Explains the concept of agrarian reforms and distinguishes it from two other related but distinct concepts of land reforms and land transfer reforms.Presents a comprehensive set of measures to bring the agrarian reforms in the developing countries
This document discusses land tenure systems. It defines tenure as derived from the Latin word "tenu" meaning to hold. It outlines the main types of land tenure systems as private, communal, open-access, and state land tenure. It notes land tenure systems are important for locating land owners, developing agriculture, and benefiting society. It also mentions problems with Pakistan's current system and features of an ideal land tenure system.
Role of women in agriculture in pakistan A series of LecturesByMr. Allah Da...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of LecturesByMr. Allah Dad Khan former Director General Agriculture Extension KP Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
The document discusses the impact of globalization on Indian agriculture. It notes that while globalization aims to accelerate economic growth through liberalization and privatization, it has negatively impacted Indian farmers and agriculture. Farmers now face lower output prices, higher input costs, less government support and subsidies, and increased competition from imports. This has led to rising farmer indebtedness, poverty, and even suicide in some cases. While globalization provides opportunities for increased exports, Indian agriculture has struggled with quality issues, production costs, and a lack of infrastructure to effectively compete globally. Overall challenges remain for Indian farmers and agriculture under globalization.
Land reforms were introduced in India after independence to abolish exploitative landlord systems and reduce inequality. Key reforms included abolishing intermediaries like jagirdars and jamindars, implementing land ceilings, and legitimizing tenancy. However, land reforms faced issues like states prioritizing large farmers, surplus land distribution problems, and lack of political will.
Political Economy of a Post-Colonial State; Economic Development of PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
Despite all the ups and downs, Pakistan is now the 26th largest economy in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity, (44th largest in terms of nominal GDP). With per capita income of US$ 4550, Pakistan occupies at 140th place on this count in the world, thanks to her burgeoning population of 200 million people. Pakistan is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a potential to become one of the world's large economies in the 21st century. By 2050, with an estimated GDP of $3.33 trillion, Pakistan is expected to become world’s 18th largest economy, according to Goldman Sachs. However, this progress is not as impressive as it looks or should have been keeping her potential. Similarly her dismal social indicators, structural anomalies and income disparities leave much to be desired.
This presentation sums up the development experience—what Pakistan did marvellously, what it did marginally and where it failed miserably during her development journey. It ends with an the lessons other developing countries can learn from this development experience of Pakistan.
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The document discusses the history and significance of the Green Revolution, particularly in Pakistan. It began in the 1940s with Norman Borlaug developing high-yield wheat varieties in Mexico. This led to increased food production worldwide. In Pakistan, the Green Revolution significantly increased wheat, rice, and maize production between 1965-1970 through the introduction of high-yielding varieties and increased fertilizer and irrigation. However, it also exacerbated economic and social inequalities by benefiting large landowners more than small farmers.
The document discusses the importance of Pakistan's agricultural sector. It outlines 20 ways that agriculture is important: 1) It increases per capita income by providing jobs. 2) It is a major source of employment, providing over 43% of jobs. 3) Increased agricultural productivity reduces poverty and stimulates non-farm employment. 4) Agriculture is the sole provider of food like wheat, rice, and fruits and vegetables. 5) It is a major source of foreign exchange earnings through exports of cash crops like cotton. 6) It supplies surplus labor to other sectors as farms mechanize. 7) Agriculture significantly contributes to national income, previously providing 60% of GNP. 8) It supplies raw materials to industries. 9) Agriculture and industry development
This document summarizes a report on agriculture and rural development in Pakistan. It finds that while agriculture contributes less to GDP growth than in the past, it remains important for poverty reduction. Rural poverty levels remain high. The report argues that agriculture can still contribute to growth if Pakistan improves policies around irrigation, water management, seeds, and fertilizer. It also argues for empowering rural communities through better public services, aspirations, and taking advantage of the 18th amendment's devolution of power.
Agrarian reforms In India after independence RADO7900
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) was established in 1964 to fulfill the objectives of India's food policy by providing price support to farmers, distributing food grains throughout the country through the public distribution system, and maintaining buffer stocks for food security. During the COVID-19 lockdown, FCI moved a record 3.74 million tonnes of food grains using 1,335 train loads from surplus to deficit states at an average of 1.7 lakh tonnes per day, more than double its normal daily average, to ensure food security nationwide. FCI procures rice and wheat from farmers, stores grains in depots across India, and maintains the country's strategic grain reserves.
