Welcome to Module 2 of One day intensive course on Finance for Non finance Managers/Professionals
This course consists of five modules, each dealing with different aspects of financial management.
One of the core elements of financial management is the three financial statements
Module 2 relates to discussion of the Blance Sheet-what is a Balance Sheet and how to read, interpret and use it
The document discusses the question of what to do with wealth. It suggests that the only real question around wealth is how it is used. The summary conveys the core idea in the document in a concise manner in 3 sentences.
For full text article go to : https://www.educorporatebridge.com/finance-for-non-finance/finance-for-non-finance-professionals/
This article on Finance for Non Finance Professionals will help you to gain basic finance knowledge, accounting concepts and better understanding of financial statement required for growth of your organization.
Accounting for non accounting professionalsMunir Ahmad
This document provides an overview of basic accounting concepts for non-accounting professionals. It defines accounting as the process of recording, analyzing, and communicating financial transactions. It then outlines key accounting concepts like the basic accounting equation of assets equaling liabilities plus equity, the different accounting cycles like purchase, sales, and payroll, and basic financial statements including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. It concludes with explaining tools for analysis like ratio analysis and an introduction to cost accounting, financial planning, and taxation.
Non finance professionals ppt @ bec doms bagalkotBabasab Patil
The document outlines an agenda for a webinar on finance for non-finance professionals. It aims to help participants gain a basic understanding of finance principles, evaluate finance-related decisions, and participate knowledgeably in discussions. Key topics to be covered include the purpose of businesses, interpreting financial statements, ratio analysis, and basic finance concepts like ROI, IRR, and time value of money. The webinar also aims to explain how participants can apply their new financial knowledge.
This document provides an overview of financial analysis and key concepts used in financial statements. It discusses the primary uses of financial analysis to assess business performance, forecast financial requirements, and evaluate capital investment decisions. The key components of financial statements are described including the income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. Common financial metrics and ratios are outlined for evaluating operational performance, resource management, and profitability from the perspective of management, owners, lenders. Methods for evaluating capital investments such as return on investment, payback period, and discounted cash flow analysis are also summarized.
Finance for non finance hospital managersManivannan S
This document discusses key financial concepts for non-finance managers in the healthcare industry. It notes that there is a growing gap between large "Haves" hospitals that can access capital and smaller "Have Nots" hospitals that struggle to access critical funds. It outlines the different financial models for government, non-profit, and for-profit hospitals. The document also summarizes the key components of financial statements like the balance sheet and income statement as well as important financial ratios used in hospital analysis and investment decisions.
The document provides an overview of key finance concepts for non-finance professionals, including:
1) The purpose of financial statements is to measure a company's performance and determine how wealth is distributed to stakeholders. Key statements are the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement.
2) The balance sheet shows sources of funds (liabilities) and uses of funds (assets) on a given date. The income statement shows revenues, expenses, and profits over a period of time. The cash flow statement links accrual accounting to cash flows.
3) Understanding financial statements allows non-finance staff to evaluate decisions, track company performance, and interact knowledgeably with finance teams.
This document provides an overview of accounting basics and principles. It defines accounting as the process of identifying, recording, and communicating financial information. The objectives of accounting are to provide useful information to decision makers through relevance, reliability, and other qualitative characteristics. The document outlines key accounting principles like the business entity, accrual basis, and matching principles. It also describes the main financial statements - the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of owners' equity - and their purpose in communicating financial information to both internal and external users of accounting data.
Finance for non finance for employee, business man and corporatete Bibek Prajapati
This document provides an overview of key concepts in accounting and finance. It begins with definitions of financial planning and outlining the typical steps in the financial planning process. It then discusses the three principles of corporate finance, differences between management and financial accounting, the accounting cycle process, and users of accounting information. The document also defines common accounting terms and concepts such as transactions, assets, liabilities, income, expenses, and financial statements. It provides classifications of accounts and expenditures. In summary, the document covers fundamental accounting and finance concepts.
The document summarizes a presentation on financial statement analysis for non-finance managers. It covers the objectives of the presentation which are to expose the basic principles of accounting, educate on the relevance of financial statements, provide understanding of financial statement elements and indicators, and interpret financial statements. It then discusses accounting concepts and principles like the economic entity, monetary unit, and historical cost assumptions. Specific accounting principles around matching revenues and expenses, revenue recognition, and the going concern assumption are also outlined. Finally, key accounting conventions regarding consistency, prudency, materiality and objectivity are defined.
The document discusses accounting concepts like debits, credits, assets, liabilities, capital, and provides examples of journal entries, ledger accounts, and a trial balance. It also explains the purpose and components of key financial statements like the trading account, profit and loss account, and balance sheet.
