AI PROJECT - Created by: Shreya Kumbhar

1.ABSTRACT
2.INTRODUCTION
3.HISTORY
4.DEFINATION
5.BRANCHES OF AI
6.ADVANTAGES
7.DISADVANTAGES
8. LANGUAGE USED IN AI
9.CONCLUSION

Artificial Intelligence otherwise
known as AI, it is the development and
the theory of some computer systems
which are able to undertake certain
tasks which will normally need the
intelligence of humans. The tasks that
are normally in need of the human
intelligence are the likes of translation
of languages, making decisions
recognition of speech among others.
Good examples of these technologies
that fall under the AI are; augmented
reality, Virtual Assistants, and robots.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to replicate or enhance
human intellect, such as reasoning and learning from experience. Artificial
intelligence has been used in computer programs for years, but it is now applied to
many other products and services. For example, some digital cameras can
determine what objects are present in an image using artificial intelligence
software. In addition, experts predict many more innovative uses for artificial
intelligence in the future, including smart electric grids.
AI uses techniques from probability theory, economics, and algorithm design
to solve practical problems. In addition, the AI field draws upon computer science,
mathematics, psychology, and linguistics. Computer science provides tools for
designing and building algorithms, while mathematics offers tools for modeling
and solving the resulting optimization problems.

Artificial Intelligence is not a
new word and not a new
technology for researchers. This
technology is much older than
you would imagine. Even there
are the myths of Mechanical
men in Ancient Greek and
Egyptian Myths. Following are
some milestones in the history
of AI which defines the journey
from the AI generation to till
date development.

Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial
neurons.
Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian
learning.
Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery
and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the
machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human
intelligence, called a Turing test.
Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had
proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for
some theorems.
Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as
an academic field.
The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which
was named as ELIZA.
Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named
as WABOT-1.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion,
Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess
champion.
Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a
vacuum cleaner.
Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies
like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
The first AI winter (1974-1980)
The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration.
AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a
severe shortage of funding from government for AI researches.
During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was
decreased.

Artificial intelligence is the simulation of
human intelligence processes by machines,
especially computer systems. Specific
applications of AI include expert
systems, natural language processing, speech
recognition and machine vision.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging
branch of computer science concerned with
building smart machines capable of performing
tasks that typically require human intelligence.
While AI is an interdisciplinary science with
multiple approaches, advancements in machine
learning and deep learning, in particular, are
creating a paradigm shift in virtually every sector
of the tech industry.

1. Reduction in Human Error
One of the biggest advantages of Artificial Intelligence is
that it can significantly reduce errors and increase
accuracy and precision. The decisions taken by AI in
every step is decided by information previously gathered
and a certain set of algorithms.
2. Zero Risks
Another big advantage of AI is that humans can overcome
many risks by letting AI robots do them for us. Whether it
be defusing a bomb, going to space, exploring the deepest
parts of oceans, machines with metal bodies are resistant
in nature and can survive unfriendly atmospheres.

3. 24x7 Availability
There are many studies that show humans are
productive only about 3 to 4 hours in a day. Humans
also need breaks and time offs to balance their work
life and personal life. But AI can work endlessly
without breaks. They think much faster than humans
and perform multiple tasks at a time with accurate
results.
4. Digital Assistance
Some of the most technologically advanced companies
engage with users using digital assistants, which
eliminates the need for human personnel. Many
websites utilize digital assistants to deliver user-
requested content.

5. New Inventions
In practically every field, AI is the driving force behind
numerous innovations that will aid humans in resolving
the majority of challenging issues.
6. Unbiased Decisions
Human beings are driven by emotions, whether we like
it or not. AI on the other hand, is devoid of emotions and
highly practical and rational in its approach. A huge
advantage of Artificial Intelligence is that it doesn't have
any biased views, which ensures more accurate decision-
making.

7. Perform Repetitive Jobs
We may use artificial intelligence to efficiently
automate these menial chores and even eliminate
"boring" tasks for people, allowing them to focus on
being more creative.
8. Daily Applications
Today, our everyday lives are entirely dependent on
mobile devices and the internet. We utilize a variety of
apps, including Google Maps, Alexa, Siri, Cortana on
Windows, OK Google, taking selfies, making calls,
responding to emails, etc.

10. Faster Decision-making
Faster decision-making is another benefit of AI. By
automating certain tasks and providing real-time insights,
AI can help organizations make faster and more informed
decisions. This can be particularly valuable in high-stakes
environments, where decisions must be made quickly and
accurately to prevent costly errors or save lives.
9. AI in Risky Situations
One of the main benefits of artificial intelligence is this.
By creating an AI robot that can perform perilous tasks on
our behalf, we can get beyond many of the dangerous
restrictions that humans face.

1. High Costs
The ability to create a machine that can simulate
human intelligence is no small feat. It requires
plenty of time and resources and can cost a huge
deal of money. AI also needs to operate on the latest
hardware and software to stay updated and meet the
latest requirements, thus making it quite costly.
2. No Creativity
A big disadvantage of AI is that it cannot learn to
think outside the box. AI is capable of learning over
time with pre-fed data and past experiences, but
cannot be creative in its approach. A classic example
is the bot Quill who can write Forbes earning
reports. These reports only contain data and facts
already provided to the bot.