This document discusses agriculture in Pakistan and strategies for agricultural development. It provides background on agriculture's importance to Pakistan's economy and outlines the typical phases of agricultural transformation: increasing productivity, tapping surpluses, integrating the sector into the macroeconomy, and managing agriculture similarly to other industries. It also addresses limitations to intervening in industrialization and strategies like technical change, increasing land and labor productivity, and applying biotechnology research.
The document discusses reforms in Indian agriculture since independence. It notes that at independence, India had a semi-feudal agrarian structure dominated by landlords and intermediaries. Key reforms included abolishing intermediaries, implementing tenancy reforms for security of tenure and fair rents, fixing ceilings on land holdings, and consolidating small holdings. Implementation of reforms varied across states and faced resistance from landowners. Overall, land reforms have had mixed success, with West Bengal and Kerala seen as the most successful cases.
Employment generation programmes in India Jagriti Rohit
The document provides information about various rural employment guarantee and poverty alleviation schemes run by the Government of India, including:
1) The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) which guarantees 100 days of employment per year to rural households.
2) The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) which provides additional wage employment and food security through the creation of rural infrastructure.
3) The Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) which aims to bring rural poor families above the poverty line through self-employment opportunities.
Indian agriculture has been practiced since ancient times and remains an important sector of the Indian economy, with around 55% of the population still dependent on it. Some key features include small landholdings, dependence on monsoon rains, a variety of food and cash crops grown, and low productivity. However, government initiatives like the Green Revolution have increased crop yields significantly. Agriculture continues to be the backbone of India due to its economic and employment contributions, though complete mechanization and other improvements are still needed.
This document provides an overview of agriculture in Pakistan. It discusses different types of farming including small-scale subsistence farming and cash crop farming. It also outlines factors that affect crop production and livestock farming. The document describes fish farms and provides examples of marine, inland, and farm fish. It discusses the role of agriculture in Pakistan's economy and patterns of agricultural modernization. Problems facing the agricultural sector are outlined as well as potential remedies.
The document discusses rural poverty in India. It defines poverty and outlines the poverty line used in India. It then lists several factors that contribute to poverty, including rapidly rising population, low agricultural productivity, underutilized resources, and unemployment. The document also suggests suitable measures to address poverty, such as providing employment opportunities, minimum needs programs, social security programs, developing small industries, and land reforms. It concludes by outlining some key poverty alleviation programs implemented in India.
Commercialization of agriculture in India began during British rule in the 1860s. The British implemented policies and activities that promoted commercialization, such as the Ryotwari Settlement which made agricultural land freely exchangeable. Certain crops with high market demand, such as cotton, jute, sugarcane and tea, began to be intensively cultivated for sale rather than local consumption. While commercialization increased agricultural productivity and benefited wealthy farmers and traders, it also led to income inequalities in rural societies and caused famines by substituting food crops for cash crops. Overall, commercialization had mixed impacts on India's agriculture and rural economy.
Land reforms were historically carried out in Pakistan in the 1950s-1960s when agriculture contributed over half of GDP, but were missed due to political economy issues. Comprehensive agrarian reforms are now needed and should include formulating a land use policy, improving rural infrastructure and governance, ensuring environmental sustainability, promoting investment, and gender mainstreaming.
This document discusses strategies for improving agriculture and rural development in India. It recommends (1) modernizing irrigation systems with farmer participation, improving cost recovery, and prioritizing completed high-return projects; (2) shifting the government role from direct intervention to creating an enabling environment for private sector growth in agribusiness and rural non-farm sectors; and (3) improving access to assets like land and finance, strengthening local institutions, and promoting community-based rural development and accountability in service delivery. It also discusses implementing pre-sowing farmer training, demonstrations, water harvesting, soil health programs, and information sources.
1) Agriculture accounts for a large portion of employment in India but contribution to GDP is declining, so increased productivity is needed.
2) Low productivity is caused by issues like individualistic behavior of farmers, lack of infrastructure and extension services, and traditional farming methods.
3) Solutions proposed include improving extension services, increasing private investment, adopting new technologies and farming methods, developing supply chain infrastructure, and providing better irrigation and credit access.
