This document provides an overview of physiology of sleep and sleep disorders. It discusses brain waves during different sleep stages, the cycles of non-REM and REM sleep, theories of what causes sleep, the effects of sleep on physiological functions, comparative aspects of sleep across species, and consequences of sleep deprivation. Key topics covered include the different sleep stages, roles of neurotransmitters like serotonin in regulating sleep, and restoration of brain and body during sleep.
This document summarizes key aspects of sleep and sleep disorders. It describes the sleep-wake cycle including non-REM (NREM) sleep which makes up 75-80% of sleep and is characterized by slow wave sleep, and REM sleep which makes up 20-25% and features rapid eye movements. It discusses EEG wave patterns in different sleep stages and underlying brain regions and chemicals involved in sleep regulation. Common sleep disorders like sleep apnea, insomnia and parasomnias are outlined. Physiological changes in breathing, heart rate and brain activity during sleep are also summarized.
Circadian rhythms refer to biological cycles that occur over approximately 24 hours. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus acts as the master pacemaker regulating circadian rhythms. Lesions to the SCN abolish circadian rhythms, while transplanted SCN tissue can impart rhythms to recipient animals. The SCN receives light input from retinal ganglion cells that contain melanopsin photoreceptors sensitive to blue light wavelengths.
Sleep disorders are characterized by disturbances in sleep amount, quality, or timing. There are over 70 different sleep disorders divided into two main categories - dyssomnias involving problems falling or staying asleep, and parasomnias involving abnormal behaviors during sleep. The document provides detailed descriptions of common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorders, nightmares, and sleep terrors. Diagnostic criteria are also outlined for each disorder.
This document provides an overview of sleep, its functions, stages and disorders. It defines sleep as a state of unconsciousness where the brain is more responsive to internal stimuli. Sleep has restorative and homeostatic functions. There are two main stages - NREM and REM sleep. Dyssomnias are disorders of sleep quantity/timing and include insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy and sleep apnea. Parasomnias involve abnormal behaviors during sleep transitions and include nightmares, sleepwalking and REM sleep behavior disorder. Many common sleep disorders are described along with their symptoms, causes and treatment options.
Physiology of sleep - medical information martinshaji
This document summarizes the physiology of sleep. It discusses how sleep is regulated by both homeostatic and circadian mechanisms in the brain. Sleep involves the suppression of arousal systems in the brain by sleep-promoting areas like the VLPO. NREM and REM sleep are controlled by different brain regions and neurotransmitters in a cyclical manner. Physiological changes in hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, cortisol and TSH occur across the sleep-wake cycle. Overall, sleep is an actively regulated, metabolically distinct state that impacts whole-body physiology and metabolism.
This document discusses sleep, sleep disorders, and their diagnosis and treatment. It covers:
- The stages and functions of normal sleep
- Tools used in sleep medicine like polysomnography
- Common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
- Treatment approaches including behavioral therapies, pharmacological options, and management of specific disorders.
The outcome of this course is for the learner to describe the normal stages of sleep, common sleep measurement tools sleep characteristic, common sleep disorders, the changes that affect the quality and quantity of sleep as an individual ages, and methods the healthcare provider can use to assess and assist clients with sleep disorders.
Understanding the sleep cycle is often the first step to better sleep quality. When you know, what affects your sleep cycle, you can take measures to cut out distractions and get ample restful sleep every night.
Also, to help you understand the various sleep stages and sleep cycles easily, we have also created an infographic for this.
Read more details on the source site: https://sleepsherpa.com/stages-of-sleep-and-sleep-cycles-explained/
This document provides an overview of the physiology of sleep. It discusses the regulation and definition of sleep, the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep, and the electrophysiological criteria for sleep stages. It also summarizes the organization of sleep in adults, the effects of sleep on various body systems like the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system. Finally, it outlines the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness including the roles of the reticular activating system, hypocretin, VLPO area, and other sleep-promoting substances.
Disorders of sleep can be classified into dyssomnias, which involve disturbances in sleep quantity or timing; hypersomnias, which involve excessive sleepiness; and parasomnias, which involve abnormal behaviors during sleep transitions. The most common disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and restless leg syndrome. Diagnosis involves polysomnography and other tests to evaluate sleep patterns and rule out underlying causes. Treatment depends on the specific disorder diagnosed.
This document discusses circadian rhythms, which are biological processes that repeat approximately every 24 hours. Examples include the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature fluctuations, and hormone levels such as cortisol. Studies on animals and humans in controlled environments show that circadian rhythms are endogenously generated but can be adjusted by external cues like light levels. Disruptions to circadian rhythms, as in jet lag or shift work, can impair performance and health. The stages of sleep are also described, from light sleep to deep sleep and REM sleep. Age affects sleep cycles and quality. Insomnia and narcolepsy are discussed as disorders of sleep amount and timing.
The document summarizes the five stages of sleep in order: stage 1 (light sleep), stage 2 (45-55% of sleep), stage 3 (first stage of deep sleep), stage 4 (second stage of deep sleep), and REM sleep. It then discusses important functions of REM sleep such as its role in learning, memory consolidation, and problem solving. Finally, it briefly outlines common sleep disorders according to the DSM-5 classification and common causes of sleep disorders.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the reticular formation and limbic system. It discusses how the reticular formation activates the cerebrum through direct stimulation and neurohormonal systems. It describes various neurohormonal systems like the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine system and raphe nuclei-serotonin system. It then discusses the limbic system, including the hypothalamus, and their roles in emotional behavior, motivational drives, and regulating internal body functions. Key limbic structures and their functions in aggression, fear, feeding, reward, and punishment are also outlined.
