This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes 7 common methods: questionnaires, checklists, interviews, observation, records, experimental approaches, and survey approaches. For each method, it outlines the key aspects, such as how it is administered or structured, as well as advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses important considerations for developing research instruments and measuring variables in studies. The overall purpose is to provide guidance on selecting appropriate data collection techniques based on the research problem and design.
The document discusses research design and its key principles. It defines research design as a plan or blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control over interfering factors and validity of findings. Some key points made:
- Research design refers to how a study will be conducted, the type of data collected, and means used to obtain the data.
- Reliability refers to consistency of data, while validity refers to accuracy and truth of measurements.
- Threats to validity include history, selection, testing, instrumentation, maturation, and mortality.
- Descriptive, experimental, and qualitative designs are three basic types of research design.
This document discusses the differences between basic research, applied research, and action research. Basic research aims to expand theoretical knowledge without considering immediate practical applications. It involves collecting and analyzing data to develop and enhance theories. Applied research seeks to solve practical problems and is usually conducted for industries or governments. It applies existing theoretical knowledge to address specific issues. Action research is a type of applied research that focuses on solving an immediate local problem through a cyclical process of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting.
This document discusses principles and methods of research data interpretation. It describes how data is organized, analyzed, and interpreted to draw meaningful inferences. Specifically, it outlines various methods of data interpretation including direct observation, tables, graphs, numerical/statistical methods, and mathematical modeling. It emphasizes that interpretation establishes relationships within data and relates results to existing knowledge to further research. Proper interpretation requires avoiding biases and false generalizations.
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
The document discusses different aspects of research design including what research design is, its key components, and types of research design. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with efficient procedures. The main components of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. It also outlines features of a good research design and key concepts like dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, and research hypotheses. Finally, it discusses research design for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing research studies.
SAMPLING ; SAMPLING TECHNIQUES – RANDOM SAMPLING (SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING)Navya Jayakumar
This document discusses simple random sampling, which is a type of probability sampling technique where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. It provides examples to illustrate simple random sampling, such as selecting sugar from a bag or using a lottery system or random number table to randomly pick sample members. The key aspects of simple random sampling are that selection is random and does not depend on the characteristics of the population members, giving each member an equal chance of selection.
Experimental research design aims to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. True experimental designs have three key features - manipulation, control, and randomization. Manipulation means consciously controlling the independent variable. Control involves using a control group to account for extraneous variables. Randomization ensures subjects are randomly assigned to conditions. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. While powerful for establishing causation, experimental research also has limitations for studying humans.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study as a qualitative approach that focuses on a bounded system. Case study is not a methodological choice but a choice of what to study. It can be used to answer descriptive and explanatory questions. There are three main types of case studies: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Case studies are particularistic, descriptive, and heuristic. They involve collecting data through various techniques. Cross-site analysis strategies help compare multiple cases. Case studies have strengths like providing an in-depth understanding but also limitations such as subjectivity. Examples of famous case studies include studies of Genie the feral child and Jill Price.
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
8. validity and reliability of research instrumentsRazif Shahril
This document discusses validity and reliability in research instruments. It begins by defining validity as measuring what the instrument is designed to measure, and reliability as consistency and stability of measurements. The document then describes different types of validity, including face validity, content validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity, and construct validity. It also discusses factors that can affect an instrument's reliability, such as question wording and environment. Finally, it outlines several methods for determining reliability, like test-retest, parallel forms, and split-half techniques. The document concludes by noting alternative criteria used to evaluate qualitative research validity and reliability.
There are various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data refers to previously collected data that is analyzed and available for use in other studies. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope, and objective of the research, available funds and time, and required precision.
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
1. The document discusses several qualitative research designs including ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, historical research, case study, feminist research, and action research.
2. Qualitative research aims to explore phenomena through words rather than numbers to gain an understanding from the participant's perspective.
3. The key types of qualitative research designs discussed are ethnography which studies culture, phenomenology which describes the meaning of lived experiences, and grounded theory which develops theories grounded in data.
This document discusses the definition and purpose of research. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a topic or to solve a problem. The purpose of research is to gain new knowledge, correct perceptions, and find solutions to problems. Some key characteristics of good research include careful planning and analysis, accurate observation, and openness to new ideas. Nursing research specifically aims to improve patient care and develop effective solutions to health issues.
The document discusses various data collection instruments that can be used for education projects, including their purposes, advantages, and challenges. It provides details on interviews, focus groups, questionnaires/surveys, observation, literature reviews, tests, concept maps, document/product reviews, and case studies. It also discusses determining sample sizes, levels of evaluation from resources to social/environmental impacts, and using rubrics and logic models to assess performance. The key instruments covered are interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, observation, and document reviews.
This is an exclusive presentation on data collection for researchers in National Institutes Labor of Administration & Training (NILAT), Ministry of production, government of Pakistan
This document provides an outline for a presentation on developing questionnaires. It discusses key topics such as the definition of a questionnaire, its purpose, elements, characteristics, types (open-ended, closed-ended, mixed), steps to develop one, when to use questionnaires, issues to consider regarding content and guidelines for development. Advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires are also presented. The document aims to inform participants on best practices for constructing effective questionnaires.
This document discusses quasi-experimental research design. Quasi-experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable, but lacks random assignment of subjects to groups or a control group, unlike a true experiment. The two main types discussed are non-randomized control group design and time series design. Non-randomized control group design assesses the effect of a treatment by giving it to an experimental group and not a control group, without random assignment, while measuring the dependent variable before and after for both groups. Time series design measures the dependent variable multiple times before, during, and after administering a treatment over a long period, such as weekly measurements of student performance before and after a new teaching technique.