1. The document discusses agro-processing industries in India and their importance in the economy. It notes that agro-processing can help generate employment, improve rural incomes, and make India a major global player in processed foods and other agricultural products.
2. However, agro-processing in India remains underdeveloped, with only 3% of the workforce employed in the sector compared to 14% in developed countries. There are also regional disparities and constraints that have prevented balanced development.
3. The document examines issues that need to be addressed to promote growth of agro-processing industries, such as improving farmers' productivity and industry efficiency, increasing capacity utilization, developing organized markets and supply chains, and creating food
1) Agriculture faces problems due to limited land supply, making sustained food imports not viable for India's needs. Increased agricultural productivity is required to ensure food security for current and future populations.
2) While services have replaced agriculture as the largest GDP contributor, agriculture remains the largest employer in India. The development of high-yielding seeds and the fertilizer-irrigation package in the 1960s led to large increases in productivity.
3) There are still significant variations in productivity across states and regions in India, highlighting the need to address disparities. Increased production is also required to meet projected demand increases for items like oilseeds, fish, eggs, and fruits by 2020-2021.
The document outlines issues and recommendations for rejuvenating Indian agriculture. It recommends a mission-mode approach focusing on better technology and inputs, research and extension, supply chain management, market linkages, and optimal land use. Specific recommendations include promoting new seed varieties, strengthening pest management, improving crop nutrition through fertilizer policies, expanding micro-irrigation, and mechanization support. It also calls for strengthening agricultural research and extension, private sector investment in supply chains, market reforms, and legalizing long-term land leasing to boost productivity and farmer incomes. The proposals aim to ensure food security, rural employment and inclusive growth.
The document discusses the importance of structural transformation in agricultural development. It explains that structural transformation involves reallocating resources from low-productivity sectors to higher ones, promoting agricultural growth, increasing farmers' incomes, and upgrading the agricultural sector. It also outlines the factors that determine structural transformation and provides China's policy framework as an example, including land reforms, rural education programs, optimizing transaction systems, and improving rural markets and social security.
The document discusses ways to boost agricultural productivity in India such as promoting organic farming, increasing access to financing for small farmers, implementing irrigation projects, and establishing educational programs for students to learn about the importance of agriculture to the economy. It also outlines various policy reforms needed like improving agricultural marketing systems, developing rural infrastructure, preventing water pollution, and establishing a national rural bank. The overall goal is to make agriculture more productive and prosperous through various technological, economic, and institutional interventions.
The document discusses agrarian reform in the Philippines. It begins by defining agrarian reform and explaining that it aims to rectify the agricultural system and relations between land production and distribution. It then outlines the key Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law passed in 1988 that established the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program to implement land reform through industrialization and social justice. Current issues with implementing agrarian reform are also summarized such as weak government efforts, landowner resistance, and gaps in funding.
1) The document discusses issues in rural agricultural development in India such as small land holdings, lack of access to technology and markets, and youth migration to urban areas.
2) It proposes two models to address these issues: upscaling land holdings based on European/American models or the Chinese model of village-level agribusiness economic units.
3) The preferred Chinese model would consolidate land, shift the focus from livelihood to agribusiness, attract private investment, and appoint village leaders to increase economic returns through niche crops or enterprises.
The document contains summaries of statements made by FICCI (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry) on various economic issues in India during November 2017. Some key points from FICCI include: welcoming the GDP growth numbers and signs of recovery in the industrial sector; emphasizing the need to further consolidate reforms and support the manufacturing sector; and commenting positively on India's improved ease of doing business ranking and Moody's upgrade of India's credit rating. FICCI also provided comments on inflation data, the state of the economy, the textiles policy in Uttar Pradesh, electric vehicles, and the need for reforms in various sectors including education, private security, food services, and regulators to improve business conditions.
The document discusses strategies to boost agricultural productivity in India through public-private partnerships (PPPs). It outlines five themes to transform the agricultural sector's performance, including accelerating sustainable yield improvements, promoting farmer-industry interaction, scaling up food processing and exports, investing in infrastructure with private participation, and nurturing agri-business entrepreneurs. It proposes establishing Agricultural Training Institutes through PPPs to develop skilled workers. An organizational structure is suggested with representation from farmers, private partners, and local communities to effectively manage PPP initiatives at the village and nodal levels. The roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders including government, private sector, and farmers are defined to facilitate productive PPPs while mitigating risks.