The homeostatic process (S) and circadian process (C) interact to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Process S represents the buildup of sleep pressure and increasing need for sleep with time spent awake. Process C is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and follows a 24 hour circadian rhythm promoting wakefulness during the day and sleep at night. When the distance between processes S and C is largest, sleep propensity is highest. Together these two processes maintain optimal times for sleep, wakefulness, and transitions between states.
This document provides an overview of sleep, including its definition, stages, neurobiology, and relevance to psychiatry. It describes the two main types of sleep - REM and NREM sleep - and the different stages of NREM sleep. The neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness involves separate but interacting systems in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain. Key structures and neurotransmitters that promote wakefulness include the ascending reticular activating system, locus ceruleus, tuberomamillary nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and hypocretin. Age and circadian rhythms also influence sleep patterns.
This document discusses physiology of memory and learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience, while memory is the ability to recall past events. There are two main types of learning - associative and non-associative. Associative learning involves associating stimuli, like in classical and operant conditioning. Non-associative learning does not require association of stimuli, and includes habituation and sensitization. Memory is classified into sensory, short-term, long-term and permanent memory based on duration. The hippocampus and surrounding areas are involved in consolidating memories by converting them from short-term to long-term storage through long-term potentiation.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebral cortex, its functions, and memory. It discusses that the cerebral cortex is the largest part of the nervous system but our understanding is limited. It has over 100 billion neurons organized into six layers that perform different functions like receiving sensory input and sending output signals. Specific cortical areas support motor control, sensory processing, and higher cognitive functions through association areas. Memory formation involves changing synaptic transmission through sensitization that strengthens pathways for positive memories and habituation that weakens pathways for unimportant information.
This document provides information about various sleep disorders. It begins with definitions and descriptions of normal sleep stages. It then discusses specific sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome and circadian rhythm disorders. Diagnosis involves questionnaires, sleep diaries and polysomnography. Treatment depends on the disorder but may include lifestyle changes, medications, therapies and surgery. Sleep disorders can negatively impact quality of life so proper diagnosis and management is important.
Evoked potentials, clinical importance & physiological basis of consciousness...Rajesh Goit
This document summarizes key aspects of electroencephalography (EEG), including its uses and physiological basis. EEG is used to diagnose epilepsy and study sleep disorders. It records electrical activity in the brain through scalp electrodes. Specific EEG rhythms like alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves are associated with different brain states. Evoked potentials are EEG responses to sensory stimuli and are clinically used to assess hearing, vision, and somatosensory pathways. Epilepsy is classified as focal or generalized seizures. EEG patterns in epilepsy include sharp waves in focal seizures and high-voltage discharges in generalized seizures. Non-rapid eye movement (REM) and REM sleep have distinct EEG signatures and functions in brain and body restoration.
The document summarizes key topics in biological psychology, including the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior. It discusses the mind-body problem, genetics of behavior, evolution of behavior, sociobiology/evolutionary psychology, animal research, and careers in biological psychology. The main areas covered are the biological explanations of behavior, genetics and heritability, evolution as it relates to behavior, and ethical issues around animal research.
Circadian rhythms are biological processes that display an endogenous cycle of approximately 24 hours. They are influenced by external cues like light and regulated by the brain's circadian pacemaker. Common circadian rhythms include the sleep-wake cycle and fluctuations in body temperature and hormone levels. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can result in circadian rhythm disorders like delayed sleep phase syndrome or jet lag. Nurses play a role in assessing patients' circadian rhythms, providing sleep hygiene advice, and referring patients to specialists when needed.
The document summarizes key concepts about temperature regulation and hunger/thirst regulation in the human body. It discusses how the hypothalamus regulates body temperature through mechanisms like sweating, shivering, and blood flow. It also explains how the hypothalamus and hormones regulate hunger, thirst, and satiety in response to glucose levels, stomach distention, leptin, and other factors. Genetic and environmental factors can influence conditions like obesity.
Faraz Tak's sleep pattern and circadian rhythm were disrupted by his 24-hour work shifts as a medical student. During shifts, his melatonin release was not sufficient at night due to artificial light exposure, preventing him from falling asleep. To remedy this, he created a dark environment when sleeping during the day to trick his brain into thinking it was nighttime and releasing melatonin, allowing him to get a more restful sleep.
Almost all species exhibit daily changes in their biological activity with respect to a 24 hour light-dark cycle known as the circadian rhythm. The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical for the organism’s well-being and survival.
The presentation focuses on the fundamentals of circadian rhythm, components, development, molecular mechanism, functional and clinical implications of this astonishing system.
PSYA3 - Biological Rhythms powerpoint.
100 slides because there's a lot to know! Condensed it as much as possible.
Includes:
Biological rhythms - Circadian, Infradian, Ultradian, endogenous pacemakers, exogenous zeitgebers & consequences of disruption of said rhythms
Sleep states -
lifespan changes, restorative theory, evolutionary evaluations
Disorders of sleep - Insomnia & other sleep disorders.
