65 yrs
1.5 gms
11. Adverse effects:-
Constipation,
Bloating & flatulence,
excess gas (especially with Calcium carbonate) have been
reported
Hypercalcemic hormone.
Secreted from chief cell of parathyroid gland
Sandstorm discovered parathyroid gland in 1890
MOA:- PTH receptor is GPCR receptor
Activate PTH receptor (+) Adenylyl cyclase
cAMP + Ca++ conc.Various effects
12. PTH
Hormone Serum
Phosphate
Serum Ca++ Remark
PTH
↓ (due to
Increase renal
excretion )
↑ (due to
increase
intestinal
absorption and
decrease renal
execration
Excess PTH can
result in
osteoporosis
Action on Bone: -
↑Resorption.
↑ bone remodeling unit.
↓Osteoblastic function
Kidney :-↑ Ca2+ reabsorption in DCT & ↑PO4
3- excretion.
Intestine:-↑Ca2+ absorption through the formation of calcitriol.
PTH ↓Ca2+ level in milk saliva & ocular lens
14. USES:-
1.Hypoparathyroidism:–
Symptoms- low plasma Ca++ level
- laryngospasm
- paresthesias ,cataract
PTH not used
Treatment:-
Acute attack:- (a) 10% calcium gluconate -10-20ml ,Iv. Slowly (until
ceases)
(b) Oral calcium salt should be started as soon as possible
Chronic :- DOC . Vit-D2
Advantage:- vit-D is cheap ,effectible orally
2. Hyperparathyroidism:- ↑ PTH due to PT-tumour
Symptoms:- Hypercalcemia
Treatment:- surgical removal of tumour
Drug:- Cinacalcet (calcimimetic agent )-orally
MOA:- binds to receptor on PT gland- ↓ secretion PTH ↓ Ca++
15. Human recombinant peptide of N-terminal fragment of human PTH
FDA-approved for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal
woman
Stimulate bone formation through its activation of osteoblast
Also stimulate Intestinal absorption of dietary Ca & P
Route:- SC.OD
Advantage:- rapid absoption % BA-95%
SE:- Transient hypercalcemia Dizziness ,Nausea, leg cramp
USES:- Treatment of severe osteoporosis
16. Hypocalcemic peptide hormone.
Secreted from parafollicular cell (‘C’ cells)of thyroid gland
Calcitonin secretion is stimulate when the serum calcium
level becomes high and vice versa.
Calcitonin
BONE
Directly inhibit
osteoclasts of
bone
↓ Bone resorption
Kidney
(-) reabsorption
of Ca++ &
Phosphate in
renal tubule
↓ ↓Plasma Calcium
↓ ↓ plasma phosphate
17. MOA:- Acts through GPCR present on osteoclasts and inhibit their
function & resorption
Calcitonin preparation:-
1.Porcine calcitonin (natural) :- antigenic in nature-can lead to
production of antibodies
2.Synthetic salmon calcitonin:-
Synthetic form given by nasal spray
↓ bone resorption by (-) osteoclast activity
Also ↓ Ca2+ & PO4 from kidney ↑ their Excretion
Used:- Osteoporosis, hypercalcemia
SE:- flushing of face & hand
3.Synthetic human calcitonin
18. 1.Hypercalcemic states
2.Post menopausal osteoporosis & corticosteroid
induced osteoporosis –
salmon calcitonin used as a nasal spray along with Ca and vit-D
supplement
Or :
Calcium 100 IU s/c or i/m daily with vit.D & calcium supplement
3. Paget's disease:- 2nd line drug
19. Vitamin-D
Fat soluble vitamin
Prohormone
Vit-D+ PTH Central role in maintenance of plasma Ca
and Bone formation
Source:- Fish, liver oil ,dairy product ,also synthesize in the skin
on exposure to sunlight
M.O.A.:-
Vit. D acts on cytoplasmic receptor
Drug receptor complex translocates to nucleus
Transcription of m-RNA
Translation of new proteins
24. 1.Ergocalciferol (Calciferol/vit-D2) :- oral cap. Derived from yeast
2. Cholecalciferol (Vit-D3) :-
3.Calcitriol (vit-D3) active form
4.Alfacalcidol (1-α-Hydroxy cholecalciferol)
5. Calcipotriol :- Vit-D analogue used topically in psoriasis
Therapeutic uses of Vit-D:-
1.Prevention (400IU/day) treatment (4000IU/day )of nutritional rickets
& osteomalacia
2.Vit D resistant rickets & osteomalacia:-
large dose of Vit-D + phosphate
3.Vit-D dependent rickets:-
Inborn error of vit-D metabolism. there is failure of conversion of
calcifediol to calcitriol.it responds to calcitriol (0.25-0.5mcg/day)or
alfacalcidol
25. 4. Renal rickets:- associated with chronic renal failure. responds
to calcitriol or alfacalcidol
5.Vit-D analogue,calcipotriol is used topically in the treatment of
psoriasis
6.Post menopausal osteoporosis:- Vit-D + Calcium
Improve calcium balance also reduce risk of fractures.
26. Analogues of pyrophosphate
Bisphosphonates
MOA:- they exert antiresoptive effect.
Acts by inhibiting osteoclast medicated bone resorption by enhancing
apoptosis of osteoclast decrease bone resorption
BISPHOSPHONATES
First generation:-
Etidronate
Clodronate
Tiludronate
Second generation
Alendronate
Ibandronate
Pamidronate
Third generation
Risedronate
Zoledronate
27. Side effects
Oral Intravenous
Short term
Erosive esophagitis
Nausea
Dyspepsia
Abdominal pain
Gastritis
Long term
Osteonecrosis of the jaw
Subtrochanteric femoral fracture
Severe suppression of bone turnover
Hypocalcaemia
Esophageal cancer Fever ,chills
Headache
Acute-phase reaction
Muscle bone & joint pain
Eye inflammation
Nephrotic syndrome
28. Post menopausal osteoporosis
Steroid induced osteoporosis
Paget's disease
Breast & prostate cancer
Hypercalcemia of malignancy
Recent evidence suggest that second & third generation
bisphosphonate also may be effective anticancer drugs
Contraindication:-
peptic ulcer
Renal dysfunction
Esophageal motility disorder
Interaction:- Calcium suppliments,antacids,divalent cations such as
Iron may interfere with intestinal absorption of bisphosphonate
29. -:Denosumab:-
Fully human monoclonal antibody.
Mechanism-
RANKL bind to RANK leading to
formation of osteoclasts cell & ↑bone resorption
Decrease bone density
Adverse effects:-
Arthralgia, back pain,nasopharyngitis,headache,extremity pain
Contraindication:-
Severe hypocalcemia
Impaired renal function
Inhibited by Denosumab
30. Selective estrogen receptor modulators
Raloxifene- only approved SERM for prevention &
treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis &
vertebral fracture
Mechanism-
- they have estrogen receptor agonist activity in
tissue
Editor's Notes
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligang