Comparison of RNA Viruses. docx
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Comparison of RNA Viruses
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Comparison of RNA Viruses. docx
- 1. Comparison of RNA Virus Virus Viral Structur e Envelope d Envelope Structur e Size (nm) Genome Size (kb) Genome Structur e Genome Organiza tion Orthomy xovirus Spherical Yes Lipid bilayer with hemagglu tinin and neuramin idase proteins 80-120 13-18 Segmente d (8 single- stranded (-) RNA segments ) Each segment codes for a separate protein Paramyx ovirus Pleomorp hic Yes Lipid bilayer with fusion (F) and attachme nt (HN) proteins 150-300 15-19 Single- stranded (-) RNA, non- segmente d Linear order of genes Rubella Virus Spherical Yes Lipid bilayer with hemagglu tinin- neuramin idase (E2) proteins 50-70 13 Single- stranded (-) RNA, non- segmente d Linear order of genes Arboviru s Spherical Yes Lipid bilayer with specific 40-70 10-12 Single- stranded (+) RNA, non- Linear order of genes
- 2. glycoprot eins dependin g on the virus (e.g., Flaviviru s E envelope protein) segmente d Rhabdov irus Bullet- shaped Yes Lipid bilayer with single glycoprot ein spike (G protein) 70-180 13-15 Single- stranded (-) RNA, non- segmente d Linear order of genes Hantavir us Spherical Yes Lipid bilayer with specific glycoprot eins for cell attachme nt and fusion (G1, G2 proteins) 80-120 34-36 Tripartite single- stranded (-) RNA L segment - RNA- dependen t RNA polymera se, S segment - nucleoca psid protein, M segment - envelope glycoprot eins Picornav irus Icosahedr al No N/A 25-30 7-8 Single- stranded (+) RNA, non- Polycistr onic RNA with
- 3. segmente d internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) Coronavi rus Pleomorp hic Yes Lipid bilayer with spike (S) protein for receptor binding and fusion 120-160 27-32 Single- stranded (+) RNA, non- segmente d 5' and 3' untranslat ed regions (UTRs) flanking genes HIV Icosahedr al Yes Lipid bilayer with envelope (Env) protein trimers containin g gp120 and gp41 subunits 100-120 9.7 Single- stranded (+) RNA, dimeric (2 identical copies) 5' and 3' LTRs flanking gag, pol, env, rev, tat, nef genes Hepatitis Virus Spherical Yes Lipid bilayer with specific envelope proteins dependin g on the virus (e.g., Hepatitis 30-40 3.5-4.2 Single- stranded (+) RNA, non- segmente d Circular
- 4. B surface antigen) Comparison of Replication Stages for RNA Viruses: Here's a breakdown of the key replication stages for the RNA viruses you requested: Virus Entry Uncoatin g Genome replicati on Transcri ption Translati on Assembl y Release Orthomy xovirus Sialic acid receptor- mediated endocyto sis Fusion with endosom al membran e Transcrip tion and replicatio n in nucleus mRNA capped and polyaden ylated Nuclear and cytoplas mic translatio n Budding from Golgi apparatus Envelope acquisitio n Paramyx ovirus Sialic acid receptor- mediated endocyto sis Fusion with endosom al membran e Transcrip tion and replicatio n in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyaden ylated Cytoplas mic translatio n Budding from Golgi apparatus Envelope acquisitio n Rubella Virus Heparan sulfate receptor- mediated endocyto sis Fusion with endosom al membran e Replicati on in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyaden ylated Cytoplas mic translatio n Budding from Golgi apparatus Envelope acquisitio n
- 5. Arboviru s Receptor- mediated endocyto sis Fusion with endosom al membran e Replicati on in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyaden ylated Cytoplas mic translatio n Budding from Golgi apparatus Envelope acquisitio n Rhabdov irus Receptor- mediated endocyto sis Fusion with plasma membran e Replicati on in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyaden ylated Cytoplas mic translatio n Budding from plasma membran e Envelope acquisitio n Hantavir us Integrin receptor- mediated endocyto sis Fusion with endosom al membran e Replicati on in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyaden ylated Cytoplas mic translatio n Budding from Golgi apparatus Envelope acquisitio n Picornav irus Receptor- mediated endocyto sis Uncoatin g in cytoplas m Replicati on in cytoplas m Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) for translatio n Cytoplas mic translatio n Assembly in cytoplas m No envelope Coronavi rus Receptor- mediated endocyto sis Fusion with endosom al membran e Replicati on in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyaden ylated Cytoplas mic translatio n Assembly in endoplas mic reticulum (ER) Envelope acquisitio n from ER and Golgi HIV CD4 receptor Uncoatin g in Reverse transcript Transcrip tion by Translati on by Assembly in Budding from