This presentation discusses primary and secondary data collection methods. It begins by defining primary data as original data collected specifically for the research purpose, such as through surveys and interviews. Secondary data refers to data previously collected by others, such as published sources. Both data types are useful but have tradeoffs - primary data directly addresses the research question while secondary data is easier to obtain but may not be specific. The presentation provides examples of primary and secondary data collection techniques and their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Data are numerical facts collected systematically for research purposes. Economists study phenomena and draw conclusions from collected data. There are two main sources of information: primary and secondary data. Primary data involves collecting original data directly from sources for a specific research purpose, such as through observation, interviews, questionnaires, or schedules. Secondary data refers to data that was originally collected by someone else for another purpose and has been published, such as government publications, journals, or reports.
Data collection - Statistical data are a numerical statement of aggregates. Data, generally, are obtained through properly organized statistical inquiries conducted by the investigators. Data can either be from primary or secondary sources.
The document discusses methods of collecting data for research. It describes primary data collection methods like observation, interviewing, surveys, and experimentation which involve directly collecting unpublished data from original sources. Secondary data collection methods involve using already published data for research purposes and include sources like census reports, company annual reports, and reports from government departments and international organizations. Both primary and secondary data have advantages and limitations for research. The choice of data collection method depends on the specific needs and conditions of the study.
This document discusses primary and secondary data collection techniques. Primary data is originally collected for the specific research purpose, through surveys, interviews, or observations. It is more reliable but costly and time-consuming to collect. Secondary data is previously collected data that is reused for another purpose, sourced from publications, websites, or databases. It is cheaper and faster to obtain but less targeted to the research questions. Both data types have advantages and disadvantages for research.
The document discusses various types of research including applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, ethnographic research, experimental research, and exploratory research. Applied research seeks practical solutions to problems, while basic research expands knowledge without a direct application. Correlational research examines relationships between variables without determining cause and effect. Descriptive research provides accurate portrayals of characteristics, and ethnographic research involves in-depth study of cultures. Experimental research establishes cause-and-effect through controlled manipulation of variables.
This document discusses various methods for collecting research data, including primary and secondary sources. It describes different types of self-report methods like interviews, questionnaires, and scales. Interviews can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires contain different types of questions in various formats. Scales discussed include Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and visual analog scales. The document provides advantages and disadvantages of each method.
The document discusses the characteristics, functions, types, and construction of questionnaires. It provides details on:
- Questionnaires should be short, simple, objective and avoid embarrassing questions.
- Functions include description and measurement of variables like attitudes and opinions.
- Types include fixed-response and open-ended questionnaires, and mail-administered vs face-to-face.
- Constructing a questionnaire involves deciding what to measure, the type, writing drafts, pretesting, and specifying procedures.
The document discusses key concepts in sampling, including:
- The target population is the group to which results will be generalized.
- Sampling units are the smallest elements that can be selected from the sampling frame.
- The sampling frame is the list from which potential respondents are drawn.
- Probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling aim to select a representative sample and allow estimates of sampling error. Non-probability methods do not involve random selection.
Small Data Assessment and Action Researchsrosenblatt
These slides were shown during a presentation at lauc-b 2013, Making it Count: Opportunities and Challenges for Library Assessment, on October 23, 2013.
Action research for_librarians_carl2012srosenblatt
This document provides an overview of an action research workshop for librarians. The workshop aims to teach participants how to incorporate evidence-based research into their practice. It covers the basics of the action research process, including identifying a problem or question, collecting and analyzing data, reflecting on findings, and planning changes. The document outlines the learning outcomes, introduces the action research cycle, and discusses different research methodologies and tools for data collection and analysis that can be used, such as interviews, surveys, and Excel. Participants are guided through practicing these steps by analyzing sample datasets and are encouraged to begin planning their own action research projects.
1. Validity refers to the degree to which a tool measures what it is intended to measure. There are several types of validity including content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity.
2. Reliability refers to the accuracy and consistency of a measuring tool. A reliable measure produces nearly the same results during repeated measurements.
3. Sensitivity refers to a measure's ability to detect changes, while appropriateness means a measure evaluates what it is intended to without bias. Objectivity, economy, practicability, and interest are also important factors when selecting a measurement tool.
In this presentation, we will discuss about the importance of collecting accurate information for market research, defining various types of information and understanding the various sources. We will also talk about the importance of research in international marketing and role of business ethics in global marketing research.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Data analysis – using computers for presentationNoonapau
The document discusses using computer software for data analysis. It provides examples of different types of software including word processors, code-and-retrieve programs, and conceptual network builders. It emphasizes that the researcher should choose software based on their methodology and the type and amount of data, rather than which software is considered "best." The document also summarizes several research articles that used different software programs like MS Word, NVivo, and Qualrus to analyze qualitative data.
Primary and Secondary Data collection - Ajay Anoj & GokulAJAY ANOJ KUMAR
The document discusses primary and secondary sources of data collection for research. It defines primary data as data collected directly by the researcher for the purposes of the research project. Secondary data is defined as data that was previously collected by others. The document outlines various methods for collecting both primary and secondary data, including surveys, interviews, observation, and reviewing published sources. It also compares primary and secondary data and discusses best practices for selecting an appropriate data collection method based on factors like the research objective, availability of funds, and required precision.
This document provides information about a group project presentation. It introduces the group members and their IDs. It then discusses different methods of data collection, including primary and secondary data. It describes various sources of primary data and some other collection methods. The document also briefly discusses different types of attitude scales, including Likert scales, Bogardus social distance scales, semantic differential scales, and Gutman cumulative scales. It defines random and non-random sampling and lists some common methods for each, such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and convenience sampling. Finally, it introduces the topic of measurement and lists the four main types of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
The document discusses the importance and benefits of sampling over a census for research purposes. It notes that sampling saves time and money compared to a census. Additionally, a sample may be more accurate than a census due to limitations in resources and risks of introducing unpopular actions to an entire market. The document also emphasizes that both sampling design and sample size are important considerations, as an inappropriate design will not allow findings to be generalized even with a large sample, and an inadequate sample size cannot meet study objectives. It provides some general guidelines for appropriate sample sizes.