There's minimal evaluation for Infradian - so do it yourself :D
The document discusses how alcohol affects circadian rhythms. It begins by introducing circadian rhythms as the body's natural sleep-wake cycle regulated on a 24-hour schedule. The author then reviews research showing that alcohol lowers body temperature, destroys brain cells, and impacts motor functions controlled by the cerebellum. By disrupting temperature regulation and balance, alcohol intake makes it difficult for the body to transition to sleep. Therefore, the conclusion is that alcohol does influence circadian rhythms by acting as an inhibitor.
Sleep progresses through distinct stages in a cycle. Non-REM sleep begins with light sleep in stages 1 and 2, characterized by theta waves and sleep spindles. Stages 3 and 4 involve deep sleep with synchronized brain activity appearing as delta waves. REM sleep involves dreaming and similar brain activity to wakefulness. The circadian rhythm and homeostatic processes regulate sleep cycles, with the circadian rhythm promoting wakefulness opposed by the increasing homeostatic drive for sleep with time spent awake.
Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory has three related theories: self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems. The self-care theory focuses on an individual's ability to care for themselves, while the self-care deficit theory examines when people require nursing assistance. The nursing systems theory describes the relationships needed to provide nursing care. Orem identified universal, developmental, and health deviation self-care requisites and defined a self-care deficit as the inability to meet one's therapeutic self-care demand.
This chapter discusses how culture influences communication contexts. It covers several key topics:
- Culture helps determine appropriate communication behaviors and rules within various social and physical contexts. Miscommunication can occur when people from different cultures interact.
- Context is important, as it helps specify appropriate communication rules. However, communication rules vary across cultures.
- Business communication must be sensitive to cultural differences in areas like formality, power dynamics, gift-giving, and conversation topics. Understanding different cultural norms is important for success.
- Education also reflects a culture's values. While subjects like literacy are universal, each culture emphasizes its own history. Teachers must navigate student body diversity and different learning preferences across cultures.
Circadian rhythms also known as "The Body Clock" is the physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow roughly 24 hrs. cycle responding to light and darkness in the organism.
The document discusses biological rhythms and sleep stages, explaining that circadian rhythms operate on a 24-hour cycle and influence sleep and wakefulness, and describing the five distinct sleep stages that occur in a repeating cycle approximately every 90 minutes. It also reviews theories about why we sleep and dream, such as for physiological functions like neural development and information processing, and examines some common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea.
This document summarizes key chapters from the 4th edition of the textbook "Psychology" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers topics related to sexuality and gender, including physical and biological differences between males and females, gender roles and stereotypes, sexual response and behavior, sexual orientation, and sexual dysfunction. The document provides learning objectives, definitions, theories, figures, and summaries for each topic.
The document discusses the biological clock and circadian rhythms in humans. It begins by posing questions about increased risks of heart attacks in the morning and car crashes in the afternoon, which are related to our biological clocks. It then discusses evidence from experiments that show our bodies operate on regular daily routines, regulated by biological clocks in every cell. These clocks are influenced by light exposure and can differ slightly between individuals, but generally follow a 24 hour cycle. The document goes on to describe how our biological clocks impact functions from waking and sleeping to performance at different times of day. It also discusses sleep stages and dreams.
EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. It can detect different wave patterns associated with different brain states. Evoked potentials involve stimulating a sensory pathway and measuring the electrical response along the pathway. This allows localization of lesions. Somatosensory evoked potentials involve stimulating a peripheral nerve like the median nerve and measuring the response along the pathway to detect spinal cord or brain injuries. Auditory evoked potentials involve measuring the brainstem response to a click stimulus to detect acoustic neuromas or other posterior fossa lesions. Both evoked potentials and EMG monitoring are used during surgery to detect injuries.
This document provides an overview of sleep and sleep disorders. It defines sleep and describes the physiology and stages of normal sleep. It discusses factors that influence sleep such as circadian rhythms, neurotransmitters, and the sleep-wake cycle. Common sleep disorders are explained like insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome and parasomnias. Assessment methods and treatment options for sleep disorders are also summarized.
All behavior patterns are co-ordinated sequences of neuromuscular activity. A rhythm is a periodically recurring event.
chronobiology is the study of science of life in relation with time.
The majority of organisms show daily and annual cycles of activity and development.
1. The document discusses the physiology of respiration and speech. It describes the anatomy and functions of structures involved in breathing and vocalization, including the trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm and other muscles.
2. Key parts of the respiratory system are described in detail, such as the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs. The roles of various muscles in inhalation and exhalation are also explained.
3. Detailed information is provided about the anatomy and divisions of the lungs, as well as surrounding structures like the ribs, sternum, and thoracic cavity. The processes of respiration, vocalization, and their underlying physiology are thoroughly
This document discusses dreams and provides information on what dreams are, the sleep cycle, facts about dreams, different types of dreams, and the importance of dreaming. It explains that dreams occur during REM sleep and involve images, ideas, emotions and sensations. The sleep cycle involves 4 stages that last 90-120 minutes and repeats 3-5 times per night. Facts provided include that dreaming takes up around 6 years of a person's life and animals also dream. The different types of dreams discussed are daydreams, lucid dreams, nightmares, recurring dreams, and epic dreams.