- 6. and corecepto r binding, fusion with plasma membran e cytoplas m ion into DNA, integratio n into host genome host RNA polymera se II host ribosome s cytoplas m plasma membran e Hepatitis Virus (Hepatiti s C) Receptor- mediated endocyto sis Uncoatin g in cytoplas m Replicati on in cytoplas m Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) for translatio n Cytoplas mic translatio n Assembly in endoplas mic reticulum (ER) Envelope acquisitio n from ER Comparison of Replication Stages for RNA Viruses with Attachment Mechanism: Virus Attach ment Mechan ism Entry Uncoati ng Genom e replicat ion Transcr iption Transla tion Assemb ly Release Orthom yxovirus Sialic acid receptor (hemagg lutinin protein) Endocyt osis Fusion with endoso mal membra ne Transcri ption and replicati on in nucleus mRNA capped and polyade nylated Nuclear and cytoplas mic translati on Budding from Golgi apparatu s Envelop e acquisiti on
- 7. Paramy xovirus Sialic acid receptor (hemagg lutinin- neurami nidase protein) Endocyt osis Fusion with endoso mal membra ne Transcri ption and replicati on in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyade nylated Cytopla smic translati on Budding from Golgi apparatu s Envelop e acquisiti on Rubella Virus Heparan sulfate receptor Endocyt osis Fusion with endoso mal membra ne Replicat ion in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyade nylated Cytopla smic translati on Budding from Golgi apparatu s Envelop e acquisiti on Arbovir us Various receptor types (e.g., flaviviru ses use glycosa minogly cans) Endocyt osis Fusion with endoso mal membra ne Replicat ion in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyade nylated Cytopla smic translati on Budding from Golgi apparatu s Envelop e acquisiti on Rhabdo virus Specific receptor types (e.g., rabies virus uses nicotinic acetylch oline receptor ) Endocyt osis Fusion with plasma membra ne Replicat ion in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyade nylated Cytopla smic translati on Budding from plasma membra ne Envelop e acquisiti on
- 8. Hantavi rus Integrin receptor Endocyt osis Fusion with endoso mal membra ne Replicat ion in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyade nylated Cytopla smic translati on Budding from Golgi apparatu s Envelop e acquisiti on Picorna virus Specific cell surface receptor s (e.g., poliovir us binds to poliovir us receptor ) Endocyt osis Uncoati ng in cytoplas m Replicat ion in cytoplas m IRES for translati on Cytopla smic translati on Assembl y in cytoplas m No envelop e Corona virus Spike protein binds to specific receptor (e.g., ACE2 for SARS- CoV-2) Endocyt osis Fusion with endoso mal membra ne Replicat ion in cytoplas m mRNA capped and polyade nylated Cytopla smic translati on Assembl y in ER Envelop e acquisiti on from ER and Golgi HIV CD4 receptor and corecept or binding (e.g., CXCR4 Fusion with plasma membra ne Uncoati ng in cytoplas m Reverse transcrip tion into DNA, integrati on into host genome Transcri ption by host RNA polymer ase II Translat ion by host ribosom es Assembl y in cytoplas m Budding from plasma membra ne
- 9. or CCR5) Hepatiti s Virus (Hepati tis C) Specific cell surface receptor s (e.g., scaveng er receptor class B 1) Endocyt osis Uncoati ng in cytoplas m Replicat ion in cytoplas m IRES for translati on Cytopla smic translati on Assembl y in ER Envelop e acquisiti on from ER and Golgi Comparison of Epidemiology of RNA Viruses: Virus Reservoir Transmissi on Geographi c Distributio n Clinical Disease Seasonalit y Notable Examples Orthomyx ovirus (Influenza virus) Birds, humans Respiratory droplets, aerosols Worldwide Influenza (flu), ranging from mild to severe respiratory illness Winter (temperate regions) Influenza A, B, and C Paramyxo virus (Measles, mumps, parainflue nza virus) Humans Respiratory droplets Worldwide Measles (highly contagious, can lead to pneumonia, encephaliti s), mumps (parotid Spring (measles), year-round (mumps, parainfluen za) Measles virus, Mumps virus, Parainfluen za viruses 1-4