This document summarizes a presentation on using Google Forms for online surveys. It discusses the evolution of survey tools, how online surveys are useful compared to other methods, features of online survey tools like Google Forms, and a case study of how to conduct an online survey using Google Forms. The presentation covers steps to design, develop, host, collect data, analyze and present results from an online survey created with Google Forms. It also discusses some issues with online surveys like technological variations and low response rates.
Research instruments are tools used to gather data and include surveys, questionnaires, experiments, observations, and interviews. Surveys contain planned questions to measure attitudes and opinions, while questionnaires list written questions to obtain specific information. Experiments test hypotheses through a systematic procedure. Observations allow describing behavior in natural settings to validate other instruments. Interviews qualitatively gather data through open-ended questions in a pre-interview, warm-up, main, and closing stage process. All instruments must be valid, measuring what they intend, and reliable, providing consistent results over time.
This document discusses research instruments used for data collection. It describes three common instruments: questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Questionnaires involve structured questions to elicit responses, while interviews can be structured, unstructured, or focused. Observation can involve participating or non-participating. The document provides examples of each type of instrument and discusses characteristics of good instruments, such as being valid and reliable. It also outlines steps to prepare questionnaires and types of questions used.
PAPER-2, CONTEMPORARY INDIA AND EDUCATION , Tools of Examination , Questionnaire Method, Important Question for B.Ed. , CRSU, CDLU, MDU, Agra University, Education Colleges
This document provides an overview of quantitative research approaches, specifically descriptive research and survey design. Descriptive research involves identifying characteristics of a phenomenon and exploring correlations. Surveys are used to collect data about attitudes, opinions, behaviors or characteristics of a population. There are different types of survey designs including cross-sectional, longitudinal, trend studies, cohort studies, and panel studies. The document also discusses guidelines for constructing questionnaires and interviews, such as making directions clear, avoiding biased questions, and ensuring anonymity of respondents.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data and designing research instruments. It begins by outlining the objectives of helping students recognize the importance of data gathering and identifying various collection techniques. The document then discusses primary and secondary data sources, as well as instruments like interviews, questionnaires, observation, attitude scales, and tests. It provides advantages and limitations of each technique. The document also covers reliability, validity, and considerations for designing valid and reliable instruments.
Research tool that becomes a means of collecting information for the study is called a research tool or a research instrument. For example, Inquiry form: questionnaires, opinionnaire, attitude scales, checklists, rating scales, scorecards and schedules.
The document provides guidance on writing the introduction chapter of a research proposal. The introduction should present the research problem and provide necessary background context. It begins with a general statement of the problem area and a specific research problem. The rationale and justification for the proposed study are also presented. Guidelines are provided for writing the introduction, statement of the problem, assumptions, hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and delimitations, limitations, conceptual framework, and definition of terms.
This document discusses various concepts related to qualitative research methods including empirical research, reliability, qualitative research, integrity, applied research, literature review, sampling, confidentiality, human protection, and critical analysis. It also examines kinds of qualitative research such as phenomenology, ethnography, case study, content and discourse analysis, and historical analysis. Finally, the document outlines characteristics, uses, strengths, and weaknesses of qualitative research.
This document discusses various data collection methods and tools used in nursing research. It describes primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary methods involve directly collecting data from subjects through surveys, interviews, observations or physiological measurements. Secondary methods use existing data collected for other purposes. Some advantages of primary methods are they can be tailored to research needs and ensure completeness of data, while disadvantages include being time-consuming. Common data collection tools discussed include questionnaires, interviews and physiological measurements. Different types of interviews like unstructured, semi-structured and structured are also described.
This document discusses various methods and considerations for collecting and analyzing data. It describes primary and secondary data sources and qualitative and quantitative methods. It also discusses different research tools like questionnaires, interviews, and mechanical devices. Guidelines are provided for developing questionnaires and conducting interviews. Different types of questions, interview formats, and potential issues are outlined. Overall, the document provides an overview of data collection methods and best practices for tools like questionnaires and interviews.
This document discusses various methods and tools for data collection. It defines data collection methods as systematic ways of collecting information about subjects of study, and data collection tools as instruments used to gather information. The main methods covered are using available records, interviews, observations, questionnaires, scales and physiological measurements. Specific tools are also defined for each method. Sources of bias and ethical considerations in data collection are also addressed.
This document discusses quantitative research, defining it as research that uses numerical data and statistical analysis to explain phenomena. It notes that quantitative research aims to be objective and reliable by reducing problems to variables that can be measured. The document outlines key characteristics of quantitative research, including that it tests hypotheses, looks at relationships between variables, and generalizes findings from a sample to a population. It also discusses advantages like objectivity and replicability, as well as disadvantages like ignoring context. Finally, it explores the importance of quantitative research in fields like education, business, medicine, science and technology.
Inquiry forms questionnaire, opinionnaire, attitude scale, checklist, rating...DrGavisiddappa Angadi
The tools of research in education can be classified broadly into the following categories:
A. Psychological Tests
Achievement Test
Aptitude Test
Intelligence Test
Creativity Tests
Interest inventory
Behavioral Procedures
Neuropsychological Tests
Personality measures etc.
B. Inquiry forms
Questionnaire
Checklist
Score-card
Schedule
Rating Scale
Opinionnaire
Attitude Scale
C. Observation
D. Interview
E. Sociometric Techniques.
This document discusses qualitative research methods used in mass media research. It describes three approaches to social science research: positivism, interpretive, and critical. It then discusses five areas of difference between positivist and interpretive approaches. Finally, it summarizes various qualitative data collection methods like field observation, focus groups, intensive interviews, and content analysis.