This document provides an introduction to accounting basics. It defines accounting as the language of business that delivers financial information to various users. Accounting involves recording and interpreting business transactions expressed in monetary terms. The main purposes of accounting are to provide information about a business entity's results of operations, financial position, cash flows, and other useful information to both internal and external users for decision making. The key elements in accounting are assets, liabilities, capital/equity, income, and expenses, which are related through the accounting equation. Financial statements including the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and notes to financial statements present the financial information in an organized manner and are interrelated.
Basics of Financial Management for Non Finance Executives - Part 1SChakrabarti
This is an introductory Session of Financial Management for Non Finance executives. it covers the basic Financial concepts and provides an overview of Financial Statements, different types of transactions and the similarities and differences between assets & expenses.
The document discusses key accounting principles including the four main financial statements, the basic accounting equation, and different types of accounts. It also covers topics like accrual versus cash accounting, depreciation, financial analysis methods, and financial ratios used to evaluate business performance and health. The document is intended to provide an overview of basic accounting concepts.
Ratio analysis measures relationships between financial variables to show how a firm's situation compares to its past, other firms, and the industry. Ratios are used to identify performance, standardize information, provide early warnings, and enable trend spotting. Key types of ratios include liquidity, activity, debt, and profitability. Liquidity ratios measure a firm's ability to pay obligations and include current, quick, and cash ratios. Activity ratios evaluate efficiency through measures like inventory turnover, accounts receivable period, and asset turnover.
The document provides an overview of financial statements, including balance sheets, cash flow statements, and notes. It explains that a balance sheet summarizes a company's financial position at a point in time by listing assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity. It also describes the major components of each type of financial statement and provides sample notes to the financial statements that give additional context and details. The cash flow statement tracks cash inflows and outflows from operating, investing, and financing activities over a period of time. Understanding these statements is important for assessing a company's financial strength and cash flows.
Cambridge O level
Accounting
7707
Introduction to Accounting
Business Entity Concept
Business point of view
Accounting Equation
Assets
Capital/ Equity
Liabilities
Double Entry System
Dual Effect Concept
This chapter discusses financial planning and forecasting. It covers developing long-term and short-term financial plans, including preparing pro forma income statements, balance sheets, and cash budgets. The cash budget forecasts cash inflows and outflows to determine short-term cash needs. Pro forma statements are used to evaluate future financial performance and determine external financing requirements. Different approaches for preparing these statements are described, along with addressing uncertainties in forecasts.
1) Intangible assets are non-physical assets that provide long-term benefits to a company such as patents, copyrights, and goodwill.
2) The costs of intangible assets are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of their legal or economic useful life. Amortization expense is recorded systematically over time.
3) Examples of intangible assets include patents, copyrights, trademarks, goodwill, franchises, and research and development costs. The accounting treatment depends on whether the asset was internally generated or purchased.
The document discusses financial statement analysis. It covers the three main financial statements: the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement.
The balance sheet provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a point in time, showing assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity. The income statement indicates profits/losses over a period of time by comparing revenues and expenses. The cash flow statement provides insight into a company's sources and uses of cash.
The document also discusses ratio analysis, which is used to analyze a company's performance and financial position by calculating and comparing various financial ratios over time and against industry benchmarks. Common ratios cover areas like debt management, asset utilization, liquidity, profitability, and market
The document provides an overview of key concepts in financial management including the importance of financial management, duties of the finance department, annual accounts, trading and profit and loss accounts, balance sheets, ratios, budgets, cash flow statements, sources of finance, and users of financial information. It defines important terms and explains how these concepts are used to analyze a business's financial performance and position.
The document discusses several key aspects of financial management for businesses including:
1) The importance of ensuring adequate funds, controlling costs, and maintaining adequate cash flow and profitability levels.
2) The roles and duties of the finance department in maintaining financial records, paying bills/expenses, collecting accounts, and monitoring funds.
3) The four main financial statements - trading account, profit and loss account, balance sheet, and cash flow statement - used to analyze a business's financial performance and position.
The document discusses the needs and purposes of key financial statements including the income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. It explains the components and calculations of these statements. It also describes common financial ratios used in analysis of statements, such as liquidity, profitability, asset management, and leverage ratios. These ratios are used to evaluate a firm's performance and financial position over time and in comparison to other companies.
1. The financial statements document includes an income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. The income statement shows profitability over a period of time, the balance sheet outlines assets, liabilities, and equity at a point in time, and the statement of cash flows shows cash inflows and outflows.
2. The income statement displays revenue, expenses, and profit. The balance sheet lists current assets, fixed assets, liabilities, and equity. Current assets include cash, receivables, and inventory. Liabilities include current and long-term debt. Equity encompasses preferred stock and common stock.