- 10. gland swelling), parainfluen za (respiratory illness, common in children) Rubella Virus Humans Respiratory droplets Worldwide Rubella (mild rash, can cause birth defects if contracted during pregnancy) Spring Rubella virus Arbovirus (Dengue, Zika, West Nile virus) Mosquitoes , other arthropods Mosquito bite Tropical and subtropical regions Dengue fever (flu- like illness, can progress to severe forms), Zika virus (linked to birth defects), West Nile virus (encephaliti s) Varies depending on the virus Dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus Rhabdovir us (Rabies virus) Bats, carnivores Saliva through bites Worldwide Rabies (fatal neurologica l disease) Year-round Rabies virus
- 11. Hantaviru s (Hantavir us pulmonary syndrome) Rodents Inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta Worldwide Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (severe respiratory illness) Year-round Hantavirus Sin Nombre (Americas) , Hantaan virus (Asia) Picornavir us (Poliovirus , enteroviru s, rhinovirus ) Humans Fecal-oral route, respiratory droplets Worldwide Polio (paralytic disease), enterovirus infections (hand, foot and mouth disease, conjunctivi tis), rhinovirus infections (common cold) Varies depending on the virus Poliovirus, Enterovirus 71, Rhinovirus Coronavir us (SARS- CoV-2, MERS- CoV) Bats, humans (for SARS- CoV-2) Respiratory droplets, aerosols Worldwide COVID-19 (respiratory illness, can range from mild to severe), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Year-round SARS- CoV-2, MERS- CoV HIV Humans Bodily fluids (blood, semen, Worldwide HIV infection, AIDS (acquired immunodef Year-round HIV-1, HIV-2
- 12. vaginal fluids) iciency syndrome) Hepatitis Virus (Hepatitis A, B, C) Humans (Hepatitis A), humans (Hepatitis B), humans (Hepatitis C) Fecal-oral route (Hepatitis A), blood and bodily fluids (Hepatitis B), blood and bodily fluids (Hepatitis C) Worldwide (Hepatitis A, B), predomina ntly developing countries (Hepatitis C) Hepatitis (inflammati on of the liver), can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer Year-round Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus Comparison of Diagnosis Methods for RNA Viruses: Virus Symptoms Common Diagnostic Tests Additional Tests Orthomyxovirus (Influenza virus) Fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, runny nose Rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT): Detects viral antigens directly from respiratory secretions. Viral culture: Confirms specific influenza strain, may take longer. Paramyxovirus (Measles, mumps, parainfluenza virus) Measles: Fever, rash, cough, conjunctivitis; Mumps: Swollen parotid glands, fever; Parainfluenza: Respiratory symptoms IgM antibody test:Detects recent infection by identifying IgM antibodies. IgG antibody test: Detects past infection by identifying IgG antibodies. Viral culture (measles, mumps) or PCR (parainfluenza) for confirmation.
- 13. Rubella Virus Mild rash, fever, swollen lymph nodes IgM antibody test:Detects recent infection. IgG antibody test: Detects past infection. PCR may be used for confirmation in specific cases. Arbovirus (Dengue, Zika, West Nile virus) Varies depending on the virus (fever, headache, rash, muscle aches, etc.) IgM antibody test:Detects recent infection. PCR test: Detects viral RNA for rapid diagnosis and specific strain identification. Viral culture can confirm infection but takes longer. Rhabdovirus (Rabies virus) Flu-like symptoms progressing to neurological decline Fluorescent antibody test (FAT):Detects viral antigen in brain tissue or saliva (post- mortem). PCR test: Detects viral RNA in saliva or cerebrospinal fluid. Hantavirus (Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) Fever, muscle aches, fatigue, followed by severe respiratory distress Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA):Detects IgM antibodies for recent infection. PCR test: Detects viral RNA for rapid diagnosis. Serological tests can confirm past infection later. Picornavirus (Poliovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus) Varies depending on the virus (fever, respiratory symptoms, rash, etc.) Viral culture:Isolates and identifies specific virus. PCR test: Detects viral RNA for rapid diagnosis of some viruses (e.g., enterovirus 71). Serological tests may be used for specific viruses (e.g., poliovirus).