3. Unemployment
One application of artificial intelligence is a robot,
which is displacing occupations and increasing
unemployment (in a few cases). Therefore, some
claim that there is always a chance of
unemployment as a result of chatbots and robots
replacing humans.
4. Make Humans Lazy
AI applications automate the majority of tedious
and repetitive tasks. Since we do not have to
memorize things or solve puzzles to get the job
done, we tend to use our brains less and less.
This addiction to AI can cause problems to future
generations.

5. No Ethics
Ethics and morality are important human features
that can be difficult to incorporate into an AI. The
rapid progress of AI has raised a number of
concerns that one day, AI will grow uncontrollably,
and eventually wipe out humanity. This moment is
referred to as the AI singularity.
6. Emotionless
Since early childhood, we have been taught that
neither computers nor other machines have
feelings. Humans function as a team, and team
management is essential for achieving goals.
However, there is no denying that robots are
superior to humans when functioning effectively,
but it is also true that human connections, which
form the basis of teams, cannot be replaced by
computers.

7. No Improvement
Humans cannot develop artificial intelligence
because it is a technology based on pre-loaded facts
and experience. AI is proficient at repeatedly
carrying out the same task, but if we want any
adjustments or improvements, we must manually
alter the codes. AI cannot be accessed and utilized
akin to human intelligence, but it can store infinite
data.

R
R is one of the great languages for statistical processing in programming. However,
R supports free, open-source programming language for data analysis purposes. It
may not be the perfect language for AI, but it provides great performance while
dealing with large numbers.
Some inbuilt features such as built-in functional programming, object-oriented
nature, and vectorial computation make it a worthwhile programming language
for AI.
Features of R programming
R is an open-source programming
language, which is free of cost, and also
you can add packages for other
functionalities.
R provides strong & interactive graphics
capability to users.
It is widely used in machine learning and
AI due to its high-performance
capabilities.

Java
Java is also the most widely used programming language by all developers
and programmers to develop machine learning solutions and enterprise
development. Similar to Python, Java is also a platform-independent language
as it can also be easily implemented on various platforms. Java allows virtual
machine technology that helps to create a single version of the app and
provides support to your business. The best thing about Java is once it is
written and compiled on one platform, then you do not need to compile it
again and again. This is known as WORA (Once Written Read/Run
Anywhere) principle.
Features of Java
Portability
Cross-platform.
Easy to learn and use.
Easy-to-code Algorithms.
Swing and Standard Widget Toolkit.
Simplified work with large-scale projects.
Better user interaction.

Julia
Julia is one of the newer languages on the list and was created to focus on
performance computing in scientific and technical fields. Julia includes several
features that directly apply to AI programming.
Julia is a comparatively new language,
which is mainly suited for numerical
analysis and computational science. It
contains several features that can be
very helpful in AI programming.
Features of Julia
Common numeric data types.
Arbitrary precision values.
Robust mathematical functions.
Built-in package manager.
Dynamic type system.
Support for multiple dispatches.
Support for C functions.

C++
C++ language has been present for so long around, but still being a top and
popular programming language among developers. It provides better handling
for AI models while developing.
Although C++ may not be the first choice of developers for AI programming,
various machine learning and deep learning libraries are written in the C++
language.
Features of C++
C++ is one of the fastest
languages, and it can be used in
statistical techniques.
It can be used with ML
algorithms for fast execution.
It is a user friendly and simple
language.

Python
Python is one of the most powerful and easy programming languages that
anyone can start to learn. Python is initially developed in the early stage of
1991. Most of the developers and programmers choose Python as their favourite
programming language for developing Artificial Intelligence solutions. Python
is worldwide popular among all developers and experts because it has more
career opportunities than any other programming language.
Python is also a portable language as it is used on various platforms such
as Linux, Windows, Mac OS, and UNIX.
Features of Python
It is easy to learn than any
other programming
language.
It is also a dynamically-
typed language.
Python is an Object-oriented
language.
Open-source.

Prolog
Prolog is one of the oldest programming languages used for Artificial
Intelligence solutions. Prolog stands for "Programming in Logic", which was
developed by French scientist Alain Colmerauer in 1970.
Prolog may not be a great programming language
to build something big, but it's a great language to
study and think about problems in more logical
ways rather than procedural.
Features of Prolog
Supports basic mechanisms such as
Pattern Matching,
Tree-based data structuring, and
Automatic backtracking.
Prolog is a declarative language rather than
imperative.

Artificial Intelligence and the technology are one side of the life
that always interest and surprise us with the new ideas, topics,
innovations, products …etc. AI is still not implemented as the films
representing it(i.e. intelligent robots), however there are many important
tries to reach the level and to compete in market, like sometimes the
robots that they show in TV. Nevertheless, the hidden projects and the
development in industrial companies.
At the end, we’ve been in this research through the AI definitions,
brief history, applications of AI in public, applications of AI in military,
ethics of AI, and the three rules of robotics. This is not the end of AI, there
is more to come from it, who knows what the AI can do for us in the
future, maybe it will be a whole society of robots.

AI PROJECT - Created by: Shreya Kumbhar

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