3. Financial statements provide information about a company's performance and financial position to both internal and external
1. The financial statements document includes an income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. The income statement shows profitability over a period of time, the balance sheet outlines assets, liabilities, and equity at a point in time, and the statement of cash flows shows cash inflows and outflows.
2. The income statement displays revenue, expenses, and profit. The balance sheet lists current assets, fixed assets, liabilities, and equity. Current assets include cash, receivables, and inventory. Liabilities include current and long-term debt. Equity encompasses preferred stock and common stock.
3. Financial statements provide information about a company's performance and financial position to both internal and external
The Balance SheetA balance sheet is the financial statement that.docxmattinsonjanel
The Balance Sheet
A balance sheet is the financial statement that reports a firm’s financial condition at a specific time. As highlighted in the sample balance sheet in Figure 17.5 (for our hypothetical vegetarian restaurant Very Vegetarian introduced in Chapter 13), assets are listed in a separate column from liabilities and owners’ (or stockholders’) equity. The assets are equal to, or balanced with, the liabilities and owners’ (or stockholders’) equity. The balance sheet is that simple.
figure 17.5: SAMPLE VERY VEGETARIAN BALANCE SHEET
Current assets: Items that can be converted to cash within one year.
Fixed assets: Items such as land, buildings, and equipment that are relatively permanent.
Intangible assets: Items of value such as patents and copyrights that don’t have a physical form.
Current liabilities: Payments that are due in one year or less.
Long-term liabilities: Payments not due for one year or longer.
Owner’s equity: The value of what stockholders own in a firm (also called stockholder’s equity).
balance sheet
Financial statement that reports a firm’s financial condition at a specific time and is composed of three major accounts: assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity.
Let’s say you want to know what your financial condition is at a given time. Maybe you want to buy a house or car and therefore need to calculate your available resources. One of the best measuring sticks is your balance sheet. First, add up everything you own—cash, property, and money owed you. These are your assets. Subtract from that the money you owe others—credit card debt, IOUs, car loan, and student loan. These are your liabilities. The resulting figure is your net worth, or equity. This is fundamentally what companies do in preparing a balance sheet: they follow the procedures set in the fundamental accounting equation. In that preparation, it’s important to follow generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
Since it’s critical that you understand the financial information on the balance sheet, let’s take a closer look at what is in a business’s asset account and what is in its liabilities and owners’ equity accounts.
Classifying Assets
Assets are economic resources (things of value) owned by a firm. Assets include productive, tangible items such as equipment, buildings, land, furniture, and motor vehicles that help generate income, as well as intangible items with value like patents, trademarks, copyrights, and goodwill. Goodwill represents the value attached to factors such as a firm’s reputation, location, and superior products. Goodwill is included on a balance sheet when one firm acquires another and pays more for it than the value of its tangible assets. Intangible assets like brand names can be among the firm’s most valuable resources. Think of the value of brand names such as Starbucks, Coca-Cola, McDonald’s, and Apple. Not all companies, however, list intangible assets on their balance sheets.
assets
Economic resources (things of val ...
A financial feasibility study assesses the financial viability of a business idea or project. It examines startup capital requirements and sources, operating expenses and revenues, and potential returns for investors. The study uses financial statements like the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows to evaluate the company's profitability, liquidity, solvency, and stability. Key financial metrics like ratios and cash flow methods are also analyzed to determine if the business or project is financially sound and worthwhile for investment.
A financial feasibility study assesses the financial viability of a business idea or project. It examines startup capital requirements and sources, operating expenses and revenues, and potential returns for investors. The study uses financial statements like the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows to evaluate the company's profitability, liquidity, solvency, and stability. Key financial metrics like ratios and cash flow methods are also analyzed to determine if the business or project is financially sound and worthwhile for investment.
This document provides an overview of financial statement analysis and cash flow analysis. It defines key financial statements including the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows. It explains the purpose of financial statement analysis for both internal and external users. The document then describes various items and terms for each financial statement like assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, and expenses. It also introduces several important financial ratios to measure a company's liquidity, asset management, profitability, leverage, and market value. Formulas are provided for calculating common ratios.
The document discusses various aspects of business finance including sources of funds, uses of funds, balance sheets, profit and loss statements, and corporate actions. It describes the different types of equity, debt, and reserves that make up a company's capital structure. Key points covered include matching long-term investments with long-term funds, calculating ratios like P/E and evaluating costs, profits, and risks.
The document discusses various aspects of business finance including sources of funds, uses of funds, balance sheets, profit and loss statements, and corporate actions. It describes the different types of equity, debt, and reserves that make up a company's capital structure. Key points covered include matching long-term investments with long-term funds, calculating ratios like P/E and evaluating costs, profits, and risks.
- An account records transactions relating to a particular item and their effect in terms of debits and credits. Debits increase accounts and credits decrease accounts.