1) The document discusses strategies to improve productivity and livelihoods in dry, rainfed farming areas through concerted actions like water harvesting, improving soil quality, adopting appropriate crops and farming systems, and improving post-harvest processing.
2) It recommends establishing advanced soil testing labs, demonstrations of best practices, farm schools, post-harvest infrastructure, and enhancing water availability through harvesting.
3) Financial allocations proposed include Rs. 500 crore for soil testing labs, Rs. 100 crore for demonstrations, Rs. 150 crore for farm schools, and Rs. 150 crore for post-harvest and processing. The goal is to achieve a "Rainbow Revolution" with increased productivity of crops like millets
Agriculture plays a important role in the global economy. Agriculture provides food supply to the entire world through providing regular supply of food to huge populated developing countries
The presentation provides the potential opportunities about the Agriculture for Sustainable Economic Development process
The document discusses the scope and challenges of agriculture in India. It proposes several solutions to address issues like low crop yields, lack of irrigation and financing, and effects of climate. These solutions include mixed farming, improving distribution systems, providing guidance and regulations, and modernizing techniques. The solutions would be implemented through government programs, loans, training initiatives, and funding opportunities. The impacts could include increased and more sustainable agricultural production and economic growth through improved crop yields and rural development. Challenges remain in scaling these solutions across India's large agricultural sector.
This document outlines the OECD's Rural Policy 3.0 framework for supporting rural economic development. It discusses major trends impacting rural areas like population aging, urbanization, and climate change. It argues that rural areas contribute significantly to national prosperity through industries like agriculture, mining, and tourism. While some rural regions are thriving, others face challenges from population loss and lack of opportunities. The framework aims to help governments leverage rural strengths and position these areas for future prosperity by boosting productivity, participation in global markets, and adapting to megatrends.
The document proposes establishing an Agricultural Sector Coordination Unit (ASCU) to boost agricultural productivity and incomes in India. The ASCU would coordinate policies, programs and projects across the agricultural sector. It would support research institutions, empower stakeholders through training and information, and help develop agribusinesses. The model aims to transform subsistence farming into commercial agriculture and benefit farmers and agricultural workers. It could cost billions initially but be self-sustaining through increased yields and incomes. Challenges include transforming small farms and balancing large and small agricultural interests, which the ASCU coordination could help address.
This document discusses trends in Indian agriculture and agribusiness. It notes that agriculture contributes 14.2% to India's GDP but employs 52% of the population. It outlines some key emerging trends, including the shift from subsistence farming to cash cropping and marketing driven by demand. This has led to the evolution of agriculture into agribusiness, with farming, processing, and value addition. It also discusses the rise of contract farming between corporations and farmers and the role of information technology in enabling smarter decision making by farmers.
This document is a 5 volume issue from V-thought, a knowledge initiative by Vertebrand, focusing on the business of agriculture. This particular volume discusses emerging trends in Indian agribusiness, including the shift from subsistence farming to cash cropping and market-driven production. It also covers the growth of contract farming between corporations and farmers, the role of information technology in creating "smart farmers," the rise of organic farming, and the need to add value to agricultural commodities through branding. The volume includes articles on agribusiness branding, successful case studies from around the world, challenges in the industry, and an interview with an industry expert.
The document discusses India's 12th Five Year Plan and its focus on inclusive growth. Some key points:
1) The 12th Five Year Plan aims to accelerate economic growth to 9% through private sector investment while also focusing on inclusive growth and reducing regional disparities.
2) It identifies four critical challenges: managing energy, water, urban transformation, and ensuring environmental protection alongside growth.
3) Inclusiveness will require a focus on scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and minorities, as well as improving access to education, health, water and sanitation for all.
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-1: Definition, Process,& ChallengesShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 1 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation. This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps. It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy, six stages of public policy formulation, & challenges faced
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-2:Features of Good Public PolicyShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 2 of the 4-part Course on Public Policy Formulation. This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps. It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of a good public policy
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-3: Public Policy Formulation in PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 3 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation.
This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps.
