The document provides summaries of different types of research designs, including their definitions, purposes, advantages, and limitations. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, experimental, causal, cohort, case study, action research, cross-sectional, and market research designs. For each design, it outlines what information can be learned from studies using that design and what limitations exist in determining causation or generalizing findings. The overall purpose is to help readers understand when and how to appropriately apply different research methodologies.
The document summarizes key concepts in research methods in industrial-organizational psychology. It outlines the goals of science as description, explanation, prediction, and control. It also discusses the assumptions of science, definitions of theory, types of research design, data collection techniques, measurement, statistics, and correlation and regression analysis.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on research methods in industrial-organizational psychology. It outlines the goals of science as description, explanation, prediction, and control. It also discusses the assumptions of science, research terminology like independent and dependent variables, different types of research designs including experiments and observational methods, techniques for data collection like surveys and case studies, issues of measurement reliability and validity, and basic statistical concepts like measures of central tendency.
This document discusses different types of research from three perspectives: the application of findings, research objectives, and mode of inquiry. It describes pure research, applied research, and action research based on application. From the viewpoint of objectives, it outlines exploratory, descriptive, correlational, and explanatory research. Regarding mode of inquiry, it compares quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. It also discusses mixed methodology, when to use it, and ex post facto research.
Quantitative research methods deal with measurable and numerical data to systematically investigate phenomena and relationships. There are several types of quantitative research, including descriptive research which identifies characteristics of phenomena and explores correlations, observational studies which use rating scales and multiple raters to define and observe behaviors, and correlational research which examines differences between variables of entities and looks for relationships where one variable changes with another. Survey research involves studying samples from populations to discover trends, distributions, and interrelations.
METHODS OF RESEARCH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVEswarna2912
This document discusses different methods of research, including qualitative and quantitative methods. It provides definitions and examples of various qualitative research techniques like interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, text analysis, and case study research. These techniques aim to provide an in-depth understanding of problems through non-numerical, conversational data collection. Quantitative methods covered include survey research, correlational research, causal-comparative research, and experimental research, which use measurable, statistical data to analyze relationships between variables.
This document discusses the importance and applications of quantitative research across various fields including anthropology, communication, sports medicine, medical education, behavioral sciences, education/psychology, and social sciences. It provides examples of quantitative research questions and methods used in these fields, including experiments, surveys, and correlational studies. The key aspects of experimental design are outlined, including the need for treatment and control groups, random assignment, pre-and post-testing, and how field experiments differ from lab experiments.
Quantitative research focuses on collecting numerical or measurable data to explain phenomena or generalize results across groups of people. The main purposes of quantitative research are to quantify variables, examine relationships between variables, and determine cause-and-effect interactions. Quantitative research uses tools like questionnaires, surveys, and other structured instruments to collect large amounts of numerical data from representative samples. Common types of quantitative research include experimental, descriptive, correlational, comparative, and ex-post facto designs. The methodology of quantitative research follows the scientific method to form hypotheses and use statistical analysis to prove or disprove hypotheses.
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as objective, systematic empirical investigations using computational techniques. It lists the key characteristics of quantitative research as being objective, having clearly defined research questions, using structured research instruments, collecting numerical data, having large sample sizes, being replicable, and allowing predictions about future outcomes. The document also discusses the strengths, weaknesses, and types of quantitative research as well as the importance and variables used in quantitative research.
Research involves systematically gathering knowledge through objective methods. It aims to solve problems by defining issues, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The key types are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. Research requires carefully determining the objectives, scope, design and methods to efficiently obtain reliable results. It is an important process for advancing knowledge across many fields.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines research as a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge. Research aims to discover answers to questions through scientific procedures and leads to progress. The document outlines the meaning, purpose, characteristics, types (including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative), approaches, and process of research. It also provides definitions of research from several scholars and discusses the key steps in research including defining the problem, literature review, formulating hypotheses, design, data collection, analysis, and reporting.
This document provides an overview of research methods. It defines research as a systematic, careful examination aimed at discovering and establishing facts or principles. Research is classified in several ways, including by purpose (predictive, directive, illuminative), goal (basic/pure vs applied), level of investigation (exploratory, descriptive, experimental), scope (action research), choice of answers to problems (evaluation research, developmental research), and statistical content (quantitative vs qualitative). The key aspects of various research types are outlined at a high level.
This document discusses qualitative research interviews as a method of data collection. It explains that interviews allow researchers to get detailed personal accounts and insights from participants. There are various types of interviews, from informal conversations to standardized questions. Data is typically analyzed for themes and to develop theories. Key advantages include obtaining rich, nuanced data directly from human experience. However, analysis can be time-consuming and results may not be generalizable. The document provides guidance on conducting, administering, analyzing and reporting qualitative interviews.
Methodology of Research - Assumptions and the Research Hypothesispolchan
Methodology of Research Topic IV: The Research Title and Statement of the Problem - Assumptions and the Research Hypothesis
-Assumption defined
-Assumption in Research
-Assumption
-Hypothesis defined
-Importance of Hypothesis in Research
-Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
-Sources of Hypothesis
-Types of Hypothesis
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
The document defines and discusses conceptual frameworks. It notes that a conceptual framework 1) explains graphically or in narrative form the key factors, concepts or variables in what is being studied and the relationships between them, 2) represents a way of thinking about a problem or study, and 3) sets the stage for presenting a research question based on a problem statement. A conceptual framework identifies relevant variables, defines them, and shows tentative relationships between dependent and independent variables. It can take the form of equations, diagrams, or descriptions. The development of a conceptual framework is an iterative process that is revisited and revised throughout a research study.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including variables and their types, research objectives, hypotheses, research questions, and ethics. It defines variables as concepts that can take on different values, distinguishing between continuous, discrete, dependent, independent, controlled, confounding, intervening, extraneous, and organismic variables. It also outlines levels of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Research objectives are described as lay descriptions of what a research project aims to achieve. Hypotheses are defined as tentative statements about solving a problem that can be empirically tested. Research questions are broader focus areas that may be narrowed through investigative questions. Finally, it notes that research involving human participants raises unique ethical
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to research design. It discusses the meaning and importance of research design, as well as classifications including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing research designs. Important concepts covered include dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, research hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments. Experimental designs such as completely randomized, randomized block, Latin square, and factorial designs are also introduced. The document provides a framework for understanding different types of research design and their applications.
The document outlines the key elements of a research design, including: 1) The purpose of the study, such as exploration, description, or hypothesis testing; 2) The type of investigation into causal relationships or correlations; 3) The level of researcher interference which can be minimal or involve manipulation; and 4) Attributes of the study like the setting, units of analysis, and time horizon which can examine individuals, groups, or cultures across a single or multiple periods.
The document discusses various research designs including qualitative research design, quantitative research design, action research design, case study design, causal design, cohort design, and cross-sectional design. For each design, it provides definitions, purposes, advantages, and limitations. The key information provided is the definitions and purposes of the different research designs as well as lists of their advantages and limitations.
This document provides an overview of different types of educational research categorized by purpose and method. The main types discussed are:
1. Basic research which aims to develop theories without focusing on practical applications.
2. Applied research which seeks to solve practical problems in fields like education, medicine, and psychology.
3. Action research which is conducted by teachers to diagnose and address issues in their classrooms.
The document also examines research methods including descriptive research, experimental research, case studies, surveys, correlation research, causal comparative studies, and historical research. It provides examples and discusses the characteristics, procedures, advantages, and limitations of each type of educational research method.