- There are three types of accounts: personal, real, and nominal. Personal accounts relate to individuals, real accounts relate to assets and liabilities, and nominal accounts relate to income and expenses.
- Management accounting provides information to managers for planning, control, and decision making purposes, whereas financial accounting provides information to external parties. Management accounting focuses on the future and internal reporting.
Accounting basics for non-financial individuals provides an overview of key accounting concepts. It explains that accounting is the practice of recording financial activity and measuring sources and uses of resources. Accounts are "buckets" used to classify transactions, with common accounts including assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, and expenses. Key financial reports like the balance sheet and income statement are also summarized as showing the current financial condition and financial activity over a period.
Financial Statement Analysis PresentationLean Teams
This document outlines an agenda for a seminar on understanding, analyzing, and using financial statements. The schedule includes breaks throughout a full day session from 9:00am to 4:00pm. The presenter will cover key concepts like the four main financial statements, accounting principles and assumptions, and how to interpret items like assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses. Financial accounting will be distinguished from managerial accounting. Details like revenue recognition, depreciation, and the matching principle will be explained.
Provides information on balance sheets. Topics include what a balance sheet looks like, attributes of a balance sheet, major components of a balance sheet, and key characteristics in the evaluation of inventory.
Ratio analysis is an important tool for financial analysis that involves calculating and analyzing relationships between key financial data points from statements. It helps assess a company's liquidity, profitability, solvency, financial stability, and risk. When using ratios, it is important to compare the same company over multiple years, against industry benchmarks, and be aware of factors like accounting differences that could distort comparisons. Key ratios include current ratio, acid test ratio, debt-equity ratio, proprietary ratio, and gross profit ratio.
The document provides an overview of the educational components and opportunities for members of the UCREC (University of Chicago Real Estate Club) during the winter quarter of 2010. It includes details on finance basics sessions, REIT presentations, company presentations, mentoring programs, networking events, and scholarship opportunities. Accomplishments from the previous fall quarter are also summarized, including company presentations and panel discussions.
The document provides an overview of the educational components and opportunities for members of the UCREC (University of Chicago Real Estate Council) for Winter 2010. It includes information on finance basics, REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts), company presentations, mentoring opportunities, and accomplishments from Fall 2009. Some key events mentioned are a presentation from Bank of America on February 1st and the hosting of a real estate case competition in 2011.
Similar to Finance for Non-finance Managers Module 2 Balance Sheet (20)
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-1: Definition, Process,& ChallengesShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 1 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation. This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps. It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy, six stages of public policy formulation, & challenges faced
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-2:Features of Good Public PolicyShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 2 of the 4-part Course on Public Policy Formulation. This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps. It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of a good public policy
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-3: Public Policy Formulation in PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 3 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation.
This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps.
It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
This is an informational presentation about the intensive course
Finance For Non-finance Managers
Consisting of ten modules, this course is conducted by Shahid Hussain Raja whose antecedents are given in subsequent slide
It has now been put online in the form of ten video presentations, freely available on Youtube at
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK3jcY9a31eymq3pMqCPfxQ
Kindly before viewing these videos, do subscribe to this channel
This document provides an overview of terrorism, including its definition, historical background, causes and conditions that facilitate its start and survival, as well as strategies to curb it. It discusses terrorism in terms of initiating "pull factors" and "push factors" that motivate individuals to engage in terrorism. It also analyzes sustaining conditions like marginalization, identity politics and lack of political empowerment. The document recommends a multidimensional and coordinated long-term approach, including addressing socioeconomic grievances, improving criminal justice systems, and increasing regional/global cooperation to counter terrorism.
The breakup of the Soviet Union, the largest country in size, in 1991 was one of the top five news of the 20th century
Caused by multiple reasons, it resulted in multi-dimensional consequences, short term as well as long term
Some of the consequences we are still witnessing even in the 21st century, some may be witnessed by the coming generations
This presentation is an attempt to analyse the causes of this momentous event and assess its far-reaching consequences
Islamophobia is the irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of Islam, Muslims, and Islamic culture at individual, societal or state level
It also connotes active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them with due process of law or without it
It manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviours, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions.
This presentation attempts to clarify the concept, analyse its underlying causes, and suggests a plan of action to counter it
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
Multiple constants & variables determine the foreign policy of a country; This presentation attempts to explain those determinants
Its word version is available on my website mentioned above. You will find many other articles and presentations there
This document provides an overview of the modern nation-state system. It discusses the origins of nation-states in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It then outlines the essential elements of nation-states as territorial integrity, sovereignty, nationalism, and equality. The document notes that nation-states are now facing challenges from trends like globalization, decentralization, sub-nationalism, and regional groupings. In conclusion, it discusses potential long-term replacements for the nation-state system like continent-sized governance units under a world government framework.