This document discusses the meaning, definition, purpose, types, characteristics, design, advantages, and disadvantages of questionnaires. Some key points:
- A questionnaire is a systematic compilation of questions used to gather information from a population. It can be administered in-person or mailed.
- Questionnaires can be structured or unstructured, closed-ended or open-ended, collecting facts or opinions. Good questionnaires are short, clear, avoid double meanings or embarrassing questions.
- Questionnaires are appropriate for collecting standardized data from large groups when resources allow for printing and mailing.
- Design includes background information, response instructions, and question numbering to keep records. Advantages are low cost and wide coverage, while
This document discusses the meaning, definition, purpose, types, characteristics, design, advantages, and disadvantages of questionnaires. Some key points:
- A questionnaire is a systematic compilation of questions used to gather information from a population. It can be administered in-person or mailed.
- Questionnaires can be structured or unstructured, closed-ended or open-ended, and aimed at collecting facts or opinions.
- Good questionnaires are short, clear, avoid double meanings or annoying questions, and are easy to interpret.
- Questionnaires are appropriate for large sample sizes, straightforward information, and when standardization is needed.
- Design includes background information, response instructions, and question numbering for organization
This document discusses various methods and tools for collecting data in empirical research. It describes primary and secondary data sources and different types of data collection methods including interviews, questionnaires, observation, and biophysical measurements. Specifically, it provides details on structured, unstructured, and semi-structured interviews. It also explains different types of questions that can be used in questionnaires such as open-ended, closed-ended, rating scales, and Likert scales. Advantages and disadvantages of interviews and questionnaires as data collection methods are highlighted.
ACTIVITY 1
Chosen Research Design: Qualitative
Why do you think this design is appropriate to your research interest?
Based on my understanding of qualitative research, I believe it can be appropriate for certain types of research questions. In my view, qualitative research is particularly useful for exploring complex phenomena, gaining insights into people's experiences and perspectives, and developing theory. I also recognize that it can be valuable in applied settings, such as healthcare or social work, where understanding people's experiences is crucial for improving practice.
Guide Questions
1. Did you remember the research design listed in the table?
YES, I have remembered all the research design listed in the table.
2. What other research designs did you recall which is/ are not listed in the table?
Longitudinal Study
Cross-sectional Study
Survey Research
Action Research
Participatory Action Research
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic Research
3. Was it easy or hard to determine the research design to be used in your selected topic or interest?
For me, it is easy because in the first place I already have an idea where to start. I believe when you select a topic, you already considered what design you will use.
4. What are the factors that you consider in selecting a research design for your study?
As a researcher, I must consider various factors when selecting a qualitative research design for my study. These include the research question, the purpose of the study, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the available resources and time frame. Additionally, I must reflect on my own philosophical and theoretical perspectives to ensure that the chosen design aligns with my worldview and research goals.
Reflection
How does research design make your study colorful/ interesting?
As a researcher, I have come to appreciate how qualitative research design can add color and interest to a study. By using methods such as open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis, I can capture the rich and complex experiences, perspectives, and contexts of the participants. This type of research allows me to delve deeper into the phenomenon being studied and gain a more nuanced understanding of it.
One of the benefits of using qualitative research is the ability to create vivid descriptions, quotes, and narratives that add depth and meaning to the study. It's fascinating to see how the data can come to life and offer a unique perspective on the topic. Additionally, I've found that unexpected findings often emerge during qualitative research, which can add to the intrigue and interest of the study.
Overall, I believe that qualitative research design offers a powerful way to explore the intricacies and nuances of human experience. It enables me to create a study that is more compelling and engaging, as well as provides insights that cannot be obtained through other research methods.
ACTIVITY 2: TELL ME THE QUANTITY
Directions: Read the qu
The document discusses research problems, including defining a research problem, identifying sources of research problems, criteria for a good research problem, and the steps involved in formulating a research problem. Specifically, it states that a research problem is a question to be answered or problem to be solved through research. It also notes that selecting a good research problem is challenging but important, as it forms the foundation of the research study. Finally, it outlines the 5-step process for formulating a research problem: 1) selecting a research area, 2) reviewing literature and theories, 3) delimiting the topic, 4) evaluating the problem, and 5) formulating the final problem statement.
Similar to Chapter 9-METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION (20)
Human resource management involves integrating all processes, programs, and systems to effectively acquire and utilize staff. It includes strategic planning, recruitment, selection, training, performance reviews, compensation, and labor relations. HRM is influenced by legal regulations around human rights, employment standards, health and safety, and labor laws. Organizations must ensure their HRM practices comply with applicable global, national, and local employment laws.
Rose is the new director of the Primary Care Division of the City Health Department and discovered that her predecessor had been diverting funds earmarked for pediatric disease prevention in District 10 to services for indigent elderly residents instead. When she brought her concerns to the Health Department Director, he dismissed her concerns and reminded her of the power dynamics. Rose must determine who to prioritize and faces potential ethical issues in addressing the misuse of funds. She is considering who to seek advice from regarding how to handle this situation appropriately.
1. Nursing leaders have established standards of care and nursing practice to define the scope and quality of nursing. These standards are based on research, aim to be realistic, reliable, valid, clear, and measurable.
2. Standards of care provide guidelines for evaluating nursing care and determine if negligence has occurred. They define what nurses can and cannot do. Failure to meet standards of care could result in malpractice charges.
3. Standards of nursing practice provide a baseline for quality care and apply to all nursing specialties and settings. They govern nursing practice and assessment, diagnosis, care planning, intervention, and evaluation.
The document discusses the importance of standards in nursing practice and healthcare. It outlines a methodology for developing standards, including identifying key functions or systems, forming a working group, defining quality characteristics, developing or adopting standards, creating indicators, and assessing the standards. Standards help outline expectations, guide professional practice, and provide a framework for competencies. They can focus on structure, processes, or outcomes. The document also reviews examples of nursing standards and ethical cases involving patients' rights and responsibilities.