The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve. Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. The first module highlights an overview of all concepts adopted in Research.
This document defines research and outlines different types of research. Research is a systematic investigation to discover answers and contribute to existing knowledge. There are two main types: pure research aims to develop and test theories while applied research solves practical problems. Research can also be classified by its objectives (descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory), application (pure vs applied), and approach (structured/quantitative vs unstructured/qualitative). The key characteristics of valid research are that it is controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, empirical, and able to withstand critical analysis.
This document discusses quantitative research, defining it as research that uses numerical data and statistical analysis to explain phenomena. It notes that quantitative research aims to be objective and reliable by reducing problems to variables that can be measured. The document outlines key characteristics of quantitative research, including that it tests hypotheses, looks at relationships between variables, and generalizes findings from a sample to a population. It also discusses advantages like objectivity and replicability, as well as disadvantages like ignoring context. Finally, it explores the importance of quantitative research in fields like education, business, medicine, science and technology.
The document discusses various topics related to research methodology including:
1. The possible motivations for undertaking research such as getting a degree, solving problems, intellectual enjoyment, and gaining respect.
2. Key criteria for good research including clearly defining the purpose, thoroughly planning the design, applying high ethical standards, and justifying conclusions.
3. The significance of research in enabling progress, developing logical thinking, and providing guidelines to address business, government and social issues.
4. Common research objectives like exploratory studies to gain insights, descriptive studies to accurately characterize phenomena, and hypothesis testing research to evaluate causal relationships.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It covers key topics like the differences between qualitative and quantitative data, strengths and limitations of qualitative research, issues of credibility and generalization in qualitative studies, and the importance of reflexivity and triangulation in establishing trustworthiness. Sampling methods for qualitative research like purposive sampling and snowball sampling are also examined.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It covers key topics like the differences between qualitative and quantitative data, strengths and limitations of qualitative research, issues of credibility and generalization in qualitative studies, and the importance of reflexivity and triangulation in establishing trustworthiness. Sampling methods for qualitative research like purposive sampling and snowball sampling are also examined.
This document discusses key elements of research design and methodology. It covers the purpose of different types of studies including exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing studies. It also discusses variables like the level of researcher interference, study setting (contrived vs non-contrived), and unit of analysis (individual, group, organization). The document uses examples to illustrate concepts like causal versus correlational studies and the trade-off between scientific rigor and cost in research design.
The document discusses key elements and steps of the research process. It begins by defining research and different types of research problems. It then outlines the seven steps of the research process: 1) identifying a research problem, 2) formulating a hypothesis, 3) reviewing related literature, 4) preparing a research design, 5) conducting actual experimentation, 6) analyzing results and discussion, and 7) formulating conclusions and recommendations. The document also discusses types of research including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. It concludes by outlining key elements that should be included in any research paper such as an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, body, results, discussion, conclusion, and citations.
The document provides an overview of exploratory research and descriptive research. It defines exploratory research as research used to investigate problems that are not clearly defined in order to better understand the problem but not provide conclusive results. Descriptive research aims to accurately describe populations, situations, or phenomena. The document outlines the characteristics, methods, advantages, and disadvantages of both exploratory and descriptive research.
1. The document discusses the definition, objectives, types, and process of research. It defines research as a systematic process of investigating a problem to find a solution through scientific inquiry and hypothesis testing.
2. The objectives of research include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, representing characteristics, determining frequencies, testing hypotheses, and finding hidden truths.
3. The main types of research discussed are pure/fundamental research, applied research, descriptive research, analytical research, quantitative research, and qualitative research.
4. The research process involves formulating a problem, reviewing literature, developing a hypothesis, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing the hypothesis, interpreting results, and reporting findings.
The document discusses research in the Philippines and education research. It notes that research in the Philippines suffers from a lack of funding and qualified researchers, as well as unfocused projects. Education research encompasses many areas that attempt to improve learning, such as teaching, testing, and child development. The document outlines characteristics of research like being systematic, analytical, and requiring expertise. It also differentiates between types of research based on their objectives and the type of information sought, such as pure vs applied research. The key components of research like the problem statement, literature review, methodology, and results presentation are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research including:
1. The importance of research is to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to developing knowledge. Research aims to discover answers and truths through objective and systematic methods.
2. The main objectives of research are to gain familiarity with phenomena, accurately portray characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses of causal relationships.
3. Motivations for research include desires for degrees/benefits, solving problems, intellectual joy, service, and respectability.
4. The goals of scientific research are description, prediction, and explanation/understanding of phenomena through identifying covariation of events, proper time sequencing, and eliminating alternative
The document discusses key concepts related to research including research projects, topics, proposals, problems, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, design, and limitations. It notes that a research project uses scientific methods to achieve defined objectives, such as testing or creating new knowledge. Choosing a research topic is an ongoing process of exploring, defining, and refining ideas on a subject that is narrow yet allows finding adequate information. A research proposal explains what is being researched, why, and how through a structured formal document. Research design broadly outlines the total pattern of conducting a research project including objectives, methods, and outcomes. Marketing research systematically gathers and analyzes qualitative and quantitative data about issues relating to marketing products and services.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and distinguishes it from non-research activities. Research is a systematic, controlled, and objective process used to establish facts or principles. The document outlines the characteristics of research including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical, and critical. It describes different types of research based on application, objectives, and inquiry mode. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches are discussed. Finally, the key steps in the research process are introduced.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses its key characteristics including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical and critical. It outlines the research process from formulating the research problem to preparing the final report. It also covers different types of research classified by application, objectives and inquiry mode. The document is a comprehensive reference on understanding research methodology.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the key characteristics of research, including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical and critical. It also outlines the main types of research based on application (pure vs applied), objectives (descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory) and inquiry mode (structured vs unstructured). Finally, it describes the general research process and some of the key decisions that must be made, such as determining the research question and methodology.
Presentation Understanding Research MethodologyIn conducting s.docxChantellPantoja184
Presentation
Understanding Research Methodology
In conducting social science research, the social scientist seeks to understand, and in turn explain, the world in which he or she lives. Rather than simply rely on what they observe and apply assumptions, beliefs, or general guesses to explain observations, social scientists approach this endeavor for an increased understanding using a systematic scientific method. Social scientists in the fields of homeland security, emergency management, and many others take this approach because it is their ultimate intention to go beyond their own personal understanding of why things happen. They want to inform others of these explanations and contribute to a greater body of knowledge. The purpose of developing, testing, and refining explanations for what is observed is to ultimately predict future behaviors or prescribe potential remedies for negative conduct in the form of policies.
Research methodology is comprised of the approaches, designs, plans, methods, and tools or instruments scientists will use to conduct their exploration. Remember that social science includes studying phenomena and activities related to emergency management, criminal justice, and homeland security. Consider an example to help understand this need for a systematic approach to studying your surroundings to devise a strategy or policy.
In this example, a planner known as Officer Lightly works in a local law enforcement department and is directed to develop a community policing plan with the intent to solicit and incorporate the assistance of citizens in reducing the annual number of property crimes each year. The former planner, Officer Grimly, had planned to develop a program based on his own beliefs about what would work. Officer Grimly simply briefed and published the plan to his department's leadership and then moved on to his next assignment. However, Officer Lightly is familiar with the scientific process and understands its value for tackling social science projects. Officer Lightly determines there is a wide assortment of objectives he might pursue, but he knows he needs to first start with a specific research question and then develop and test a hypothesis. Depending on the findings from his test of the hypothesis, he may proceed in his original direction or decide to take a different course.