International relations as a practice of interaction among states, and among state and non-state actors are thousands of years old
However, International Relations (IR) as an academic discipline studying these relations emerged as a specialized field after WW1.
Like every other academic discipline, International Relations (IR) has developed its own distinctive subject matter since its emergence
This presentation explains the scope and the subject matter of IR with the help of its five pillars- Aim, Actors, Agenda, Arena, and Actions
After carrying out an in-depth SWOT Analysis of Pakistan's Horticultural Sector, this presentation identifies the challenges this sector is facing and proposes a set of recommendations to respond to these challenges
After carrying out an in-depth SWOT Analysis, this presentation identifies the challenges Pakistan's Livestock Sector is facing and then makes recommendations to respond to these challenges.
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector 1 (crops sector) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the historical evolution of Pakistan's agricultural sector and carries out its SWOT Analysis by describing its major strengths and weaknesses as well as the threats it faces and the opportunities available for its growth. Then lists the challenges Pakistan's agricultural sector is facing and comes up with a detailed plan of action to face those challenges.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens-security of life & property, the standard of living, political empowerment
For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies. Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
This presentation is an attempt to explain how the foreign policy of Pakistan is shaped, history, successes & failures, as well as challenges
Before going further, you are advised to read Part 1 of this series for acquainting yourself with theoretical aspects of foreign policy
Political Economy of a Post-Colonial State; Economic Development of PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
Despite all the ups and downs, Pakistan is now the 26th largest economy in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity, (44th largest in terms of nominal GDP). With per capita income of US$ 4550, Pakistan occupies at 140th place on this count in the world, thanks to her burgeoning population of 200 million people. Pakistan is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a potential to become one of the world's large economies in the 21st century. By 2050, with an estimated GDP of $3.33 trillion, Pakistan is expected to become world’s 18th largest economy, according to Goldman Sachs. However, this progress is not as impressive as it looks or should have been keeping her potential. Similarly her dismal social indicators, structural anomalies and income disparities leave much to be desired.
This presentation sums up the development experience—what Pakistan did marvellously, what it did marginally and where it failed miserably during her development journey. It ends with an the lessons other developing countries can learn from this development experience of Pakistan.
Book review 10 Essential Skills for Public Servants a Handbook by shahid huss...Shahid Hussain Raja
This document summarizes and promotes the book "10 Essential Skills for Public Servants" by Shahid Hussain Raja. The book is intended to help civil servants improve their skills based on the author's 35 years of experience. It identifies 10 essential skills like leadership, ethics, and emotional intelligence. Each skill is explained in detail along with its importance and how to apply it. The book is aimed at civil servants but would also benefit those in other management roles or interested in self-improvement. It is available as an e-book on Amazon and the author can provide the PDF version for a small fee.
Terrorism is an historical as well as a universal phenomenon; has been practiced by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing.Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of those who carry out these acts are always subject to the context, time and place.Unfortunately, there is no consensus on its accurate definition. More than one hundred definitions in the field; one country’s terrorists are other country’s freedom fighters. Rather than seeking the causes of terrorism itself, a better approach is to determine the conditions that make terror possible or likely.Stopping violence is rarely simple or easy. Only time and commitment by a majority of the parties involved can resolve a conflict. Keeping in view the multidimensional nature of terrorism, we must adopt a long term holistic and comprehensive approach for its eradication.
This presentation is an attempt to encompass the various issues related to this complex phemenon and presents a plan of action to control this menace
Need, importance and benefits of digitisation of public sector by using digital technologies as an integrated part of its service delivery mechanism cannot be overemphasised.
However, despite recognizing the need for the digitization of public services, governments in the developing countries are not giving it the importance it deserves.
In this presentation, I discuss the four areas to focus, four public policy issues to tackle and four steps to take for putting a country to its long-term trajectory of digital transformation
Neither of excess is good for the society, it has to be balanced to achieve maximum social benefit. Dalton called this principle as "Maximum Social Advantage" and Pigou termed it as "Maximum Aggregate Welfare". It was introduced by Swedish Economist "Erik Lindahl in 1919". See my ppt for additional details.
Typical Scams to Stay Away from When Buying Verified Binance AccountsAny kyc Account
In the world of cryptocurrency, having a verified Binance account can provide numerous benefits. However, with the growing demand for these accounts, the risk of encountering scams also increases. This presentation aims to educate you on the most common scams to avoid when buying verified Binance accounts and provide tips for safe transactions.