- 14. Coronavirus (SARS- CoV-2, MERS-CoV) Varies depending on the virus (fever, cough, fatigue, etc.) PCR test: Detects viral RNA from respiratory secretions for rapid diagnosis. Antibody tests: IgM and IgG tests can detect recent and past infection, but timing is crucial for interpretation. HIV Initially flu-like symptoms, progressing to chronic immune suppression Rapid HIV tests:Detect HIV antibodies or antigens for quick screening. Confirmatory HIV tests: ELISA and Western blot to confirm HIV infection and differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2. Hepatitis Virus (Hepatitis A, B, C) Varies depending on the virus (fatigue, nausea, jaundice, etc.) Liver function tests:Assess liver damage. Serological tests: Detect viral antigens or antibodies for specific viruses (Hepatitis A IgM/IgG, Hepatitis B surface antigen/antibody, Hepatitis C antibody). Viral load testing for Hepatitis B and C to monitor infection and treatment response. Comparison of Prevention and Treatment for RNA Viruses: Virus Prevention Treatment Orthomyxovirus (Influenza virus) Vaccination: Annual influenza vaccine Antiviral medications: Oseltamivir, zanamivir, etc., can shorten illness duration
- 15. recommended for most people. and severity if taken early. Supportive care (rest, fluids) is crucial. Paramyxovirus (Measles, mumps, parainfluenza virus) Vaccination: MMR vaccine protects against all three viruses. Measles: Supportive care. Mumps: Supportive care, antiviral medications may be used in some cases. Parainfluenza: No specific treatment, supportive care is key. Rubella Virus Vaccination: MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella. No specific treatment: Supportive care (rest, fluids) is recommended. Arbovirus (Dengue, Zika, West Nile virus) Mosquito bite prevention: Use insect repellent, wear long sleeves and pants, use mosquito nets. Vaccination:Available for some arboviruses (e.g., yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis). No specific treatment: Supportive care (rest, fluids, pain management) is crucial. Antiviral medications may be used for some viruses (e.g., dengue). Rhabdovirus (Rabies virus) Vaccination: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for high- risk individuals, post- exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for anyone potentially exposed. No specific treatment: Once symptoms develop, rabies is almost always fatal. PEP is critical to prevent progression. Hantavirus (Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) Rodent control measures: Avoid contact with rodents and their droppings. Supportive care: Oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and other measures to manage respiratory failure. No
- 16. specific antiviral treatment available. Picornavirus (Poliovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus) Vaccination: Polio vaccine protects against poliovirus. No vaccines for most enteroviruses or rhinoviruses. Polio: Supportive care, physical therapy may be needed for paralysis. Enterovirus: Supportive care, antiviral medications may be used for some viruses (e.g., enterovirus 71). Rhinovirus: No specific treatment, supportive care is recommended. Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV) Vaccination: Several COVID-19 vaccines are available, offering varying degrees of protection against severe illness and hospitalization. No vaccine for MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2: Antiviral medications, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and other supportive measures depending on the severity of illness. No specific cure exists. MERS-CoV: Supportive care is the mainstay of treatment, with limited evidence for specific antiviral benefits. HIV Safer sex practices: Use condoms consistently and correctly. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): Antiviral medication can significantly reduce HIV acquisition risk. Antiretroviral therapy (ART): Combination of medications that suppress HIV replication, allowing the immune system to recover and preventing transmission. Early initiation and adherence are crucial. Hepatitis Virus (Hepatitis A, B, C) Hepatitis A: Vaccination:Recommended for most people. Hepatitis B: Vaccination: Highly effective in preventing Hepatitis A: Supportive care (rest, fluids). Hepatitis B: No specific treatment for acute infection, but chronic infection may require
- 17. infection. Hepatitis C: No vaccine available. antiviral medications. Hepatitis C: Antiviral medications can cure most chronic infections.