Officer Lightly decides to craft two research questions and at least one hypothesis for each. He has formulated the following:
· Research Question 1 (R1): Where in the community do property crimes occur in the largest concentrations?
· Hypothesis 1 for R1: If an area in the community is low income, property crimes are higher.
· Research Question 2 (R2): What are citizens in areas of high crime currently doing in response to, or to protect against, property crimes?
· Hypothesis 1 for R2: If citizens act purposively to prevent property crime, they will not be victims of property crime.
Measuring Phenomena
In examining Officer Light.
Top of FormPresentation Understanding Research MethodologyIn.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Presentation
Understanding Research Methodology
In conducting social science research, the social scientist seeks to understand, and in turn explain, the world in which he or she lives. Rather than simply rely on what they observe and apply assumptions, beliefs, or general guesses to explain observations, social scientists approach this endeavor for an increased understanding using a systematic scientific method. Social scientists in the fields of homeland security, emergency management, and many others take this approach because it is their ultimate intention to go beyond their own personal understanding of why things happen. They want to inform others of these explanations and contribute to a greater body of knowledge. The purpose of developing, testing, and refining explanations for what is observed is to ultimately predict future behaviors or prescribe potential remedies for negative conduct in the form of policies.
Research methodology is comprised of the approaches, designs, plans, methods, and tools or instruments scientists will use to conduct their exploration. Remember that social science includes studying phenomena and activities related to emergency management, criminal justice, and homeland security. Consider an example to help understand this need for a systematic approach to studying your surroundings to devise a strategy or policy.
In this example, a planner known as Officer Lightly works in a local law enforcement department and is directed to develop a community policing plan with the intent to solicit and incorporate the assistance of citizens in reducing the annual number of property crimes each year. The former planner, Officer Grimly, had planned to develop a program based on his own beliefs about what would work. Officer Grimly simply briefed and published the plan to his department's leadership and then moved on to his next assignment. However, Officer Lightly is familiar with the scientific process and understands its value for tackling social science projects. Officer Lightly determines there is a wide assortment of objectives he might pursue, but he knows he needs to first start with a specific research question and then develop and test a hypothesis. Depending on the findings from his test of the hypothesis, he may proceed in his original direction or decide to take a different course.
Officer Lightly decides to craft two research questions and at least one hypothesis for each. He has formulated the following:
· Research Question 1 (R1): Where in the community do property crimes occur in the largest concentrations?
· Hypothesis 1 for R1: If an area in the community is low income, property crimes are higher.
· Research Question 2 (R2): What are citizens in areas of high crime currently doing in response to, or to protect against, property crimes?
· Hypothesis 1 for R2: If citizens act purposively to prevent property crime, they will not be victims of property crime.
Measuring Phenomena
In examining O ...
The document is a guide for entrepreneurs on business planning and financial forecasting. It outlines the importance of developing a business plan and walks through the key elements that should be included. These include an executive summary, description of the business and goals, marketing strategies, operations overview, and financial projections. The guide emphasizes that a business plan helps solidify an entrepreneur's thinking, convinces investors of a business's viability, and provides a roadmap for running the business. It provides a sample outline and tips for an effective plan to share with external readers like potential lenders.
This document discusses bridging the gap between business strategy and software development. It proposes using an extended version of the Goal Question Metric (GQM) approach called GQM+Strategies to explicitly link software measurement goals to higher-level business goals and strategies. GQM+Strategies provides mechanisms for defining software measurement goals derived from higher-level goals for the software organization and business. An example application illustrates measuring a software project's goals in the context of an overall business goal.
The document provides a market research report on the hardwood floor manufacturing market in the United States. It analyzes Advanced Products Inc., a manufacturer of wood adhesives, and evaluates the potential for their new formaldehyde-free adhesive product. The report finds that current customers give positive feedback on the new adhesive. It also identifies trade associations and publications as important sources of information for the market. Overall, the report aims to determine the market potential and best marketing strategies for Advanced Products Inc. to enter the wood floor manufacturing segment with their new adhesive line.
Quantitative research involves collecting numerical data and analyzing it using statistical methods. It is well-suited for answering questions that require quantitative answers, measuring numerical change over time, explaining phenomena through predictive relationships, and testing hypotheses about potential causal relationships between variables. While quantitative research provides breadth of information from many units, qualitative research is better for exploring issues in greater depth through methods like interviews and case studies.
- Qualitative research produces observations that are not easily reduced to numbers and includes methods like field notes, interviews, and content analysis.
- It is well-suited for studying social processes and how things come about.
- Qualitative data from methods like surveys and interviews can provide useful information for assessing the effects of educational programs, though it does not measure impact directly through numbers.
3 Types of Marketing Research Designs (Exploratory, Descriptive, Causal)Rubayet Hassan
This document discusses three types of research design: exploratory research, descriptive research, and causal research. It provides examples of each type and explains their key purposes and characteristics. Exploratory research aims to gain insights and hypotheses, descriptive research focuses on describing populations and variables, and causal research determines cause-and-effect relationships. The document also discusses various methods of exploratory research like literature searches, depth interviews, and focus groups. It notes that exploratory research helps develop ideas but is not meant to provide final answers on its own.
The document defines various marketing terms:
1. Above the line advertising refers to paid advertising like TV, radio, magazines and internet where commissions are paid to agencies.
2. Below the line advertising refers to non-media promotion like direct mail and sales promotions where no commissions are paid.
3. Brand equity is the value of a brand based on loyalty, awareness, quality and associations.
This document provides an overview of marketing concepts and strategies. It discusses the importance of marketing for any business to generate sales and profits. It defines marketing as a transaction for profit and explains the difference between transactional marketing, which focuses on one-time sales, and relationship marketing, which aims to cultivate loyal, repeat customers through good customer service and word-of-mouth advertising. The document also outlines the key elements of developing a marketing plan, including understanding customer needs through market research, analyzing competitors, defining the marketing mix of product, price, place and promotion, and setting a budget and timeline for marketing strategies.
E-motion software was founded in 2003 to develop third-party applications that integrate with Oracle's E-Business Suite. The company's founder, Scott Keohane, had previously consulted for Oracle clients and identified needs for applications to improve efficiency. E-motion software's initial products aimed to enhance security, empower users, improve ROI and streamline processes. The marketing objective is to establish the company as an expert in the third-party Oracle marketplace by obtaining major clients in different regions by the end of 2005 and 2006.
Marketing research involves studying consumer needs and wants to help sellers meet them. It is a process that includes assessing information needs, collecting primary and secondary data through methods like surveys, observation, and experiments, analyzing the data, and preparing a report. The research helps inform marketing decisions around variables like product, price, place, and promotion. It also considers environmental factors and stakeholders. The goal is to help marketing managers develop effective marketing plans and strategies.
This document provides an introduction and overview of marketing, including defining marketing as a process that translates customer needs into profitable revenue. It discusses key concepts like the marketing mix and its components, and how marketing comes in different flavors based on audience and media. The marketing process is outlined as understanding the marketplace and customer needs, designing a customer-driven strategy, implementing an integrated marketing plan, building customer relationships, and capturing value from customers. More details are given on understanding the marketplace and designing a customer-driven strategy, including customer value, exchanges, markets, and different marketing management orientations.