Fraudulent schemes continually adapt and mutate, challenging traditional risk management strategies. In the ever-evolving landscape of financial transactions and digital commerce, the spectre of fraud looms large, posing significant threats to businesses, consumers, and economies worldwide. To combat this pervasive menace effectively, organizations must adopt sophisticated approaches to fraud risk management. Here is a comprehensive introduction to Advanced Fraud Risk Management Analysis, offering insights into the fundamental principles, methodologies, and tools essential for fortifying defences against fraudulent activities.
Abortion pills in Muscat(+918133066128) Cytotec pills buy Omanmaishakhanam230
Abortion pills Kuwait☎️+918133066128☎️ Kuwait City Qatar- Doha Abortion Saudi Arabia [ Abortion pills) Jeddah/riaydh/dammam/+918133066128☎️] cytotec tablets uses abortion pills 💊💊 How effective is the abortion pill? 💊💊 +918133066128) "Abortion pills in Jeddah" how to get cytotec tablets in Riyadh " Abortion pills in dammam*💊💊 The abortion pill is very effective. If you’re taking mifepristone and misoprostol, it depends on how far along the pregnancy is, and how many doses of medicine you take:💊💊 +918133066128) how to buy cytotec pills
At 8 weeks pregnant or less, it works about 94-98% of the time. +918133066128[ 💊💊💊 At 8-9 weeks pregnant, it works about 94-96% of the time. +918133066128) At 9-10 weeks pregnant, it works about 91-93% of the time. +918133066128)💊💊 If you take an extra dose of misoprostol, it works about 99% of the time. At 10-11 weeks pregnant, it works about 87% of the time. +918133066128) If you take an extra dose of misoprostol, it works about 98% of the time. In general, taking both mifepristone and+918133066128 misoprostol works a bit better than taking misoprostol only. +918133066128 Taking misoprostol alone works to end the+918133066128 pregnancy about 85-95% of the time — depending on how far along the+918133066128 pregnancy is and how you take the medicine. +918133066128 The abortion pill usually works, but if it doesn’t, you can take more medicine or have an in-clinic abortion. +918133066128 When can I take the abortion pill?+918133066128 In general, you can have a medication abortion up to 77 days (11 weeks)+918133066128 after the first day of your last period. If it’s been 78 days or more since the first day of your last+918133066128 period, you can have an in-clinic abortion to end your pregnancy.+918133066128
Why do people choose the abortion pill? Which kind of abortion you choose all depends on your personal+918133066128 preference and situation. With+918133066128 medication+918133066128 abortion, some people like that you don’t need to have a procedure in a doctor’s office. You can have your medication abortion on your own+918133066128 schedule, at home or in another comfortable place that you choose.+918133066128 You get to decide who you want to be with during your abortion, or you can go it alone. Because+918133066128 medication abortion is similar to a miscarriage, many people feel like it’s more “natural” and less invasive. And some+918133066128 people may not have an in-clinic abortion provider close by, so abortion pills are more available to+918133066128 them. +918133066128 Your doctor, nurse, or health center staff can help you decide which kind of abortion is best for you. +918133066128 More questions from patients: Saudi Arabia+918133066128 CYTOTEC Misoprostol Tablets. Misoprostol is a medication that can prevent stomach ulcers if you also take NSAID medications. It reduces the amount of acid in your stomach, which protects your stomach lining. The brand name of this medication is Cytotec®
An effective organisational framework can also play a key role in deterring and detecting fraud, and by providing a clear structure, hierarchy, and culture of accountability, an effective organisational framework can make it more difficult for fraud to occur. Analytical techniques are a valuable tool for detecting and investigating corporate fraud and by using analytical techniques effectively, auditors can help protect companies from fraud and financial losses. Corporate fraud is a serious problem that can have devastating consequences for businesses of all sizes, and there are several things that businesses can do to deter and detect fraud, including creating a culture of ethics and transparency, having strong internal controls in place, and implementing fraud prevention technologies. Deterring and detecting fraud is an effective organisational framework that can also support effective functioning by providing a clear roadmap for how the business should operate, promoting communication and collaboration between employees, and providing employees with the resources and support they need to do their jobs effectively
The JD Euroway and Fritzgerald Zephir (Fritz) Financial Debacle.pptxsonalisaini008
In an astonishing series of events, Finance JD Euroway Inc. and its CEO Fritzgerald Zephir (Fritz) find themselves embroiled in a high-stakes legal battle, accused of orchestrating a fraudulent investment scheme.
2. Introduction
About the Author-Shahid Hussain Raja
What is Financial Accounting-the Basics
What is a Balance Sheet
How Balance Sheet is prepared
How to read a Balance Sheet
How to unterprest a Balance Sheet
Uses of a Balance Sheet
Limitations of a Balance Sheet
Conclusion
3. Welcome to Module 2 of One day intensive course on
Finance for Non finance Managers/Professionals
This course consists of five modules, each dealing with
different aspects of financial management.