People need between 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night. Sleep serves important restorative functions such as rebuilding proteins, replenishing energy supplies, and facilitating learning and memory consolidation. Damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus disrupts circadian rhythms. The suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates the pineal gland which secretes melatonin, increasing sleepiness. There are various stages of sleep including REM and non-REM sleep. Brain mechanisms such as the reticular formation, locus coeruleus, and basal forebrain regulate arousal and sleep cycles.
This chapter discusses consciousness and various states of consciousness. It covers circadian rhythms and the body's biological clock. There are different stages of sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns, as well as sleep disorders. Dreams occur during REM sleep and there are different theories about their meaning and purpose. Other topics covered include hypnosis, meditation, psychoactive drugs and their effects, and drug abuse.
The document provides information on sleep patterns and disturbances. It defines sleep and describes the physiology of sleep including the reticulating activating system and sleep stages. It discusses non-REM and REM sleep in detail. It also covers sleep requirements and patterns across the lifespan as well as common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and sleep deprivation. Finally, it briefly mentions parasomnias.
Drugs used in the management of anxiety disorders.pdfEugenMweemba
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Sleep and rest, BSC NURSING FIRST YEAR NURSING FOUNDATION , UNIT X , MEETING NEEDS OF PATIENT , PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP, SLEEP DISORDERS, FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP, PROMOTING SLEEP AND STAGES OF SLEEP.
Continuum of Consciousness
- Controlled and Automatic Processes
- Altered States of Consciousness
- Psychoactive Drugs
- Sleep and Dreams
- Different Stages of Sleep (REM and N-REM)
- 4 Major Questions About Sleep
- Sleep Disorders
- The Unconscious Mind
- Unconsciousness
This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains the neuronal centers and neurotransmitters involved in inducing each type of sleep. The sleep cycle is described as the result of three systems - the arousal system, slow wave sleep center, and REM sleep center - interacting cyclically. The document also outlines the different brain waves seen in EEGs - alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves - and their characteristics and associations with different brain states.
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness and its variations, including circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, sleep stages characterized by different brain wave patterns, functions of sleep, individual differences in sleep needs, and sleep disorders. It also covers dreams and their occurrence during REM sleep, theories about the purpose of dreams, hypnosis, meditation, psychoactive drugs including their effects and risks of abuse.
Sleep has two types - rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is associated with dreaming and eye movements while NREM sleep has four stages with different brain wave patterns. Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms and homeostasis. The brainstem contains sleep centers like the raphe nucleus and locus ceruleus that induce REM and NREM sleep respectively. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, nightmares, night terrors and somnambulism. Movement disorders during sleep include restless legs syndrome and leg cramps.
The document discusses various states of consciousness and related topics including circadian rhythms regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, stages of sleep as measured by EEG waves, functions of sleep, individual differences in sleep needs, common sleep disorders, dreams and their relation to REM sleep, hypnosis and its effects on memory, meditation techniques, properties of psychoactive drugs including depressants, opiates, stimulants and psychedelics, and areas of the brain affected by fetal alcohol syndrome.
- Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Sleep has important biological functions including restoring homeostasis and physiological processes that occur in sleep cycles.
- Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus and influenced by environmental cues like light and dark cycles. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can cause issues like jet lag.
- Sleep deprivation negatively impacts cognitive performance and mood, with effects accumulating over time without sleep. However, studies have shown some ability of the brain to adapt to long-term sleep reductions.
This document summarizes key aspects of sleep physiology. It describes the two main types of sleep - slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Slow-wave sleep is deeper and more restorative while REM sleep is when most dreaming occurs. The brain activity and physiology differs between these sleep stages. Several theories are presented on what causes sleep, including that active inhibitory processes in the brainstem induce sleep rather than fatigue. The role of neurotransmitters like serotonin is also discussed.
This document defines sleep and outlines the physiology and stages of sleep. It discusses factors that influence sleep such as circadian rhythms, neurotransmitters, and the sleep-wake cycle. Various sleep disorders are also summarized, including insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and parasomnias. Assessment tools like polysomnography and the multiple sleep latency test are mentioned. Finally, medical conditions and lifestyle factors that can disrupt normal sleep patterns are briefly covered.
The document discusses the neurology of sleep. It describes the two main types of sleep - NREM and REM sleep. NREM sleep involves synchronous cortical EEG, low muscle tone, and minimal dreaming. REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements, muscle atonia, and vivid dreaming. The document also discusses circadian rhythms and how the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates sleep-wake cycles. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can lead to sleep disorders like jet lag.
Sleep involves different stages including non-REM sleep and REM sleep. The stages can be measured through polysomnography which tracks brain activity, eye movements, and muscle activity. Non-REM sleep involves reduced brain and muscle activity and is when most physical restoration occurs. REM sleep involves an active brain and paralyzed muscles except for eye movements; it is when most vivid dreaming occurs. Sleep serves functions like restoration and energy conservation, and is regulated by biological processes in the brain.
Sleep is essential for health and cognitive function. It involves NREM and REM sleep stages measured using polysomnography. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnolence, and narcolepsy. Insomnia is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and is treated with sleep hygiene, relaxation, and medication. Hypersomnolence involves excessive daytime sleepiness and is treated with stimulants. Narcolepsy involves REM sleep intrusion and is diagnosed by decreased REM latency on polysomnography.