This document discusses key concepts in marketing research including:
1. It defines market research and marketing research, noting that market research focuses specifically on gathering market size and trend information while marketing research covers a broader range of activities.
2. It outlines the typical steps in the marketing research process including defining the problem, research design, data collection, analysis and reporting.
3. It provides details on key aspects of research design like secondary data sources, primary data collection methods, sampling, measurement scales and hypothesis testing.
The document discusses market segmentation and targeting. It describes four levels of micro-marketing including segments, niches, local areas, and individuals. Market segmentation can be done geographically, demographically, psychographically, and behaviorally. Demographic segmentation includes factors like age, life cycle, gender, income, and social class. Behavioral segmentation looks at variables such as decision roles, benefits, usage rates, loyalty status, and attitudes. The document outlines the steps involved in effective segmentation including identifying needs-based segments, measuring segment attractiveness and profitability, and developing targeted marketing strategies.
14 Marketing Concept to Consider to Incorporate MarketingRubayet Hassan
1. The document outlines 14 marketing concepts for participants to consider incorporating into their marketing strategies, including setting SMART objectives, conducting PEST, competitor, and SWOT analyses, understanding the marketing mix (4Ps), product life cycles, and Ansoff's Matrix.
2. Key concepts discussed are analyzing political, economic, social, and technological factors with PEST, regularly evaluating competitors, researching customers and other micro-environmental factors, and coordinating objectives, strategies, and planning.
3. The marketing mix, product development process, and consumer buying process are also summarized as important frameworks for segmentation, positioning, targeting, and influencing purchases.
Marketing involves creating, offering, and exchanging products and services to satisfy needs and wants through a societal process. It is a function that helps organizations manage customer relationships to benefit both parties. A marketer seeks responses from prospects to generate demand for offerings. The key functions of marketing managers are strengthening brands, measuring effectiveness, driving new product development, gathering customer insights, and using new technologies. Marketing philosophies and concepts have evolved from a production focus to prioritizing customer satisfaction and building relationships.
This document discusses various leadership competencies and skills. It identifies emotional intelligence, social intelligence, systems thinking, the ability to learn, and adaptation to local circumstances as important leadership competencies. Emotional intelligence involves self-awareness and communication skills. Social intelligence comprises social perceptiveness and behavioral flexibility which allow a leader to understand what needs to be done to make a group effective. Systems thinking requires understanding how decisions in one part of an organization can affect other parts. Effective leaders are able to learn from mistakes and adapt to changing environments.
Digital marketing typically refers to online marketing campaigns that appear on a computer, phone, tablet, or other device. It can take many forms, including online video, display ads, search engine marketing, paid social ads and social media posts. Digital marketing is often compared to “traditional marketing” such as magazine ads, billboards, and direct mail. Oddly, television is usually lumped in with traditional marketing.Digital marketing encompasses all marketing efforts that utilize electronic devices and the internet. It includes various online channels such as search engines, social media, email, websites, and mobile apps to connect with current and prospective customers. Key components of digital marketing include:
Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Optimizing websites to rank higher in search engine results pages (SERPs) to increase organic (non-paid) traffic.
Search Engine Marketing (SEM): Using paid advertising on search engines like Google to drive traffic to websites through paid search listings.
Social Media Marketing: Utilizing social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn) to connect with audiences and promote products or services.
Content Marketing: Creating and distributing valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and engage a target audience.
Email Marketing: Sending personalized messages to a targeted audience via email to promote products, services, or events.
Affiliate Marketing: Partnering with other businesses or individuals to promote products or services and earning commission based on sales generated.
Influencer Marketing: Collaborating with influencers (individuals with a dedicated social following) to promote products or services to their audience.
Online PR (Public Relations): Managing a brand's online presence and reputation through various online channels.
Analytics and Data-driven Marketing: Utilizing data and analytics tools to measure and optimize marketing campaigns' performance.
Mobile Marketing: Targeting users on mobile devices through mobile-optimized websites, apps, SMS, and other mobile channels.
Digital marketing offers businesses a cost-effective way to reach a global audience, measure campaign effectiveness in real-time, and adjust strategies based on data and insights. It continues to evolve with advancements in technology and changes in consumer behavior, making it essential for businesses to stay updated with current trends and best practices.
Digital marketing uses digital channels to promote a product or service.
Using digital marketing techniques and strategies helps businesses reach their target audience, engage with them, and ultimately convert them into customers.
Examples of digital marketing include SEO, PPC, social media marketing, content marketing, and leveraging traditional offline media for advertising.
Offline digital marketing includes out-of-home advertising, TV marketing
The digital marketing industry is changing faster than ever and those who don’t adapt with the times are losing market share. Where should marketers be focusing their efforts? What strategies are the experts seeing get the best results? Get up-to-speed with the latest industry insights, trends and predictions for the future in this panel discussion with some leading digital marketing experts.
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TRAINING OUTLINES
Build Dashboard and Admin Panel for the Client
Adding Auto Pagination Script to control content on the PHP result page
Upload and Publish Files, Images and Video Dynamically
Configure a payment gateways API for accepting online payment
Embedding Google and Social Media APIs like Google Direction Maps, Charts
Adding Ajax to generate elastic search and auto suggestion list
Enabled Refine Search like Colors, Size, Price for a e-commerce website
Write Mails and Alert Notification Scripts for Users
SMS Integrations for Payment, OTP and account confirmation
Various verifications, captcha and approval ways to automate account
User Controls like Login, Signup, Manage Profile, Logout, Get Password etc
Collecting and displaying data from SQL using Joins and procedures
Enabling dynamic data ready for the JSON So we could parse it for other APIs
Manage a Hosting account, Uploading Backup and SQL, panel Management.
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Marketing Research
1. Rubayet 1
Marketing Research vs. Market Research
Market research deals specifically with the gathering of information about a market's size and
trends. Marketing research covers a wider range of activities. While it may involve market
research, marketing research is a more general systematic process that can be applied to a variety
of marketing problems.
Quantitative Vs. Qualitative Research – When to Use Which
Qualitative research is by definition exploratory, and it is used when we don’t know what to
expect, to define the problem or develop an approach to the problem. It’s also used to go
deeper into issues of interest and explore nuances related to the problem at hand. Common
data collection methods used in qualitative research are focus groups, triads, dyads, in-depth
interviews, uninterrupted observation, bulletin boards, and ethnographic
participation/observation.
Quantitative research is conclusive in its purpose as it tries to quantify the problem and
understand how prevalent it is by looking for projectable results to a larger population. Here we
collect data through surveys (online, phone, paper), audits, points of purchase (purchase
transactions), and click-streams.
Here are some guidelines to use both types of research:
3. Rubayet 3
Types of Research Designs
General Structure and Writing Style
The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables you to
effectively address the research problem as unambiguously as possible. In social sciences
research, obtaining evidence relevant to the research problem generally entails specifying the
type of evidence needed to test a theory, to evaluate a program, or to accurately describe a
phenomenon. However, researchers can often begin their investigations far too early, before
they have thought critically about what information is required to answer the study's research
questions. Without attending to these design issues beforehand, the conclusions drawn risk
being weak and unconvincing and, consequently, will fail to adequate address the overall
research problem.