The document discusses various drugs used for treating conditions affecting the upper respiratory tract such as cough, nasal congestion, and allergies. It covers categories of drugs like antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, and mucolytics. It also discusses the actions, indications, cautions, adverse effects and nursing considerations for drugs in each category.
Myasthenia gravis is caused by a defect in neuromuscular transmission resulting in muscle weakness. Drugs used to treat it include neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and edrophonium. Neostigmine inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine to improve nerve impulse transmission, but can cause excessive stimulation or paralysis. Pyridostigmine has a longer duration than neostigmine. Edrophonium is used diagnostically to differentiate myasthenic from cholinergic crisis.
This document discusses nervous system agents called adrenergic agonists and antagonists, as well as cholinergic agonists and anticholinergics. It describes their mechanisms of action, effects, indications, pharmacokinetics, contraindications and cautions. Adrenergic agonists bind to adrenergic receptors to mimic epinephrine. They increase heart rate, contractility and blood pressure. Alpha-specific agonists primarily bind to alpha receptors. Beta-specific agonists primarily bind to beta receptors and are used for bronchodilation. Adrenergic antagonists competitively block adrenergic receptors. Cholinergic agonists mimic acetylcholine to stimulate muscarinic receptors and
Lithium is a mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder. It works by altering sodium transmission in nerves and modulating neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
This document summarizes drugs that affect the respiratory system, focusing on those acting on the upper respiratory tract (URT). It discusses antitussives, which suppress cough reflexes by acting on the medulla's cough center and anesthetizing cough receptors. Antitussives are indicated for treating nonproductive cough from conditions like colds, sinusitis, and pneumonia. Nursing considerations for antitussives include maintaining airway patency, assessing breath sounds, determining cough characteristics, encouraging fluid intake, and reporting persistent or painful cough. The document also briefly mentions decongestants as another drug acting on the URT.
Steroids such as corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to treat conditions like acute inflammation and allergic reactions, though they can cause side effects like increased fat redistribution and risk of infection; other anti-inflammatory drugs include inhaled corticosteroids like beclomethasone and fluticasone to prevent airway inflammation, as well as leukotriene inhibitors and cromolyn sodium which are also used to prevent airway inflammation with fewer side effects than steroids.
This document discusses antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, and antiprotozoal agents. It provides information on:
1) The types of infections each class of agents treats, such as fungal infections, viral infections like HIV and influenza, malaria caused by plasmodium parasites, and protozoal infections including amebiasis and pneumocystis.
2) The mechanisms of action of these agents, such as how polyenes like amphotericin B work by binding to sterols in fungal cell membranes, and how nucleoside analogues like acyclovir inhibit viral DNA synthesis.
3) Important aspects of administering these agents, like monitoring for side
3. Observe for adverse effects and report
immediately.
5. Document administration accurately and
completely.
7. Report any errors immediately to the
nurse manager/supervisor.
9. Evaluate effectiveness of medication.
11. Teach client about medication.
13. Respect client's right to refuse medication.
15. Maintain confidentiality.
17. Report any changes in client's condition.
19. Respect cultural and religious beliefs.
21. Encourage questions about medications.
23. Monitor for drug interactions.
25. Respect client's right to participate in own care.
27. Evaluate understanding of teaching.
29. Respect
The document discusses various drug forms and delivery systems, classifying them according to their physical properties as solid, semisolid, liquid, or gaseous dosage forms and describing common examples like tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams, and inhalers. It also covers routes of administration for both systemic delivery through oral, injection, topical, inhalation or other means as well as local applications. The classifications and delivery methods discussed aim to clearly outline how drugs are manufactured, delivered, and absorbed in the body.
1) Pharmacokinetics involves the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that determine the concentration of drugs in the body over time.
2) Absorption refers to how drugs enter the bloodstream after administration by various routes like oral, parenteral, topical. Factors like dosage form, food, and pH affect absorption.
3) Distribution describes how drugs are transported in blood and delivered to tissues throughout the body, influenced by properties like protein binding and water/fat solubility.
4) Metabolism (biotransformation) alters drugs chemically in the liver mainly, producing inactive or active metabolites. The first-pass effect impacts oral bioavailability.
Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs act on the body and examines the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs. It focuses on the drug's effects on cells and tissues. There are three main ways drugs can exert their effects: receptor interactions, enzyme interactions, and nonspecific interactions. The goal of drug therapy is to produce a therapeutic effect, while minimizing adverse effects. Drug response is monitored to evaluate therapeutic effects and detect undesirable side effects or toxicity.
The document discusses drug evaluation and approval processes. It describes how drugs are classified as either therapeutic or non-therapeutic and must be approved by regulatory agencies like the FDA. The drug approval process involves four stages of clinical trials before a new drug application is submitted for review. Drugs are also classified based on their intended use, mechanism of action, prescription status, and legality. Federal legislation like the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and its amendments aim to ensure drug safety and effectiveness.
The document outlines the steps for planning and conducting data analysis, including determining the method of analysis, processing and interpreting the data, and presenting the findings through descriptive and inferential statistical analysis techniques to answer research questions. It also discusses the components and format for writing up the final research paper, including the preliminary pages, main body, and supplementary pages.
The document discusses sample and sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling, and element. It describes two main sampling techniques - probability sampling which uses random selection, and non-probability sampling which uses non-random methods. Some examples of probability sampling techniques include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. Examples of non-probability sampling include convenience sampling, quota sampling, and purposive sampling. Sample size is determined using formulas like Slovin's formula.
This document defines key terms related to theoretical and conceptual frameworks, including concepts, constructs, variables, conceptual framework, and theoretical framework. It explains that a conceptual framework consists of concepts and proposed relationships between concepts, while a theoretical framework is based on existing theories. The purposes of conceptual and theoretical frameworks are to clarify concepts, propose relationships between concepts, provide context for interpreting findings, and stimulate further research and theory development.