This document defines sleep and outlines the physiology and stages of sleep. It discusses factors that influence sleep such as circadian rhythms, neurotransmitters, and sleep cycles. Common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and parasomnias are explained. Treatment options include behavioral therapies, medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes. Hospitalization can cause sleep disturbances, and medical conditions and drugs may also disrupt sleep. Nursing assessments and interventions aim to promote restful sleep.
The fund aims to provide financial support to small businesses and entrepreneurs who are just starting out or expanding their operations. It will offer loans and grants of up to $50,000 to eligible applicants looking to start a new business or grow an existing one. Priority will be given to applicants operating in rural areas, women-owned businesses, and businesses promoting environmentally sustainable practices.
Have the pseudo-religious cults promoted belief systems that create emotional...Alex Holub
Pseudo-religious cults create a specific atmosphere that attracts people. Once an individual joins their behavior changes. Are these changes psychologically and emotionally advantageous for self-development and emotional growth?
The document discusses six characteristics that goals should have:
1. Goals need to be detailed so they can be fully described using sight, sound, and feelings upon achieving the goal.
2. Goals must be assessable so progress can be measured and it's clear when the goal is reached.
3. Goals need to be producible so the steps to achieve the goal can be conceived and taken.
4. Goals should be practical and possible rather than unrealistic fantasies that cannot actually be achieved.
5. Goals should be empowering and exciting to motivate working towards them.
6. Goals must be realistic, tangible things rather than vague concepts, and mature
The document discusses whether drug addiction should be considered a disease. It notes that some see it as a disease due to genetic factors, while others argue there is limited evidence for this. The concept of addiction as a disease emerged in the late 18th/early 19th century and became popularized by treatment centers in the 1920s-1930s. However, a disease must have predictable symptoms and progression, which addiction does not. The main reason it continues to be called a disease is to justify government funding for treatment.
This is a very easy and effective way of studying. It involves an efficient technique and whole brain learning. It builds on previous learning and spaced practice. It is based on the latest research.
This chapter's focus is on Social Psychology. There is discussion of relationships, persuasion, coercion, and other types of social influence. Love and intimate relationships is also included.
This chapter discusses various psychological disorders including abnormal behavior, classifying mental disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders like phobias and panic disorder, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, sexual and gender identity disorders, and psychosomatic and somatoform disorders. Biological, psychological, and social factors can all contribute to the development of these conditions.
This chapter looks at how our motivations are emotionally directed and vice-versa. There is a discussion of eating disorders, sexual behavior, and the role of the amygdala.
The document discusses different aspects of human memory. It describes memory as an active system involving encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. There are different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Short-term memory can hold 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information and uses chunking and rehearsal. Long-term memory is more permanent but can be affected by interference and forgetting over time due to factors like decay. Memory is important for learning and is stored across networks in the brain.
This document summarizes different types of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, as demonstrated by Pavlov's dog experiments. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors, as theorized by Skinner. Cognitive learning involves higher-level thinking processes and can include imitation, modeling, and solving problems through observation rather than trial-and-error. The document also discusses how media can influence learning through observational modeling of behaviors.
Discussion in this chapter focuses on consciousness and altered states of consciousness. We look at sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of illicit drugs.
The document summarizes key concepts about human sensory systems and perception. It discusses the main sensory systems of vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and balance. For each sense, it describes the basic structures and mechanisms involved in sensation and transduction. It also covers various visual illusions and perceptual phenomena like apparent motion, depth cues, and constancies that demonstrate how perception interprets and organizes sensory information.
The document summarizes key topics in human development from prenatal stages through adulthood. It discusses hereditary and environmental influences on development. Prenatal development can be impacted by factors like alcohol, tobacco, and illness. Child development involves progressing through stages of physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional growth. Theories from Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, and others are summarized that explain developmental milestones and influences. Adolescence brings physical changes and identity formation. Adulthood involves additional developmental stages and factors for well-being.
This chapter discusses some of the latest research in neuroscience and human behavior. A general discussion of the different parts of the brain and their general functions is included.
1) The document discusses biological, cognitive, and environmental influences on motivation. It examines biological needs and drives like thirst, hunger, and sex that motivate behaviors.
2) Cognitive factors that influence motivation include expectations, locus of control beliefs, values, and achievement motivation. High achievement motivation is associated with persistence and goal-setting.
3) Environmental incentives can motivate behaviors, but too many incentives can undermine intrinsic motivation. The workplace can enhance intrinsic motivation through variety, autonomy, feedback, and social interaction.
Report Back from ASCO 2024: Latest Updates on Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC)....bkling
Join Dr. Kevin Kalinsky, breast oncologist and researcher from Emory Winship Cancer Institute, to learn about the latest updates from The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting 2024.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga- MALE CIRCUMCISION, ITS Vs SOCIOCULTURAL BELIEFS (C...Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
MALE CIRCUMCISION consists of the surgical act of removing the foreskin (skin that covers the glans of the penis), leaving the glans more prominent and better cleanable.
MALE CIRCUMCISION itself has medical as well as sociocultural implications, as it has been proven to be an act that can minimize SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs), especially HIV, but it also represents the SOCIOCULTURAL IDENTITY of some people, respectively.