Given this, the length and complexity of research designs can vary considerably, but any sound
design will do the following things:
1. Identify the research problem clearly and justify its selection,
2. Review previously published literature associated with the problem area,
3. Clearly and explicitly specify hypotheses [i.e., research questions] central to the problem
selected,
4. Effectively describe the data which will be necessary for an adequate test of the
hypotheses and explain how such data will be obtained, and
5. Describe the methods of analysis which will be applied to the data in determining whether
or not the hypotheses are true or false.
Action Research Design
Definition and Purpose
The essentials of action research design follow a characteristic cycle whereby initially an
exploratory stance is adopted, where an understanding of a problem is developed and plans are
made for some form of interventionary strategy. Then the intervention is carried out (the action
in Action Research) during which time, pertinent observations are collected in various forms. The
new interventional strategies are carried out, and the cyclic process repeats, continuing until a
sufficient understanding of (or implement able solution for) the problem is achieved. The
protocol is iterative or cyclical in nature and is intended to foster deeper understanding of a given
situation, starting with conceptualizing and particularizing the problem and moving through
several interventions and evaluations.
What do these studies tell you?
4. Rubayet 4
1. A collaborative and adaptive research design that lends itself to use in work or community
situations.
2. Design focuses on pragmatic and solution-driven research rather than testing theories.
3. When practitioners use action research it has the potential to increase the amount they
learn consciously from their experience. The action research cycle can also be regarded
as a learning cycle.
4. Action search studies often have direct and obvious relevance to practice.
5. There are no hidden controls or preemption of direction by the researcher.
What these studies don't tell you?
1. It is harder to do than conducting conventional studies because the researcher takes on
responsibilities for encouraging change as well as for research.
2. Action research is much harder to write up because you probably can’t use a standard
format to report your findings effectively.
3. Personal over-involvement of the researcher may bias research results.
4. The cyclic nature of action research to achieve its twin outcomes of action (e.g. change)
and research (e.g. understanding) is time-consuming and complex to conduct.
Case Study Design
Definition and Purpose
A case study is an in-depth study of a particular research problem rather than a sweeping
statistical survey. It is often used to narrow down a very broad field of research into one or a few
easily researchable examples. The case study research design is also useful for testing whether a
specific theory and model actually applies to phenomena in the real world. It is a useful design
when not much is known about a phenomenon.
What do these studies tell you?
1. Approach excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue through detailed
contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships.
2. A researcher using a case study design can apply a vaiety of methodologies and rely on a
variety of sources to investigate a research problem.
3. Design can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous
research.
4. Social scientists, in particular, make wide use of this research design to examine
contemporary real-life situations and provide the basis for the application of concepts
and theories and extension of methods.
5. The design can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases.
What these studies don't tell you?
5. Rubayet 5
1. A single or small number of cases offers little basis for establishing reliability or to
generalize the findings to a wider population of people, places, or things.
2. The intense exposure to study of the case may bias a researcher's interpretation of the
findings.
3. Design does not facilitate assessment of cause and effect relationships.
4. Vital information may be missing, making the case hard to interpret.
5. The case may not be representative or typical of the larger problem being investigated.
6. If the criteria for selecting a case is because it represents a very unusual or unique
phenomenon or problem for study, then your interpretation of the findings can only apply
to that particular case.
Causal Design
Definition and Purpose
Causality studies may be thought of as understanding a phenomenon in terms of conditional
statements in the form, “If X, and then Y.” This type of research is used to measure what impact
a specific change will have on existing norms and assumptions. Most social scientists seek causal
explanations that reflect tests of hypotheses. Causal effect (nomothetic perspective) occurs
when variation in one phenomenon, an independent variable, leads to or results, on average, in
variation in another phenomenon, the dependent variable.
Conditions necessary for determining causality:
Empirical association--a valid conclusion is based on finding an association between the
independent variable and the dependent variable.
Appropriate time order--to conclude that causation was involved, one must see that cases
were exposed to variation in the independent variable before variation in the dependent
variable.
Nonspuriousness--a relationship between two variables that is not due to variation in a
third variable.
What do these studies tell you?
1. Causality research designs helps researchers understand why the world works the way it
does through the process of proving a causal link between variables and eliminating other
possibilities.
2. Replication is possible.
3. There is greater confidence the study has internal validity due to the systematic subject
selection and equity of groups being compared.
What these studies don't tell you?
6. Rubayet 6
1. Not all relationships are casual! The possibility always exists that, by sheer coincidence,
two unrelated events appear to be related [e.g., Punxatawney Phil could accurately
predict the duration of Winter for five consecutive years but, the fact remains, he's just a
big, furry rodent].
2. Conclusions about causal relationships are difficult to determine due to a variety of
extraneous and confounding variables that exist in a social environment. This means
causality can only be inferred, never proven.
3. If two variables are correlated, the cause must come before the effect. However, even
though two variables might be causally related, it can sometimes be difficult to determine
which variable comes first and therefore to establish which variable is the actual cause
and which is the actual effect.
Cohort Design
Definition and Purpose
Often used in the medical sciences, but also found in the applied social sciences, a cohort study
generally refers to a study conducted over a period of time involving members of a population
which the subject or representative member comes from, and who are united by some
commonality or similarity. Using a quantitative framework, a cohort study makes note of
statistical occurrence within a specialized subgroup, united by same or similar characteristics that
are relevant to the research problem being investigated, rather than studying statistical
occurrence within the general population. Using a qualitative framework, cohort studies
generally gather data using methods of observation. Cohorts can be either "open" or "closed."
Open Cohort Studies [dynamic populations, such as the population of Los Angeles] involve
a population that is defined just by the state of being a part of the study in question (and
being monitored for the outcome). Date of entry and exit from the study is individually
defined, therefore, the size of the study population is not constant. In open cohort
studies, researchers can only calculate rate based data, such as, incidence rates and
variants thereof.
Closed Cohort Studies [static populations, such as patients entered into a clinical trial]
involve participants who enter into the study at one defining point in time and where it is
presumed that no new participants can enter the cohort. Given this, the number of study
participants remains constant (or can only decrease).
What do these studies tell you?
1. The use of cohorts is often mandatory because a randomized control study may be
unethical. For example, you cannot deliberately expose people to asbestos, you can only
study its effects on those who have already been exposed. Research that measures risk
factors often relies on cohort designs.
7. Rubayet 7
2. Because cohort studies measure potential causes before the outcome has occurred, they
can demonstrate that these “causes” preceded the outcome, thereby avoiding the debate
as to which is the cause and which is the effect.
3. Cohort analysis is highly flexible and can provide insight into effects over time and related
to a variety of different types of changes [e.g., social, cultural, political, and economic,
etc.].
4. Either original data or secondary data can be used in this design.
What these studies don't tell you?
1. In cases where a comparative analysis of two cohorts is made [e.g., studying the effects
of one group exposed to asbestos and one that has not], a researcher cannot control for
all other factors that might differ between the two groups. These factors are known as
confounding variables.
2. Cohort studies can end up taking a long time to complete if the researcher must wait for
the conditions of interest to develop within the group. This also increases the chance that
key variables change during the course of the study, potentially impacting the validity of
the findings.
3. Because of the lack of randomization in the cohort design, its external validity is lower
than that of study designs where the researcher randomly assigns participants.
Cross-Sectional Design
Definition and Purpose
Cross-sectional research designs have three distinctive features: no time dimension, a reliance
on existing differences rather than change following intervention; and, groups are selected based
on existing differences rather than random allocation. The cross-sectional design can only
measure differences between or from among a variety of people, subjects, or phenomena rather
than change. As such, researchers using this design can only employ a relative passive approach
to making causal inferences based on findings.