UiPath Community Day Kraków: Devs4Devs ConferenceUiPathCommunity
We are honored to launch and host this event for our UiPath Polish Community, with the help of our partners - Proservartner!
We certainly hope we have managed to spike your interest in the subjects to be presented and the incredible networking opportunities at hand, too!
Check out our proposed agenda below 👇👇
08:30 ☕ Welcome coffee (30')
09:00 Opening note/ Intro to UiPath Community (10')
Cristina Vidu, Global Manager, Marketing Community @UiPath
Dawid Kot, Digital Transformation Lead @Proservartner
09:10 Cloud migration - Proservartner & DOVISTA case study (30')
Marcin Drozdowski, Automation CoE Manager @DOVISTA
Pawel Kamiński, RPA developer @DOVISTA
Mikolaj Zielinski, UiPath MVP, Senior Solutions Engineer @Proservartner
09:40 From bottlenecks to breakthroughs: Citizen Development in action (25')
Pawel Poplawski, Director, Improvement and Automation @McCormick & Company
Michał Cieślak, Senior Manager, Automation Programs @McCormick & Company
10:05 Next-level bots: API integration in UiPath Studio (30')
Mikolaj Zielinski, UiPath MVP, Senior Solutions Engineer @Proservartner
10:35 ☕ Coffee Break (15')
10:50 Document Understanding with my RPA Companion (45')
Ewa Gruszka, Enterprise Sales Specialist, AI & ML @UiPath
11:35 Power up your Robots: GenAI and GPT in REFramework (45')
Krzysztof Karaszewski, Global RPA Product Manager
12:20 🍕 Lunch Break (1hr)
13:20 From Concept to Quality: UiPath Test Suite for AI-powered Knowledge Bots (30')
Kamil Miśko, UiPath MVP, Senior RPA Developer @Zurich Insurance
13:50 Communications Mining - focus on AI capabilities (30')
Thomasz Wierzbicki, Business Analyst @Office Samurai
14:20 Polish MVP panel: Insights on MVP award achievements and career profiling
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comprehensive solutions based on various architectures such as ARM, FPGA, RISC-V, and AI. We cater to customers' needs for large-scale production, offering customized design, industry-specific application solutions, and one-stop OEM services.
MYIR, recognized as a national high-tech enterprise, is also listed among the "Specialized
and Special new" Enterprises in Shenzhen, China. Our core belief is that "Our success stems from our customers' success" and embraces the philosophy
of "Make Your Idea Real, then My Idea Realizing!"
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The Linux-kernel memory model (LKMM) is a powerful tool for developing highly concurrent Linux-kernel code, but it also has a steep learning curve. Wouldn't it be great to get most of LKMM's benefits without the learning curve?
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Blockchain and Cyber Defense Strategies in new genre timesanupriti
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Quantum Communications Q&A with Gemini LLM. These are based on Shannon's Noisy channel Theorem and offers how the classical theory applies to the quantum world.
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Mobile performance metrics often take inspiration from the backend world and measure resource usage (CPU usage, memory usage, etc) and workload durations (how long a piece of code takes to run).
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At Square, our customers spend most of their time in the app long after it's launched, and they don't scroll much, so app launch time and smoothness aren't critical metrics. What should we track instead?
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Explore the latest advancements and upcoming innovations in web development with our guide to the trends shaping the future of digital experiences. Read our article today for more information.
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2. What is data collection?
The process by which the researcher collects
the information needed to answer the
research problem.
3. In collecting the data, the researcher must
decide:
Which data to collect
How to collect the data
Who will collect the data
When to collect the data
4. The selection of data collection method should
be based on the following:
The identified hypothesis or research problem
The research design
The information gathered about the variables
5. The methods of data collection vary according
to:
Degree of structure
Degree of quantifiability
Degree of obtrusiveness
Degree of objectivity
7. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
Instrument or a Tool
described as a device used to collect the data.
facilitate variable observation and measurement.
The type of instrument used by the researcher
depends on the data collection method selected.
“Massey states that the “Instrument development requires a
high degree of research expertise, as the instrument must
be reliable and valid.”
9. Ways of Searching for Research
Instruments
Read professional journals to learn what kind of
instruments are being used for similar studies, their format, style, and how
they are used by the writers.
Read books that provide a description or an actual copy of various
instruments for the reader.
Talk with other researchers who may know of certain tools they
have developed for themselves, or may have used tools developed by
others.
Combine or adapt one or more tools used by other researchers.
Develop his/her own instrument to fulfill a specific need.
11. Guidelines for Developing an
Instrument
The instrument must be suitable for its function.
The research tool will only be effective only as it
relates to its particular purpose.
The instrument must be based on the theoretical
framework.
The instrument must be based on the theoretical
framework selected for the study.
12. Guidelines for Developing an
Instrument
The instrument should be valid.
The content of the instrument must be appropriate to test the
hypothesis or answer the question being studied.
The instrument should be reliable.
The devised research tool should provide comparable data
every time the subject uses the instrument.
An instrument should include an item that directly asks the
hypothesis.
The research tool should be designed and constructed in such a
way that cheating is minimized
13. Guidelines for Developing an
Instrument
The instrument should be free of bias.
A good instrument is free of build-in clues.
The instrument should not contain measures that
function as hints for desired responses.
The researcher may need to read extensively to
identify which aspects of the theory are appropriate
for investigation.
14. Guidelines for Developing an
Instrument
The researcher, through the instrument, must be able
to gather data that are appropriate in order to test the
hypothesis or to answer the question under
investigation.
The researcher should gather a group of items from such
sources.
The researcher should gather a group of items from such
sources as persons knowledgeable in the field, accepted
theories or hypotheses, personal experience, or material from
studies reported in books and professional journals.