It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
This is an informational presentation about the intensive course
Finance For Non-finance Managers
Consisting of ten modules, this course is conducted by Shahid Hussain Raja whose antecedents are given in subsequent slide
It has now been put online in the form of ten video presentations, freely available on Youtube at
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK3jcY9a31eymq3pMqCPfxQ
Kindly before viewing these videos, do subscribe to this channel
This document provides an overview of terrorism, including its definition, historical background, causes and conditions that facilitate its start and survival, as well as strategies to curb it. It discusses terrorism in terms of initiating "pull factors" and "push factors" that motivate individuals to engage in terrorism. It also analyzes sustaining conditions like marginalization, identity politics and lack of political empowerment. The document recommends a multidimensional and coordinated long-term approach, including addressing socioeconomic grievances, improving criminal justice systems, and increasing regional/global cooperation to counter terrorism.
The breakup of the Soviet Union, the largest country in size, in 1991 was one of the top five news of the 20th century
Caused by multiple reasons, it resulted in multi-dimensional consequences, short term as well as long term
Some of the consequences we are still witnessing even in the 21st century, some may be witnessed by the coming generations
This presentation is an attempt to analyse the causes of this momentous event and assess its far-reaching consequences
Islamophobia is the irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of Islam, Muslims, and Islamic culture at individual, societal or state level
It also connotes active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them with due process of law or without it
It manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviours, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions.
This presentation attempts to clarify the concept, analyse its underlying causes, and suggests a plan of action to counter it
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
Multiple constants & variables determine the foreign policy of a country; This presentation attempts to explain those determinants
Its word version is available on my website mentioned above. You will find many other articles and presentations there
This document provides an overview of the modern nation-state system. It discusses the origins of nation-states in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It then outlines the essential elements of nation-states as territorial integrity, sovereignty, nationalism, and equality. The document notes that nation-states are now facing challenges from trends like globalization, decentralization, sub-nationalism, and regional groupings. In conclusion, it discusses potential long-term replacements for the nation-state system like continent-sized governance units under a world government framework.
International relations as a practice of interaction among states, and among state and non-state actors are thousands of years old
However, International Relations (IR) as an academic discipline studying these relations emerged as a specialized field after WW1.
Like every other academic discipline, International Relations (IR) has developed its own distinctive subject matter since its emergence
This presentation explains the scope and the subject matter of IR with the help of its five pillars- Aim, Actors, Agenda, Arena, and Actions
After carrying out an in-depth SWOT Analysis of Pakistan's Horticultural Sector, this presentation identifies the challenges this sector is facing and proposes a set of recommendations to respond to these challenges
After carrying out an in-depth SWOT Analysis, this presentation identifies the challenges Pakistan's Livestock Sector is facing and then makes recommendations to respond to these challenges.
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector 1 (crops sector) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the historical evolution of Pakistan's agricultural sector and carries out its SWOT Analysis by describing its major strengths and weaknesses as well as the threats it faces and the opportunities available for its growth. Then lists the challenges Pakistan's agricultural sector is facing and comes up with a detailed plan of action to face those challenges.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens-security of life & property, the standard of living, political empowerment
For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies. Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
This presentation is an attempt to explain how the foreign policy of Pakistan is shaped, history, successes & failures, as well as challenges
Before going further, you are advised to read Part 1 of this series for acquainting yourself with theoretical aspects of foreign policy
Welcome to Module 2 of One day intensive course on Finance for Non finance Managers/Professionals
This course consists of five modules, each dealing with different aspects of financial management.
One of the core elements of financial management is the three financial statements
Module 2 relates to discussion of the Blance Sheet-what is a Balance Sheet and how to read, interpret and use it
Finance for non finance managers module 1 financial accounting basicsShahid Hussain Raja
Welcome to this one day intensive course on finance for non finance managers/professionals
Besides learning essential concepts, we will discuss the difference among financial accounting, management accounting and financial management
In Module 1, we will discuss the basics of financial accouning such as financial transactions, jargon used, conventions etc
Also the various ways of presenting these accounts-basic information about the three financial statements
Book review 10 Essential Skills for Public Servants a Handbook by shahid huss...Shahid Hussain Raja
This document summarizes and promotes the book "10 Essential Skills for Public Servants" by Shahid Hussain Raja. The book is intended to help civil servants improve their skills based on the author's 35 years of experience. It identifies 10 essential skills like leadership, ethics, and emotional intelligence. Each skill is explained in detail along with its importance and how to apply it. The book is aimed at civil servants but would also benefit those in other management roles or interested in self-improvement. It is available as an e-book on Amazon and the author can provide the PDF version for a small fee.