Now, in a SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE like that of Mozambique where the prevalence of HIV is around 12.5% which corresponds to approximately 2 million people living with HIV, where the province of GAZA is the most seroprevalent with a positivity rate of 21% (INSIDA, 2021), it is extremely necessary to THOROUGHLY scrutinize all possibilities for preventing or minimizing the spread of HIV and other STIs.
TEST BANK Physical Examination and Health Assessment 9th Edition by Carolyn J...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK Physical Examination and Health Assessment 9th Edition by Carolyn Jarvis, All Chapters 1 - 32 Full Complete.pdf
TEST BANK Physical Examination and Health Assessment 9th Edition by Carolyn Jarvis, All Chapters 1 - 32 Full Complete.pdf
Principles of Cleaning
Nonsurgical root canal treatment is a predictable method of retaining a tooth that otherwise would require extraction. Success of root canal treatment in a tooth with a vital pulp is higher than that of a tooth that is necrotic with periradicular pathosis. The difference is the persistent irritation of necrotic tissue remnants, and the inability to remove the microorganisms and their by-products. The most significant factors affecting this process are tooth anatomy and morphology, and the instruments and irrigants available for treatment. Instruments must contact and plane the canal walls to debride the canal.
Morphologic factors such as lateral and accessory canals, canal curvatures, canal wall irregularities, fins, cul-de-sacs, and isthmuses make total debridement virtually impossible. Therefore the goal of cleaning not total elimination of the irritants but it is to reduce the irritants.
Currently there are no reliable methods to assess cleaning. The presence of clean dentinal shavings, the color of the irrigant, and canal enlargement three file sizes beyond the first instrument to bind have been used to assess the adequacy; however, these do not correlate well with debridement. Obtaining glassy smooth walls is a preferred indicator. The properly prepared canals should feel smooth in all dimensions when the tip of a small file is pushed against the canal walls. This indicates that files have had contact and planed all accessible canal walls thereby maximizing debridement (recognizing that total debridement usually does not occur).
Principles of Shaping
The purpose of shaping is to
1) facilitate cleaning and
2) provide space for placing the obturating materials.
The main objective of shaping is to maintain or develop a continuously tapering funnel from the canal orifice to the apex. This decreases procedural errors when cleaning and enlarging apically. The degree of enlargement is often dictated by the method of obturation. For lateral compaction of gutta percha the canal should be enlarged sufficiently to permit placement of the spreader to within 1-2 millimeters of the corrected working length. There is a correlation between the depth of spreader penetration and the apical seal.5 For warm vertical compaction techniques the coronal enlargement must permit the placement of the pluggers to within 3 to 5 mm of the corrected working length.6
As dentin is removed from the canal walls the root is weakened.7 The degree of shaping is determined by the preoperative root dimension, the obturation technique, and the restorative treatment plan. Narrow thin roots such as the mandibular incisors cannot be enlarged to the same degree as more bulky roots such as the maxillary central incisors. Post placement is also a determining factor in the amount of coronal dentin removal.
Lymphoma Made Easy , New Teaching LecturesMiadAlsulami
This lecture was presented today as part of our local Saudi Fellowship program. After three years of direct interaction with trainees and hematologists, I have started to develop an understanding of what needs to be covered. This lecture might serve as a roadmap for approaching and reporting lymphoma cases.
This Presentation provides information on hyperlipidemic drugs. It begins with an introduction to hyperlipidemia and its causes. It then discusses various drug classes for treating hyperlipidemia, including their mechanisms of action, effects on lipid levels, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects and interactions. The major drug classes discussed are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, and niacin. For each class, specific drugs are highlighted and their properties compared.
an huge problem we are facing about the anaemia , we slight our contribution to aware with one of its class , with detailed description. it is usefull for health , medicine , pharmacy , nursing.
CASE PRESENTATION ON CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE) WITH HE...Bhavana
This is a case presentation of a 70 year old female patient who was admitted in the hospital with the chief complaints of right sided upper limb and lower limb weakness and with mouth deviation towards the left, and nausea and fever.
Heart Valves and Heart Sounds -Congenital & valvular heart disease.pdfMedicoseAcademics
This presentation, authored by Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology at CIMS Multan, delivers an in-depth analysis of heart valves, heart sounds, valvular heart diseases, and congenital heart defects. It begins by distinguishing between normal and abnormal heart sounds, elucidating the timing and causes of the four heart sounds—S1, S2, S3, and S4—and their clinical significance. Detailed explanations are provided on the auscultation sounds that define conditions such as mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency, aortic stenosis, and aortic insufficiency, with a focus on how these pathological changes affect cardiac mechanics and blood pressure.
The presentation delves into abnormal heart sounds, known as murmurs, categorizing them by their causes, which include valvular lesions, rheumatic fever, aging, congenital heart diseases, viral infections during pregnancy, and hereditary factors. It explores the various types of murmurs, their timing within the cardiac cycle, and their association with specific valvular heart diseases such as stenosis and regurgitation. The intricate relationship between systolic and diastolic murmurs and conditions like anemia and ventricular septal defects is also highlighted.