15. Guidelines for Developing an
Instrument
The response given by each respondent in the
research study should solely be his own. There
should be no contamination through outside
influences, such as someone else’s ideas or
products.
Therefore, the respondent who agrees to participate in
a study is responsible for supplying information or
for exhibiting behavior that is truly his own.
17. Types of Research Instruments
1. Questionnaire
2. Checklist
3. Distribution
4. Interview
5. Observation
6. Records
7. Experimental Approach
8. Survey Approach
18. Types of Research Instruments
1. Questionnaire
A series of questions designed to elicit information, which
is filled in by all participants in the sample.
This can be gathered either by oral interview or by written
questionnaire.
This is the most common type of research instrument.
19. Advantages of a Questionnaire
1. Relatively simple method of obtaining data.
3. Less time is consumed.
5. Researcher is able to gather data from a widely
scattered sample.
20. Disadvantages of a Questionnaire
1. Responses to a questionnaire lack depth.
2. Respondent may omit or disregard any item he chooses.
3. Some items may force the subject to select responses that are
not his actual choice.
4. Length of the questionnaire is limited according to the
respondent’s interest.
5. Printing may be costly especially if it is lengthy.
6. Data are limited to the information that is voluntarily
supplied by the respondents.
7. Some items maybe misunderstood.
8. The sample is limited to those who are literate.
21. Techniques for Developing
Questionnaire
2. Researcher may read literatures about the topic look through
available questionnaires or obtain help from experts.
4. Open - ended questions are preferable than closed questions since
they reflect respondent’s attitudes, feelings, which are expressed
in his own words.
6. If yes - no questions are used; additional information may be
gained by leaving space for respondent’s own idea.
8. The possibility of a middle ground statement is also important.
10. Every item in a questionnaire should relate to the topic under study.
23. Criteria of a Good Questionnaire
1. Clarity of Language
It must meet the level of understanding of the respondents
in order to generate needed responses.
2. Singleness of Objective
An item must have one and only one answer
3. One-to-One Correspondence
The questionnaire as a whole must correspond with the
objectives of the study
4. Correct Grammar, Spelling, and Construction
The questionnaire must be constructed observing
grammatically correct sentences, correctly spelled words,
coherence in construction of sentences, etc.
24. Characteristic of a Good Questionnaire
1. Well-stated title
3. Has statement of purpose
5. It assures the respondents about the confidentiality of
responses
7. It is designed to achieve the objectives of the study
9. It has a clear direction
11. There are no double-negative questions
13. It avoids double barreled questions
15. The design corresponds to an easy tabulation of data
25. Degree of Structure Questions
1. Open-ended questions
This gives the respondents the ability to respond in
their own words.
2. Close-ended or fixed alternative
This allows the subject to choose one of the
given alternatives.
26. Specific Types of Closed-ended Question:
1. Dichotomous questions
This requires the respondent to make a choice between two
responses such as yes/no, male/female, or married/unmarried.
Example:
Have you been ligated?
___ Yes
___ No
2. Multiple questions
This offers more than one choice.
Example:
How favorable is it to you to become pregnant at this time?
___ Very favorable
___ Favorable
___ Not sure
___ Unfavorable
___ Very unfavorable
27. 3. Cafeteria questions
A special type of multiple-choice question. The respondents are
asked to select a response according to their own point of view.
Example:
People have different views on “family planning”, which of the following
best represent your views?
___1. Family planning is necessary to quality life.
___2. Family planning is immoral and should be totally banned.
___3. Family planning has undesirable side effects that suggest
need for caution.
___4. Family planning has beneficial effects that merit its
practice.
___5. Family planning is moral and should be practiced.
28. 4. Rank-Order questions
The respondents are asked to choose a response
from the “most” to the “least”.
Example:
Why must family planning be practiced? Rank your
answers from the 1-most reasonable to 5-least
reasonable?
___Limits maternal disabilities.
___Gives parents more time to meet family needs.
___Helps maintain financial viability of the family.
___Affords more working hours for couples.
___Ensures family capability to educate all the children
in the future.
29. 5. Rating questions
The respondents are asked to judge something along an
ordered dimension.
This is typically bipolar in nature, with the end points
specifying the opposite extremes of a continuum.
Example:
On the scale of 1 to 5 where 1 means strongly disagree and 5
means strongly agree, the Health Center in Barangay
A provides you the necessary services.
Scale
___ 5 - Strongly agree
___ 4 - Agree
___ 3 - Uncertain
___ 2 - Disagree
___ 1 - Strongly disagree
31. 2. Checklist
These are items that comprise several questions on a
topic and require the same response format.
32. Example:
Here are some characteristics of birth-control devices that
are of varying importance to different people. How
important are the following in choosing a birth-control
method?
Characteristic of birth- Of very Of great Of some Of no
control device great importance importance importance
Importan
ce
1. Comfort
2. Cost
3. Ease of Use
4. Effectiveness
5. Noninterference of
spontaneity
6. Safety
7. Safety to partner
34. 3. Interview
This involves either structure or
unstructured verbal communication between
the researcher and subject, during which
information is obtained for a study.
35. Types of Interview
1. Unstructured Interviews
more conversational
long sometimes (hours) and
conducted in a usual situation.
This allows the researcher flexibility in questioning the
subject.
2. Structured Interviews
always operates within formal written instrument referred
as interview schedule.
researcher designed the questions to be asked prior to
interview including the order of the questions.
The questions are asked orally in either face to face or
telephone format.
36. Advantages of Interview
1. Data from interview are usable
2. Depth of response can be assured
3. In an exploratory study, the interview technique provides
basis for the formulation of questionnaire
4. Clarification is possible
5. No items are overlooked
6. Higher proportion of responses is obtained
7. Greater amount of flexibility is allowed
Disadvantages of Interview
1. Time element
2. Biases may result
3. Costly
38. 4. Observation
most commonly used in qualitative research.