One of the core elements of financial management is the
three financial statements
Module 2 relates to discussion of the Blance Sheet-what is a
Balance Sheet and how to read, interpret and use it
4. Retired in 2012 as Federal Secretary, Govt. of Pakistan, held
various senior positions during 35 year’s service. Served as Chief
Instructor, National School of Public Policy, Lahore(Pakistan)
M.A.(Economics), M.A.(Political Science), M.Sc.(Defence and
Strategic Studies).Post Graduate Diploma holder (Development
Studies- University of Cambridge). Executive Development Program
at the JF Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, USA.
Author of 8 books on various public policy, national/global &
financial issues. Conducts courses online and offline
5. Process of recording, categorising and presenting recorded
monetary business transactions in standardised formats
during/point of time.
Basically the job of the professional accountants
Legal requirement but essential for management for financial
analysis, strategic management and business decisions
Carried out under some basic principles/concepts/conventions
6. This presentation has been prepared by using the material
contained in the author's book “Finance for Non-finance
Managers”
It has been published as an ebook by Amazon and is available
at https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07TTNNTC8
Its Spanish edition is also available at Amazon while its
Swedish edition is being published shortly.
7. Any payment made or received by a firm
There are four types of financial transactions
Income-sale of goods or assets or earning from investments
Expense-accounting for expenditure
Assets- purchase of land, plants etc
Liabilities- raw material purchased on credit
All financial transactions originate in 3 heads of activities of a firm
Operating-manufacturing, marketing, selling
Investing-making investments in capital goods, bonds etc
Financing- obtaining loans, paying interest, clearing debts
8. Income Expense Asset Liability
Operating Sale of
good/service
Purchase of
inputs/wages
Purchase of
Machinery
Hiring of machine
on credit
Investing Income from
government
bonds purchased
Payment for
purchase of
shares as
investment
Payments made
for purchase of
stocks and
shares/other
investment
Payment to stock
broker for
maintaining
investment
account
Financing Interest income
from a savings
account
Payment of
interest/principal
on the loan
obtained
Receivables Payables
9. All financial transactions are first recorded in a General
Journal-date wise
These are, then transferred into Accounts Ledgers as
per their respective heads of accounts-month wise
Number of accounts vary from company to company
depending on the size of the firm
10. ◦ Capital Account: to record investments into the business, Fixed Asset
◦ Sales Account: to record sales of the goods sold
◦ Debtor Account: to record sales of goods and services on credit
◦ Purchases Account: Record of goods/raw material purchased
◦ Creditor Account :to record goods purchased on credit
◦ Overhead Account to record expenses necessarily incurred in order to
run the business
11. Financial information about a business firm over/at a point of
time presented in three structured standard formats
Balance Sheet- What a firm owns and what it owes. Shows its
financial health and liquidity position
Income Statement-Is it earning profits or losing money.
Shows the profitability position
Cash Flow Statement-From where cash is being generated
and where it is being spent. Shows the solvency position
12. Business Organisation: entity carrying out business activities, having its
own legal entity & assumed to be going concern for indefinitely
Assets: an economic resource that company owns(land, machinery etc)
Liability: legal obligations to pay back in money terms (loan, payables)
Book value: historical value of an asset
◦ Gross Book Value: price paid at the time of its purchase in the past
◦ Net Book Value: its present book value after allowing for depreciation
due to use/lapse of time
13. Expenditure: One time payment made for purchase of good/service
Expenses: Accounting for the benefits derived over period of time
from the goods for which expenditure was incurred in the past
Variance Analysis: Difference between the budgeted amount and
actual expenditure under any head of expenditure in a budget
Ratio Analysis: Techniques to interpret data presented in financial
statements to assess the financial health of a firm for comparison
14. Depreciation: reduction in value of tangible assets due to
use/lapse of time
Amortisation: reduction in value of an intangible asset
Receivables: expected income from customers for goods sold
or services provided in the past
Payables: which the firm owes to others for goods purchased
or services acquired
15. Structured presentation of a firm’s assets and liabilities in a
standard format- how much it owns(assets) and how much it owes
to others(liabilities)
Always presented on a given date every year in a standard format
and using consistent terminology
Liabilities shows the sources of the funds while assets show the
uses of these funds
Assets and liabilities, can be short term (less than one year
maturity) or long term (more than one year maturity)
16. Short term liquidity status; Can it pay its debts right now if needed? Will it
survive the shock or collapse?+
Long term Financial Health: Is it viable and competitive in long run ?
Covering long term liabilities with short term assets is disasterous
Test of Management Performance: How well in managing resources,
reducing costs? Too much inventories? Too many receivables?
Used for historical comparison: are we doing well over years ?
Comparative Analysis: how we compare with our competitors in particular
and the industry in general?