What do these studies tell you?
1. Cross-sectional studies provide a 'snapshot' of the outcome and the characteristics
associated with it, at a specific point in time.
2. Unlike the experimental design where there is an active intervention by the researcher to
produce and measure change or to create differences, cross-sectional designs focus on
studying and drawing inferences from existing differences between people, subjects, or
phenomena.
3. Entails collecting data at and concerning one point in time. While longitudinal studies
involve taking multiple measures over an extended period of time, cross-sectional
research is focused on finding relationships between variables at one moment in time.
8. Rubayet 8
4. Groups identified for study are purposely selected based upon existing differences in the
sample rather than seeking random sampling.
5. Cross-section studies are capable of using data from a large number of subjects and,
unlike observational studies, is not geographically bound.
6. Can estimate prevalence of an outcome of interest because the sample is usually taken
from the whole population.
7. Because cross-sectional designs generally use survey techniques to gather data, they are
relatively inexpensive and take up little time to conduct.
What these studies don't tell you?
1. Finding people, subjects, or phenomena to study that are very similar except in one
specific variable can be difficult.
2. Results are static and time bound and, therefore, given no indication of a sequence of
events or reveal historical contexts.
3. Studies cannot be utilized to establish cause and effect relationships.
4. Provide only a snapshot of analysis so there is always the possibility that a study could
have differing results if another time-frame had been chosen.
5. There is no follow up to the findings.
Descriptive Design
Definition and Purpose
Descriptive research designs help provide answers to the questions of who, what, when, where,
and how associated with a particular research problem; a descriptive study cannot conclusively
ascertain answers to why. Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the
current status of the phenomena and to describe "what exists" with respect to variables or
conditions in a situation.
What do these studies tell you?
1. The subject is being observed in a completely natural and unchanged natural
environment. True experiments, whilst giving analyzable data, often adversely influence
the normal behavior of the subject.
2. Descriptive research is often used as a pre-cursor to more quantitatively research designs,
the general overview giving some valuable pointers as to what variables are worth testing
quantitatively.
3. If the limitations are understood, they can be a useful tool in developing a more focused
study.
4. Descriptive studies can yield rich data that lead to important recommendations.
5. Approach collects a large amount of data for detailed analysis.
9. Rubayet 9
What these studies don't tell you?
1. The results from a descriptive research cannot be used to discover a definitive answer or
to disprove a hypothesis.
2. Because descriptive designs often utilize observational methods [as opposed to
quantitative methods], the results cannot be replicated.
3. The descriptive function of research is heavily dependent on instrumentation for
measurement and observation.
Experimental Design
Definition and Purpose
A blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to maintain control over all factors that
may affect the result of an experiment. In doing this, the researcher attempts to determine or
predict what may occur. Experimental Research is often used where there is time priority in a
causal relationship (cause precedes effect), there is consistency in a causal relationship (a cause
will always lead to the same effect), and the magnitude of the correlation is great. The classic
experimental design specifies an experimental group and a control group. The independent
variable is administered to the experimental group and not to the control group, and both groups
are measured on the same dependent variable. Subsequent experimental designs have used
more groups and more measurements over longer periods. True experiments must have control,
randomization, and manipulation.
What do these studies tell you?
1. Experimental research allows the researcher to control the situation. In so doing, it allows
researchers to answer the question, “what causes something to occur?”
2. Permits the researcher to identify cause and effect relationships between variables and
to distinguish placebo effects from treatment effects.
3. Experimental research designs support the ability to limit alternative explanations and to
infer direct causal relationships in the study.
4. Approach provides the highest level of evidence for single studies.
What these studies don't tell you?
1. The design is artificial, and results may not generalize well to the real world.
2. The artificial settings of experiments may alter subject behaviors or responses.
3. Experimental designs can be costly if special equipment or facilities are needed.
4. Some research problems cannot be studied using an experiment because of ethical or
technical reasons.
5. Difficult to apply ethnographic and other qualitative methods to experimental designed
research studies.
10. Rubayet 10
Exploratory Design
Definition and Purpose
An exploratory design is conducted about a research problem when there are few or no earlier
studies to refer to. The focus is on gaining insights and familiarity for later investigation or
undertaken when problems are in a preliminary stage of investigation.
The goals of exploratory research are intended to produce the following possible insights:
Familiarity with basic details, settings and concerns.
Well-grounded picture of the situation being developed.
Generation of new ideas and assumption, development of tentative theories or
hypotheses.
Determination about whether a study is feasible in the future.
Issues get refined for more systematic investigation and formulation of new research
questions.
Direction for future research and techniques get developed.
What do these studies tell you?
1. Design is a useful approach for gaining background information on a particular topic.
2. Exploratory research is flexible and can address research questions of all types (what,
why, how).
3. Provides an opportunity to define new terms and clarify existing concepts.
4. Exploratory research is often used to generate formal hypotheses and develop more
precise research problems.
5. Exploratory studies help establish research priorities.
What these studies don't tell you?
1. Exploratory research generally utilizes small sample sizes and, thus, findings are typically
not generalizable to the population at large.
2. The exploratory nature of the research inhibits an ability to make definitive conclusions
about the findings.
3. The research process underpinning exploratory studies is flexible but often unstructured,
leading to only tentative results that have limited value in decision-making.
4. Design lacks rigorous standards applied to methods of data gathering and analysis
because one of the areas for exploration could be to determine what method or
methodologies could best fit the research problem.
11. Rubayet 11
Historical Design
Definition and Purpose
The purpose of a historical research design is to collect, verify, and synthesize evidence from the
past to establish facts that defend or refute your hypothesis. It uses secondary sources and a
variety of primary documentary evidence, such as, logs, diaries, official records, reports, archives,
and non-textual information [maps, pictures, audio and visual recordings]. The limitation is that
the sources must be both authentic and valid.
What do these studies tell you?
1. The historical research design is unobtrusive; the act of research does not affect the
results of the study.
2. The historical approach is well suited for trend analysis.
3. Historical records can add important contextual background required to more fully
understand and interpret a research problem.
4. There is no possibility of researcher-subject interaction that could affect the findings.
5. Historical sources can be used over and over to study different research problems or to
replicate a previous study.
What these studies don't tell you?
1. The ability to fulfill the aims of your research are directly related to the amount and
quality of documentation available to understand the research problem.
2. Since historical research relies on data from the past, there is no way to manipulate it to
control for contemporary contexts.
3. Interpreting historical sources can be very time consuming.
4. The sources of historical materials must be archived consistently to ensure access.
5. Original authors bring their own perspectives and biases to the interpretation of past
events and these biases are more difficult to ascertain in historical resources.
6. Due to the lack of control over external variables, historical research is very weak with
regard to the demands of internal validity.
7. It rare that the entirety of historical documentation needed to fully address a research
problem is available for interpretation, therefore, gaps need to be acknowledged.
Longitudinal Design
Definition and Purpose
12. Rubayet 12
A longitudinal study follows the same sample over time and makes repeated observations. With
longitudinal surveys, for example, the same group of people is interviewed at regular intervals,
enabling researchers to track changes over time and to relate them to variables that might
explain why the changes occur. Longitudinal research designs describe patterns of change and
help establish the direction and magnitude of causal relationships. Measurements are taken on
each variable over two or more distinct time periods. This allows the researcher to measure
change in variables over time. It is a type of observational study and is sometimes referred to as
a panel study.