Further, the presentation covers the pathophysiology of congenital heart diseases, offering a comprehensive review of conditions such as Tetralogy of Fallot and Patent Ductus Arteriosus. It explains the mechanisms of these diseases, their impact on cardiac function, and the clinical manifestations observed in affected individuals. The physiological adjustments of the circulatory system during exercise in patients with valvular lesions are discussed, emphasizing the reduced cardiac reserve and the risk of acute pulmonary edema.
Special attention is given to the compensatory mechanisms of the heart in response to valvular diseases, including the development of concentric and eccentric hypertrophy, increased venous return, and the eventual progression to heart failure. The presentation also examines rheumatic valvular lesions, aging-related aortic stenosis, and the specific challenges posed by these conditions, such as reduced stroke volume and increased metabolic demand.
This thorough exploration of heart sounds, valvular diseases, and congenital defects is designed to enhance understanding and clinical acumen, making it a valuable resource for medical students, healthcare professionals, and educators in the field of cardiology and physiology.
Prakinsons disease and its affect on eye.Riya Bist
Enhance your knowledge about Parkinsons' disease and about basic concept that medical personnel should know regarding this topic.It is very important to know about systemic disease and its impact on the eye so, here you can learn quickly about Parkinson's disease and its ocular manifestation.Download the ppt for visualization of animation.Thank you.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified description of the physiology of insulin and glucagon.
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the synthesis and release of insulin
2. Explain the mechanism of action of insulin
3. Discuss the metabolic functions of insulin
4. Elucidate the effects of insulin on adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver
5. Enlist the factors which stimulate and inhibit the release of insulin
6. Explain the mechanism of action of glucagon
7. Discuss the metabolic functions of glucagon
8. Elucidate the role of insulin and glucagon in glucose homeostasis during the fasting and fed states
9. Discuss the role of other hormones in the glucose homeostasis
10. Differentiate between the types of diabetes mellitus
11. Explain the pathophysiology of the features of diabetes mellitus
12. Discuss the complications of diabetes mellitus
13. Explain the rationale of oral hypoglycemic drugs
14. Describe the features of hyperinsulinemia
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 79, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 24, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 39, Berne and Levy Physiology, 7th edition
4. Chapter 19, Human Physiology, From Cells to Systems by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
5. Chapter 3, Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology, Bruce A. White and Susan P. Porterfield, 4th edition
6. Insulin and Insulin Resistance, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1204764/
7. Complications of diabetes mellitus,
https://pdb101.rcsb.org/global-health/diabetes-mellitus/monitoring/complications
All the information you need to know about Hypothyroidism - Introduction,
Etiology, clinical manifestations, complications, pathophysiology,
diagnosis, treatment, precautions.
कायाकल्प क्लिनिक: पटना के अग्रणी सेक्सोलॉजिस्ट और स्किन केयर विशेषज्ञ
पटना का एक शानदार स्वास्थ्य सेवा प्रदाता, कायाकल्प क्लिनिक, आपके स्वास्थ्य और त्वचा की देखभाल में विशेषज्ञता प्रदान करता है। हमारे नवीनतम तकनीकी समाधानों और अनुभवी विशेषज्ञों के साथ, हम पुरुष और महिलाओं के स्वास्थ्य सम्बंधित मुद्दों को हल करते हैं। यहां पर हम प्रदान करते हैं:
Expert Treatment for Sex Issues at Kaya Kalp Clinic in Patna -best sexologist in patna
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Discover the Best Sexologist in Patna: Expert Care at Kayakalp Clinic
Kayakalp Clinic - Best Sexologist in Patna
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Introduction to Dental Implant for undergraduate studentShamsuddin Mahmud
Introduction to Dental Implant
Dr Shamsuddin Mahmud
Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics
Nortth East Medical College (Dental Unit)
Definition of Dental Implant
A prosthetic device
made of alloplastic material(s)
implanted into the oral tissues beneath the mucosal and/or periosteal layer and
on or within the bone
to provide retention and support for a fixed or removable dental prosthesis.
Classification of Dental Implant
According to placement within the tissue
Blade/Plate form implant
According to Material Used
A) METALLIC IMPLANTS
Commercially pure Titanium
Cobalt chromium molybdenum
Titanium aluminum vanadium
Stainless steel
B) NON-METALLIC IMPLANT
Zirconium
Ceramic
Carbon
According to the ability of implant to stimulate bone formation
A) Bio active
Hydroxyapatite
Tri Calcium Phosphate
B) Bio inert
Metals
Parts of Dental Implant
Implant fixture
Implant mount
Cover screw
Gingival former/healing screw/healing abutment/permucosal extension
Impression post/impression transfer abutment
Implant analogue
Abutment
Fixation screw
Implant Fixture
Implant Mount
Connected to the fixture
Function: used to carry implant from its vital to the prepared osteotomy site either by hand or with a ratchet/ handpiece adaption
Cover Screw
component that is used to cover the implant connection during the submerged healing of the implant
Function: preserves the patency of the connection by preventing any soft tissue ingrowth in the connection
Gingival former/ Healing Abutment/ Healing screw
Screw/ abutment used to create the soft tissue emergence profile around the implant.
Time of placement:
During 1st surgery – One step surgery
After Osseointegration – Two step/stage surgery
Gingival former/ Healing Abutment/ Healing screw
Placed in the site 2-3 weeks for soft tissue healing
Function:
Create gingival emergence profile
Formation of biological width
Impression post/impression transfer abutment
component that is used to trans- fer the implant Hex position and orientation from the mouth to the working cast.