17. Liabilities Assets
Owners' Capital
1. Equity
2. Reserves/Surplus
Borrowers’ Funds
1. Long tern Debt
2. Short Term Debt
Working Capital
1. Creditors
2. Provisions
Fixed Assets
◦ Land and Building
◦ Plant/machinery
Investments
◦ Bonds, shares, government
securities
Working Capital
◦ Raw material
◦ Finished goods inventory
◦ Debtors
◦ Cash
18. Note the date on the top-31st March/30th June /30th September or
31st December
Four Columns- Present year / last year / Changes / Reference
number
Note the change in format –Vertical for comparison purposes
Changes reflected in money terms-reflected also in Income
statement
Last column-numbers in parenthesis refer to explanatory notes
19. what company owns, presented in ascending order of liquidity or ease of sale
1. if present market price is higher than the purchase price, then valued at purchase price
2. if present market price lower than the purchase price, then valued at market price
Cash-checking account/very short term securities
Marketable Securities-short term investments i.e. CDs(Banks), T.bills
(Government), Commercial Papers(MNCs)
Account Receivables-goods sold on credit minus bad debts
Inventories-Finished goods, work in progress, raw material
Total Current Assets- Add all the above
20. Long term Investments including Intangible Assets-totally owned
subsidiaries, partial equity in other firms, patents, goodwill, copyrights etc
Fixed(tangible)Assets-more than one year maturity-land, buildings,
machinery, equipment, vehicles
Gross book Value-add them
Accumulated Depreciation- Accounting purposes
Net Book Value-after deducting accumulated depreciation
Total Assets- Current Assets+ Investment at Net book value
21. what firm owes to others, presented in ascending order, starting with less
than one year maturity
Accounts Payables-normally 30 to 60 days credit
Bank Notes-short term loans from banks/creditors
Other Current Liabilities-result of accruals i.e. unpaid
salaries/wages/interest/taxes for the remaining period
Current Portion of Long Term Liabilities-Long term debts nearing
maturity
Total Current Liabilities-Add all the above
22. Long Term Debt-more than one year maturity-debentures, mortgages,
bonds
Total Liabilities-add the current liabilities and the long term debt
Preferred Stock-who provided initial capital
Common Stock-who bought the shares
Retained Earnings-profits ploughed back increase stock holders’ equity
Total Liabilities and Stock Holders Equity- add the above
23. Balance Sheet shows the liquidity position of the firm
Liquidity-ability to pay off all liabilities if assets have to be sold. For this
purpose we use ratios
Ratios are the quotient of a number or sum of numbers divided by another
numerical value
Ratios tell you the relationship among selected items of the financial
statement data
Compare these ratios with past ratios of the firm, with competitors and with
the industry and find out where do you stand
24. Current Ratio
Current Assets/Current Liabilities
Measure of liquidity in the short run
1.2:1 means slightly more assets than liabilities
2.5:1 means fairly good position etc
Working Capital
Total Current Assets-Total Current Liabilities
Not a ratio ! But the difference in $s/£s
25. Debt Equity Ratio (Leverage Ratio)
Total Liabilities/Total Equity
◦ Compares debt with owners equity
◦ Smaller Debt to Equity Ratio is preferable i.e. 0.90:1 is better than 1.2:1
Debt Asset Ratio
Total Liabilities/Total Assets x 100
◦ Written as a percentage, it shows the % share of assets owed to lenders say as
collateral
◦ Obviously lower percentage is preferred
Equity Asset Ratio
Total Equity/Total Assets x 100
◦ Expressed as %,it Shows the share of owners in the assets
26. Owners-What is happening to my equity ?
Management-How is our firm doing ?
Lenders-Are they worth lending money ?
Competitors-Why they are more successful ?
Government-Is this firm eligible for tax allowances or ?
Employees-Are we getting equitable share ?
Suppliers-Are they worth selling goods ?
Shareholders-whether to purchase more shares or sell the
present ones ?
27. What is our financial health-Are our assets more than our liabilities or
are we heading towards short term/long term bankruptcy?
Are we in better position compared to past performance, same or
have even worse?
Is owners’ equity safe? In case of termination of business, will they
get more or less than they invested?
Are our lenders’ capital safe, trust us to lend us more at market rate
or we will be forced to get loans at more than market rate?
Do we have enough working capital or facing cash flow difficulties
28. Balance sheet as published does not show the value of a
business or what a company’s shares are worth
Some assets are not disclosed in balance sheet, namely
internally generated goodwill, workforce skill, reputation etc.
Items are usually valued at their cost when purchased although
their prices may have gone up due to inflation/scarcity.
For this current cost accounting is more suitable i.e. assets are
re-valued regularly and the profit is adjusted accordingly