What do these studies tell you?
1. Longitudinal data allow the analysis of duration of a particular phenomenon.
2. Enables survey researchers to get close to the kinds of causal explanations usually
attainable only with experiments.
3. The design permits the measurement of differences or change in a variable from one
period to another [i.e., the description of patterns of change over time].
4. Longitudinal studies facilitate the prediction of future outcomes based upon earlier
factors.
What these studies don't tell you?
1. The data collection method may change over time.
2. Maintaining the integrity of the original sample can be difficult over an extended period
of time.
3. It can be difficult to show more than one variable at a time.
4. This design often needs qualitative research to explain fluctuations in the data.
5. A longitudinal research design assumes present trends will continue unchanged.
6. It can take a long period of time to gather results.
7. There is a need to have a large sample size and accurate sampling to reach
representativeness.
Observational Design
Definition and Purpose
This type of research design draws a conclusion by comparing subjects against a control group,
in cases where the researcher has no control over the experiment. There are two general types
of observational designs. In direct observations, people know that you are watching them.
Unobtrusive measures involve any method for studying behavior where individuals do not know
they are being observed. An observational study allows a useful insight into a phenomenon and
avoids the ethical and practical difficulties of setting up a large and cumbersome research project.
What do these studies tell you?
13. Rubayet 13
1. Observational studies are usually flexible and do not necessarily need to be structured
around a hypothesis about what you expect to observe (data is emergent rather than pre-
existing).
2. The researcher is able to collect a depth of information about a particular behavior.
3. Can reveal interrelationships among multifaceted dimensions of group interactions.
4. You can generalize your results to real life situations.
5. Observational research is useful for discovering what variables may be important before
applying other methods like experiments.
6. Observation researched signs account for the complexity of group behaviors.
What these studies don't tell you?
1. Reliability of data is low because seeing behaviors occur over and over again may be a
time consuming task and difficult to replicate.
2. In observational research, findings may only reflect a unique sample population and, thus,
cannot be generalized to other groups.
3. There can be problems with bias as the researcher may only "see what they want to see."
4. There is no possibility to determine "cause and effect" relationships since nothing is
manipulated.
5. Sources or subjects may not all be equally credible.
6. Any group that is studied is altered to some degree by the very presence of the
researcher, therefore, skewing to some degree any data collected (the Heisenberg
Uncertainty Principle).
Philosophical Design
Definition and Purpose
Understood more as a broad approach to examining a research problem than a methodological
design, philosophical analysis and argumentation is intended to challenge deeply embedded,
often intractable, assumptions underpinning an area of study. This approach uses the tools of
argumentation derived from philosophical traditions, concepts, models, and theories to critically
explore and challenge, for example, the relevance of logic and evidence in academic debates, to
analyze arguments about fundamental issues, or to discuss the root of existing discourse about
a research problem. These overarching tools of analysis can be framed in three ways:
Ontology -- the study that describes the nature of reality; for example, what is real and
what is not, what is fundamental and what is derivative?
Epistemology -- the study that explores the nature of knowledge; for example, on what
does knowledge and understanding depend upon and how can we be certain of what we
know?
14. Rubayet 14
Axiology -- the study of values; for example, what values does an individual or group hold
and why? How are values related to interest, desire, will, experience, and means-to-end?
And, what is the difference between a matter of fact and a matter of value?
What do these studies tell you?
1. Can provide a basis for applying ethical decision-making to practice.
2. Functions as a means of gaining greater self-understanding and self-knowledge about the
purposes of research.
3. Brings clarity to general guiding practices and principles of an individual or group.
4. Philosophy informs methodology.
5. Refine concepts and theories that are invoked in relatively unreflective modes of thought
and discourse.
6. Beyond methodology, philosophy also informs critical thinking about epistemology and
the structure of reality (metaphysics).
7. Offers clarity and definition to the practical and theoretical uses of terms, concepts, and
ideas.
What these studies don't tell you?
1. Limited application to specific research problems [answering the "So what?" question in
social science research].
2. Analysis can be abstract, argumentative, and limited in its practical application to real-life
issues.
3. While a philosophical analysis may render problematic that which was once simple or
taken-for-granted, the writing can be dense and subject to unnecessary jargon,
overstatement, and/or excessive quotation and documentation.
4. There are limitations in the use of metaphor as a vehicle of philosophical analysis.
5. There can be analytical difficulties in moving from philosophy to advocacy and between
abstract thought and application to the phenomenal world.
Sequential Design
Definition and Purpose
Sequential research is that which is carried out in a deliberate, staged approach [i.e. serially]
where one stage will be completed, followed by another, then another, and so on, with the aim
that each stage will build upon the previous one until enough data is gathered over an interval of
time to test your hypothesis. The sample size is not predetermined. After each sample is
analyzed, the researcher can accept the null hypothesis, accept the alternative hypothesis, or
select another pool of subjects and conduct the study once again. This means the researcher can
obtain a limitless number of subjects before finally making a decision whether to accept the null
or alternative hypothesis. Using a quantitative framework, a sequential study generally utilizes
15. Rubayet 15
sampling techniques to gather data and applying statistical methods to analyze the data. Using a
qualitative framework, sequential studies generally utilize samples of individuals or groups of
individuals [cohorts] and use qualitative methods, such as interviews or observations, to gather
information from each sample.
What do these studies tell you?
1. The researcher has a limitless option when it comes to sample size and the sampling
schedule.
2. Due to the repetitive nature of this research design, minor changes and adjustments can
be done during the initial parts of the study to correct and hone the research method.
Useful design for exploratory studies.
3. There is very little effort on the part of the researcher when performing this technique. It
is generally not expensive, time consuming, or workforce extensive.
4. Because the study is conducted serially, the results of one sample are known before the
next sample is taken and analyzed.
What these studies don't tell you?
1. The sampling method is not representative of the entire population. The only possibility
of approaching representativeness is when the researcher chooses to use a very large
sample size significant enough to represent a significant portion of the entire population.
In this case, moving on to study a second or more sample can be difficult.
2. Because the sampling technique is not randomized, the design cannot be used to create
conclusions and interpretations that pertain to an entire population. Generalizability from
findings is limited.
3. Difficult to account for and interpret variation from one sample to another over time,
particularly when using qualitative methods of data collection.
Marketing Research Proposal
Background
This marketing research discussed about TV advertisement. TV advertisement is a very important part of
advertisement sector. Mainly we conducting this research based on Bangladesh TV advertisement sector.
What are the reasons or why some ads are successful, find out those reasons is the main objective of this
research. TV advertisement plays an important role in advertisement sector in Bangladesh. So this
research can be found out successful reasons of TV advertisement.
Approach to the problem
Problem Definition:
16. Rubayet 16
Figure out the factors those influence successful advertisement. This research conducting to find out
different criteria or reason which influence an advertisement to be successful. Here we select top 3 ad for
conducting this research.
Marketing research problem
Here the researchers’ problem is to find out the effectiveness of those top 3 ads. We will present a final
report with key findings clearly mentioned. We will draw conclusions based on these findings about
customer attitude on advertisements.
Advertisements:
a) Grameen Phone ( Alo Ashbei- GP Internet )
b) Citycell Zoom (Ami Roop Nogorer Rajkonna)
c) RC – Royal Crown (Tomar Jonno Morte Pari)
Research Question and Hypothesis
Ad.-1 GrameenPhone (Alo ashbei- GP internet)
RQ.1 why this ad successful?