Terrorism is an historical as well as a universal phenomenon; has been practiced by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing.Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of those who carry out these acts are always subject to the context, time and place.Unfortunately, there is no consensus on its accurate definition. More than one hundred definitions in the field; one country’s terrorists are other country’s freedom fighters. Rather than seeking the causes of terrorism itself, a better approach is to determine the conditions that make terror possible or likely.Stopping violence is rarely simple or easy. Only time and commitment by a majority of the parties involved can resolve a conflict. Keeping in view the multidimensional nature of terrorism, we must adopt a long term holistic and comprehensive approach for its eradication.
This presentation is an attempt to encompass the various issues related to this complex phemenon and presents a plan of action to control this menace
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
Still I Rise by Maya Angelou
-Table of Contents
● Questions to be Addressed
● Introduction
● About the Author
● Analysis
● Key Literary Devices Used in the Poem
1. Simile
2. Metaphor
3. Repetition
4. Rhetorical Question
5. Structure and Form
6. Imagery
7. Symbolism
● Conclusion
● References
-Questions to be Addressed
1. How does the meaning of the poem evolve as we progress through each stanza?
2. How do similes and metaphors enhance the imagery in "Still I Rise"?
3. What effect does the repetition of certain phrases have on the overall tone of the poem?
4. How does Maya Angelou use symbolism to convey her message of resilience and empowerment?
Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
How to Store Data on the Odoo 17 WebsiteCeline George
Here we are going to discuss how to store data in Odoo 17 Website.
It includes defining a model with few fields in it. Add demo data into the model using data directory. Also using a controller, pass the values into the template while rendering it and display the values in the website.
Delegation Inheritance in Odoo 17 and Its Use CasesCeline George
There are 3 types of inheritance in odoo Classical, Extension, and Delegation. Delegation inheritance is used to sink other models to our custom model. And there is no change in the views. This slide will discuss delegation inheritance and its use cases in odoo 17.
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
2. Introduction
Conceptual Clarification
Need for Agrarian Reforms
Components of Agrarian Reforms
How to bring about Agrarian Reforms
Conclusion
3. Land reforms and agrarian reforms are two interrelated
but distinct concepts
Using them interchangeably can create confusion at
conceptual as well as at practical levels
World bank has introduced another element-land transfer
reforms in this concept. This has further confounded the
issue
This presentation is an attempt to clarify these three terms
and explain how agrarian reforms can transform the rural
landscape of a developing country
Its long article version is available at my website
www.shahidhussainraja.com
4. Eminent scholars and heads of advocacy groups are
very vocal about the need for carrying out land
reforms in the developing countries.
They stress it to obtain efficiency and equity gains
and make agriculture a dynamic sector of the
economy.
Unfortunately the advocates of land reforms confuse
these reforms with a related but distinct issue of
agrarian reforms.
Land reforms are essentially carried out to distribute
lands, state as well as those confiscated from large
estate holders, to the landless farmers along with
some changes in the tenurial relations
5. Agrarian reforms, on the other hand, are meant to transform
entire socio-economic landscape of the rural areas of a country
by introducing fundamental structural and institutional changes
in the political economy of a county’s agriculture sector.
Land Transfer Reforms, favourite of the World Bank for obvious
reasons, are different ball game. These are carried out to
streamline the process of buying and selling of land in
developing countries
Land Transfer Reforms are needed in those countries where
there is deficiency in legal framework to buy or sell land. WB
want to ensure that big MNCs do not face difficulties in acquiring
land for their corporate farming
While the agrarian reforms are the need of the day, land reforms
is an idea whose time has gone forever in the face of several
socioeconomic realities and sheer technological imperatives
6. None can deny the need for increasing the productivity of the
agriculture sector and improving the quality of life of the farmers.
But these can be done by agrarian reforms and not by just
redistributing lands to the landless
Providing better legal and regulatory framework for sale and
purchase of land, empowering the marginalized sections of rural
society, gender mainstreaming, improving rural Infrastructure,
altering the production relations, rationalizing the role of the
middlemen etc are desperately needed.