Types of Observation
1. Unstructured observation
a method of collecting research data that has both
opponents and proponents.
2. Structured observation
preparation of record-keeping forms such as category
systems, checklists and rating scales.
researcher typically has some prior knowledge about the
behavior or event of interest
39. Advantages of Observation
3. Produces large quantities of data w/ relative case.
5. All data obtained from observation are usable.
7. Relatively inexpensive.
9. All subjects are potential respondents.
11. Subjects are usually available.
13. The observation technique can be stopped or begun at any
time.
7. Observation may be recorded at the time they occur
eliminating bias because of recall.
40. Disadvantages of Observation
1. Accurate prediction of a situation or event to be observed
is unlikely.
2. Interviewing selected subjects may provide more
information, economically, than waiting for the
spontaneous occurrence of the situation.
3. The presence of an observer gives the subjects a quality
normally absent.
4. Observed events are subject to biases.
5. Extensive training is needed.
42. 5. Records
A record refers to all the numbers and statistics
that institutions, organizations and people keep
as a record of their activities.
Sources
1. Census data
2. Educational records
3. Hospital/clinic records
43. Advantages of Records
1. Records are unbiased
2. Records often cover a long period of time
3. Inexpensive
Disadvantages of Records
1. All the researcher can have is what is there. If the
record is incomplete, there is no way it can be
completed.
2. No one can be sure of the conditions under which the
records were collected.
3. There is no assurance of the accuracy of the records.
45. 6. Experimental Approach
A powerful design for testing hypothesis of causal
relationships among variables.
Researcher controls the independent variable &
watches the effect on the dependent variable.
Two Groups of Experimental Approach
1. Treatment / Experimental group
2. Control group
46. Advantages of Experimental Approach
1. It is difficult to minimize all the variables in which the control
and experimental groups might differ.
2. Causal relationships are difficult if not impossible to
establish.
3. The time element may confound the results of experimental
research.
4. In an experimental laboratory setting it may be difficult to
obtain subjects, especially subjects who are unaware of the
experiment
48. 7. Survey Approach
Non-experimental type in which the researcher
investigates a community or a group of people.
Another name is FORMULATIVE OR
EXPLORATORY research.
Advantages of Survey Approach
1. Can provide information about the possibilities of undertaking
different types of research methods.
3. Provides data about the present.
5. Has a high degree of representativeness.
7. Easy to get respondents and information often do not express their
true reactions to the questions.
49. Disadvantages of Survey Approach
1. Yields a low degree of control over
extraneous variables.
2. Verbal behavior is quite unreliable and that
people
51. MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES
Measurement is the process by which the
researcher assigns
specific number to the collected data (Massey,
1991).
52. Levels of Measurement
1. Nominal level (the lowest level)
This level includes assignment of numbers simply to
classify characteristics into categories.
“ASSIGNING A CODE TO LABEL”
Example:
In relation to marital status, 0 might represent single
and 1 married.
Nominal level variables include sex, marital status and
health status
53. Levels of Measurement
2. Ordinal level (the second lowest level)
This permits the sorting of objects on the basis of
their standing on an attribute relative to each other.
Data are categorized and ranked, ordered from
“most” to “least: according to frequency of
occurrence as explained by Dr. Barrientos-Tan.
represent the rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd etc.)
55. Levels of Measurement
3. Interval level (the second highest level)
This occurs when the researcher can specify both the rank-
ordering of objects attribute and the distance between those
objects.
do not have an absolute or rational zero point.
Use of mode, median, mean
Example:
Fahrenheit and centigrade temperatures
anxiety levels measured on a Likert scale
56. Levels of Measurement
4. Ratio level (the highest level)
The ratio level has a rational, meaningful zero.
58. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
OF MEASUREMENT
Reliability
means the degree of consistency and accuracy with
which an instrument measures a variable.
Validity
refers to the extent to which an instrument
measures what it is designed to measure.
60. Testing Validity of Data Collection
There are three categories of testing the
validity of a data collection instrument.
2. Self-evident measures
3. Pragmatic Measures
61. Self-evident measures
refers to the fact that the instrument appears what
it is supposed to measure.
1.1 Face validity (VALIDITY OF THE OBSERVER)
most basic level, when little or nothing is known about the
variable being measured;
the researcher typically verifies face validity by asking
experts to evaluate the instrument’s intent.
1.2 Content validity
relies on the assurance that you can demonstrate an adequate
coverage of the known field.
The researcher typically verifies this by conducting a literature
review to determine which content should be covered and by
asking experts to evaluate the instrument’s
representativeness of the content.
62. Pragmatic Measures
the procedure essentially tests the practical value of a
particular research instrument or tool
Thus attempting to answer the question, “Does it work?”
Concurrent validity
Predictive validity
Construct validity
63. Concurrent validity
refers to the extent to which an instrument can
accurately identify subjects that differ with respect to a
given characteristic.
Researcher typically validates concurrent validity by
using the instrument in conjunction with a second
instrument already known to be valid.
Ex. a measure of job satisfaction might be correlated with
work performance.
Note that with concurrent validity, the two measures are taken at
the same time.
64. Predictive validity
to predict some future occurrences.
the researcher commonly validates this by using
the instrument, then comparing the
results with some future outcomes.
65. Construct validity
useful mainly for measuring the traits or feelings such as
generosity, grief or satisfaction.
is related to the theoretical ideas behind the
personality trait under consideration
67. Testing the Reliability of Research
Instrument
1. Stability
The best indicator of an instrument’s reliability.
This refers to the extent to which the same results
are obtained with repeated use of an instrument
There are two categories for tests of stability:
Test / Retest
Repeated observations
68. Testing the Reliability of Research
Instrument
2. Internal consistency
This refers to the extent to which all parts of
the measurement techniques are measuring the
same concept.
3. Test of Equivalence
This refers to the consistency of the results by
different investigators or similar tests at the same
time.