Types
Closed tray
Open tray
Implant analogue/
component which has a different body but its platform and connection are exactly similar to the implant. The analogue is used to replicate the implant platform and connection in the laboratory mode.
Abutment
Abutments
Advantages of Dental Implant Retained Prosthesis
Maintain bone height and width by preventing bone resorption
Maintain facial esthetics
Improve masticatory performance
Improve stability and retention of prosthesis
More esthetics
Increase survival times of prostheses
There is no need to alter adjacent teeth
Improve psychological health
Disadvantages of Dental Implant Retained Prosthesis
Very expensive.
Cannot be used in medically compromised patients who cannot undergo surgery.
Longer duration of treatment
Requires a lot of patient co-operation because of repeated recall visits are essential
INDICATION OF DENTAL IMPLANT
Dental implants can successfully restore all
2. Endogenous Cycles Endogenous Circannual Rhythm Internal calendar which prepares a species for annual seasonal changes Endogenous Circadian Rhythm Internal rhythm lasting about a day In humans the circadian rhythm is about 24.2 hours
3. Mechanisms of the Biological Clock Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Above the optic chiasm in the hypothalamus Controls rhythms through the regulation of 2 genes: period & timeless Code for proteins Per & Tim which are low & increase during the day but increase in the evening causing sleepiness Melatonin A hormone released by the pineal gland, mainly at night, increasing sleepiness Stimulates receptors in the SCN to reset the biological clock
4. Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Stage 2 Stages 3 & 4 Light sleep with slowed brain wave patterns & the presence of irregular, jagged low-voltage waves Sleep spindles & K-complexes Slow-wave sleep Comprised of slow, large amplitude waves
5. Paradoxical or REM Sleep REM Sleep Characterized by repeated eye movements, fast low-voltage brain waves with & breathing & heart rates similar to Stage 1 sleep N-REM Sleep The stages of sleep other than REM Cycling Through the Stages Upon falling asleep you enter Stage 1 Cycle through Stages 2, 3 & 4 After 60 to 90 minutes you cycle back through 4 through 2 and enter REM sleep After entering REM sleep, the sleep cycle sequence repeats with each cycle lasting 90 minutes REM sleep is associated with dreams but dreams can occur in n-REM sleep
6. Wakefulness & Arousal in the Brain Reticular Formation Extends from Medulla into Forebrain Lesions decrease arousal Pontomesencephalon Part of the Reticular Formation contributing to cortical arousal Stimulation awakens sleeping or increases alertness in one awake Locus Coerulus In the pons, emits impulses releasing norepinephrine in response to meaningful events Important for storing information Basal Forebrain Release acetylcholine Damage decreases arousal, impairs learning & attention & increases time spent in n-REM sleep
7. Abnormalities of Sleep Insomnia Problems falling or remaining asleep 3 categories of insomnia: Onset Insomnia – trouble falling asleep Maintenance Insomnia – waking up frequently during the night after falling asleep Termination Insomnia – waking up too early & cannot go back to sleep May be due to biological rhythm abnormalities or the use of sleeping pills
8. Abnormalities of Sleep Sleep Apnea The inability to breathe during sleep Common cause is obesity Possible cause of SIDS Obstructive Apnea is most common type & related to snoring Central Apnea is related to a CNS problem & is inherited
9. Abnormalities of Sleep Narcolepsy Frequent, unexpected periods of sleepiness during the day Symptoms: gradual or sudden attacks of sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis & hypnogogic hallucination Symptoms interpreted as REM sleep intruding into wakefulness Overactive acetylcholine synapses & deficiency of orexin are 2 possible explanations Treatments: stimulants (pemoline or methylphenidate
10. Abnormalities of Sleep Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Involuntary movements of the legs that can cause insomnia Occurs during nREM sleep Treatment: Tranquilizers REM Behavior Disorder Vigorous movement during REM sleep apparently acting out the dreams Probably due to the inability of the pons to inhibit spinal motor neurons
11. Abnormalities of Sleep Night Terrors Abrupt, anxious awakening from a nREM sleep More common in children than in adults Sleep Talking Can occur in REM or nREM sleep Harmless Sleep Walking Usually in Steges 3 or 4 sleep Early in the night More common in children
12. The Functions of Sleep Repair & Restoration Theory of Sleep The body, especially the brain, requires sleep to repair itself after the exertion of the day Evolutionary Theory of Sleep Sleep is to save energy when we would otherwise be energy inefficient, such as at night
13. The Functions of REM Sleep Amount of REM Sleep The Amount of REM sleep is associated with the total amount of sleep you get Deprivation of REM Sleep Deprivation of REM sleep leads to increased attempts at REM sleep REM Sleep & Memory REM sleep is implicated in memory storage & as a way of getting oxygen to the corneas of the eyes
14. Biological Perspectives on Dreaming Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis During sleep, many brain regions become activated, so the brain creates a story to make sense of the activity Clinico-Anatomical Hypothesis Either internal or external stimulation activates parts of the parietal, occipital, & temporal cortex No visual information overrides the stimulation & no criticism of the prefrontal cortex censures it, so it develops into hallucinatory perceptions