Frankly all these are the issues of improving the governance in the
rural areas and are not related to the land reforms as such.
However, it is equating the all encompassing concept of agrarian
reforms with a narrower concept of land reforms by some people
which creates confusion at the conceptual and practical levels.
7. Historically land reforms have been carried out at the initial stages of the
development process when agriculture is contributing more than half of the
GDP of a country as it used to do in Pakistan uptill 1960s.
Now it contributes around 20 percent of the GDP and is not a dominant
source of wealth notwithstanding its overall economic importance.
India did carry out, albeit at a limited scale, land reforms in its part of
Punjab primarily to accommodate the Sikh migrants from Pakistan in the
wake of partition.
Time to do so in Pakistan was in the 1950s and 1960s when it started its
planned development and land reforms could have been made a part of the
overall planning process to carry out the needed socioeconomic
restructuring of Pakistan.
However we missed the bus due to nature of political economy of the
country. The technological imperatives now demand quite the opposite.
8. Pakistan needs to push its technological frontier in the
agriculture sector for enhancing the productivity of its
agriculture sector not only to ensure food security on the
one hand and increasing the pace of its industrial sector.
Both need an efficient, productive and profitable
agriculture sector whose growth is sustainable and
outputs are competitive.
This is possible only and only if we increase the pace of
farm mechanisation and technological innovation in all the
agricultural operations. In order to introduce technology at
commercial scale the size of the farms is the basic
condition.
If we redistribute lands and each farmer gets a parcel of
land on which a tractor is not even economical, how we
can increase our productivity?
9. Land reforms for the sake of land reforms or social justice are
not a practical public policy option.
we cannot redistribute private lands, confiscated or purchased,
to landless farmers on moral grounds or as a sound economic
policy.
On what grounds you can confiscate the personal property of
someone? If accepted on the grounds of social justice, then it
should also apply to all sectors of the society without
discrimination.
Dare you touch the property tycoons, the industrial magnates,
the commercial Mafiosi?
Purchasing land from the big landlords as suggested by some
learned authors at market price and then redistributing it to the
landless farmers is a nonstarter, not possible to carry out by a
financially bankrupt state
10. Formulation of comprehensive Land Use Policy
Improving Agricultural Terms of Trade
Improving Rural Infrastructure
Improving Rural Governance
Environmental Sustainability
Creating Linkages and promoting Investment
Gender Mainstreaming
Production Relations-triple Cs
11. Developing a national land use policy for rational use of land
resources is the need of the day as valuable arable land is being
converted at alarming rates by the property developers and
industrial concerns for commercial non farm uses
Infrastructural development, though necessary is also rendering
fertile land to brick and mortar
Add to it the declining fertility of our agricultural lands due to
non sustainable agricultural practices
Plus the degradation of our lands due to water logging and
salinity going on for decades, a negative side effect of our
irrigation practices
All these issues needed to be addressed by formulating a long
term comprehensive land use policy by the government
12. Agricultural transformation demands restructuring, not
merely fine tuning, the political economy of the rural areas
which are an integral subset of the overall economic
structure of Pakistan.
One of the ways to do so is to improve the terms of trade
between agriculture and the other sectors of the economy so
that the squeezing of the peasants can be reversed.
For this purpose we have to rationalize the prices of the
inputs farmers use as well as those of commodities they
produce, ensuring that the farmers get fair returns for their
efforts.
Improving the marketing infrastructure, provision of subsidy
on inputs and selective procurement when the prices of
agricultural commodities crash as well as the introduction of
crop insurance scheme are other ways of improving the
terms of trade
13. Urban areas do need good public goods and services but
so do the rural areas.Visit any village in a developing
country and see the deplorable conditions of roads,
schools, hospitals and other rural infrastructure
No doubt the government has invested a lot in farm to
markets roads, construction of health facilities, schools
and also rural electrification
However there are complaints of substandard
workmanship and their fast wear and tear due to paucity
of maintenance funds
Similarly there are complaints of shortage of staff to man
these health and educational schools. 'Ghost Schools’ was
a term not invented in the air; it has a solid evidence
14. ◦ There is an urgent need to take adaptive and
mitigating measures to ensure sustainability of the
agriculture sector in the face of looming threat of
climate change
◦ Promoting environment friendly good agricultural
practices through creating awareness and
promulgating legal/regulatory framework with
adequate incentives and rewards are also needed
◦ Similarly adjusting the cropping pattern and fine-
tuning the planting and harvesting schedules,
practicing crop rotation and diversifying crop mix,
developing more varieties responsive to climate
change, and adapting irrigation practices and
fertilization regimes.
15. It is not an easy task to dismantle centuries old rural
governance structure and replace it with modern, formal
contract based rural public management in a short period
but can be done in long term
Start with education, literacy and skill formation which will
shake the foundations of this feudalistic structure
Establish alternate dispute resolution mechanism to
replace the informal system heavily dependent on big
landlords, supported by the police and the patwari
Local bodies elections be held as per fixed schedule which
will bring in the leadership interested in improving rural
infrastructure, the best guarantee of their fast journey to
urban culture
16. ◦ Sustained growth of the rural economy lies in the
development of efficient and effective agri-based supply
chains that link the agriculture sector with their
corresponding upstream and downstream links in the
rural nonfarm(RNF) to the national and international
markets
◦ RNF provides 40-60% of incomes/jobs in rural areas,
much of its activity occurs in the trading, services and
processing sector having strong forward and backward
linkages with agriculture.
◦ Informal and low capital using entities catering mostly to
domestic markets, RNF presents opportunities for
providing value addition to primary production at the
farm level
17. RNF is hampered by the numerous middle level low capital
using players who add little or no value to products and
services
For creating linkages between non-farm rural enterprises
with agri-based supply chains, we have to establish
modern agricultural produce wholesale markets in public-
private partnership with cold storages, pack houses,
customs facilities etc.
At the same time government should Introduce warehouse
receipt system for easy realization of sale proceeds to
farmers and encourage processing and value addition of
agricultural produce to fetch better value, and to reduce
post-harvest losses
18. We need to enhance the productivity of the agriculture at micro
and macro level by increasing efficiency in all agricultural
operations through public as well as private sector investment in
R&D, extension services, rural infrastructure, marketing, value
addition etc.
We need to make agricultural produce competitive in the rapidly
globalizing world by reducing cost of production, improving its
quality and meeting global food safety standards. raising the
awareness of the opinion leaders and decision makers to enforce
strict food safety standards.
Motivating domestic and foreign investors to invest in seed
production, fruit and vegetable processing, agri-infrastructure
development and encouraging development of commercially
viable non-farm rural agriculture enterprises
19. Rural women are under three pressures-nature, society and
family, all treat them unfairly in terms of status, ownership of
resources , job opportunities and empowerment
Improving healthcare and family planning facilities to relieve
them of excessive child bearing burden should be the top
priority
Launching of special rural female literacy and education
campaign by offering attractive monetary rewards would help in
their empowerment and reduce domestic violence
Ensuring women’s access to resources and assets, including
ownership of land by creating awareness about their rights and
strict enforcement of legal framework priority
Providing equitable opportunities to women by developing
marketing oriented skills and remunerative employment in the
rural areas;
20. Although it is not possible to replace the centuries old production
relations of land cultivation in the rural areas of Pakistan in the
short term, efforts can be made to introduce the three modern
forms of farming
Contract farming-encouraging agri-based processors to supply
inputs & technology packages to farmers on deferred payment
with buy-back of produce at guaranteed prices
Cooperative farming-piloting variations of successful coop-
models (with refinements to traditional coops)
Corporate farming-promoting lease of commercially viable tracts
of land to corporate level entrepreneurs who are willing to
practice high-tech export oriented agriculture and share profits
with the owners
However all the above three need comprehensive legislation about
contract making/dispute resolution as well as their strict
implementation through a specially created institutional
infrastructure
21. All over the world industrial revolutions have occurred after the
agricultural revolutions and not vice versa
Treat agriculture as a pivot for bringing this agricultural
revolution by carrying out fundamental structural and
institutional changes in the political economy of agricultural
sector
Promote farm mechanization to reap efficiency gains, encourage
commercial farming through appropriate legal/regulatory
framework, modernize its marketing channels and invest in R&D,
extension and rural infrastructure.
However it needs to be emphasized that the gains from this
enhanced productivity be made available to all stakeholders
without distinction by providing them good governance and
ensuring fair returns to the farmers
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