Jingle
Celebrity
Theme
Dialogue
Ad.-2 City-cell Zoom
RQ.1 why this ad successful?
Jingle
Celebrity
Theme
Dialogue
Ad.-3 RC – Royal Crown Cola (Tomar Jonno Morte Pari)
RQ.1 why this ad successful?
Jingle
Celebrity
Theme
Dialogue
17. Rubayet 17
Analytical Model
Verbal Model:
The consumer first becomes curious of about an advertisement. The consumers follow the celebrity. After
that the consumer listen the jingle and the consumer understands and connects with the theme of
advertisement and gets inspired to know more about the it. And consumer wants to enjoy the
advertisement next time.
Geographical Model:
Research Design
a) Type of research design:
This research is mainly a causal research.
b) Information needs:
This research obtains some very important information about advertisement. Here we look for the
causes and effect that makes an ad successful.
c) Scaling techniques:
We are applying non-comparative scaling technique.
d) Questionnaire development and presenting:
18. Rubayet 18
This research based on survey method and personal questionnaire system.
e) Sampling Techniques:
In this research sample size is 30.
Data Collection
a) Field work and data collection:
Data collection will be done from primary sources. The data collected by non interviewing questionnaire.
The respondents see the questionnaire and given specific possible answer which is mention in
questionnaire. Our team members will collect raw data.
b) Data analysis:
In this research we used SPSS software, frequency distribution, cross tabulation etc.
Demographic segments such as age, sex, will analyze data from the survey.
We will study:
1. Degree of customer attitude on advertisement.
2. Reasons for satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
3. Key factors for successful advertisement.
Key Factors for a successful advertisement
“Questionnaires”
__________________________________
Please check or fill in the appropriate information as it pertains to you.
Grameen Phone ( Alo Ashbei- GP Internet )
Name:
1. Sex: a) Male b) Female
2. Age: a) 24-29 b) 30-39 c) 40-49 d) 50-59 e) 60+
3. Occupation: a) Student b)Housewife c) Service holder d) others
19. Rubayet 19
4. Which media gets your attention?
a) Print b) Radio c) Television d) Words of other people
5. How much time do you spend on watching television everyday?
a) 2-4 hours b) 4-8 hours c) 8-12 hours
6. Do you like this advertisement? (Grameen Phone ( Alo Ashbei- GP Internet )
a) Yes b) No
7. Why do you like this advertisement?
a) Jingle b) Celebrity c) Theme
8. Who sang the song in this advertisement?
a) Shaan b)Kumar Sanu c)Alka Yagnik d)Other
City cell Zoom (Ami Roop Nogorer Rajkonna)
Name:
1. Sex: a) Male b) Female
2. Age: a) 24-29 b) 30-39 c) 40-49 d) 50-59 e) 60+
3. Occupation: a) Student b)Housewife c) Service holder d) others
4. Which media gets your attention?
a) Print b) Radio c) Television d) Words of other people
5. How much time do you spend on watching television everyday?
a) 2-4 hours b) 4-8 hours c) 8-12 hours
6. Do you like this advertisement? (Citycell Zoom – Ami roop nogorer rajkonna)
a) Yes b) No
7. Why do you like this advertisement?
a) Jingle b) Celebrity c) Theme
20. Rubayet 20
8. Who sang the song in this advertisement?
a) Shaan b)Kumar Sanu c)Alka Yagnik d)Other
RC – Royal Crown (Tomar Jonno Morte Pari)
Name:
1. Sex: a) Male b) Female
2. Age: a) 24-29 b) 30-39 c) 40-49 d) 50-59 e) 60+
3. Occupation: a) Student b)Housewife c) Service holder d) others
4. Which media gets your attention?
a) Print b) Radio c) Television d) Words of other people
5. How much time do you spend on watching television everyday?
a) 2-4 hours b) 4-8 hours c) 8-12 hours
6. Do you like this advertisement? (RC – Royal Crown (Tomar Jonno Morte Pari )
a) Yes b) No
7. Why do you like this advertisement?
a) Jingle b) Celebrity c) Theme
8. Who sang the song in this advertisement?
a) Shaan b)Kumar Sanu c)Alka Yagnik d)Other
9. Which Bengali model acts in this advertisement?
a) Nobel b) Shimul c) Nirob
10. Which Bengali actress acts in this advertisement?
a) Jessica Simpson b) Reshmi Ghosh c) Rani Mukherjee
Questionnaire on the Technology and Engineering Company
Queries
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During the period of my internship I had some findings that are described here on the basis of Frequently
Asked Questions (FAQs). I asked the Project Manager some questions. My queries, his answers, and my
comments on the answers are given below:
1. Please name one of your Completed/Running Projects.
Ans.UttaraValley (Running project)
Comments: This the first and running project of the company
2. Does it satisfy the characteristics of project such as objective, fund, time etc?
Yes, the project satisfies the characteristics of project which are
Purpose
Temporary
Unique
Resources
Cost Time Constraints
Interdependencies
Life Cycle – Tasks
Conflict
Risk
Comments: It is an ongoing project and till now it satisfies objective, fund, time etc. But the project
manager should be careful of monitoring the project himself as it is the first project and many
uncertainties are all around the project.
3. What is the objective of this project?
The project objective consists of the business benefits that an organization expects to achieve as a result
of spending time and exerting effort to complete a project. A project objective is often referred to as the
goal. The project objective serves as the marching orders or charge for the project leader and team. It
provides information as to what, where, and when, as well as information about how much improvement
or change needs to occur. At the completion of the project, any person should be able to refer back to the
project objective and determine whether the project was successful. Project goals keep the focus on what
is most important. However, on some teams these primary goals are lost in their meeting’s activities. Even
if the progress is only inches rather than by huge leaps, the team must be pushing the project forward as
quickly, safely, and reasonably as possible.
Objectives or Goals of UTTARA Project
Finish the project within the scheduled timetable.
The objective of Uttara Valleyis be to finish the project within the timeframe agreed upon. This means the
project manager must do everything possible to drive the project to the end and stay on time. He should
22. Rubayet 22
remember to avoid guessing and incompetence in the planning of the scope so as to have a reasonable
time schedule with which to work.
Finish the project within the scheduled budget.
Budgets are set by UttaraValley project teams while others inherit them. Whether they set the budget or
inherit it, they need to make sure they are doing their best to track their expenditures and know where
the money is going. When they will finish the project within the scheduled budget, they will demonstrate
their ability in running the project responsibly.
Finish the project with the same level of quality.
Unfortunately, when projects lag behind, quality is often sacrificed in order to catch up. Project leaders
sometimes feel that in order to pick up speed, pieces of the project will need to be downsized or cut
completely. True, the project plan will have to be revised when problems arise, but the revision should
never compromise quality. While it is important to keep deadlines, it is equally important to keep the
project’s quality high throughout the project.
Finish the project within the specified guidelines.
UttaraValley project makes sure they are meeting the customer’s needs. They must “wow” the customer!
This can be done simply by finishing the project with the specifics the customer really wanted. The best
way to solidify this is to verify their accomplishment by customer handoff and close down.
Do the best you can with what you have been given.
There is no such thing as a perfect project. Some projects run up against major odds and hurdles. For
example, many recent projects in our country have endured major setbacks because of terror attacks,
severe weather causing power outages, or a nation at war. Even against these catastrophes, projects were
remarkably turned around and back on track because of great project team leaders and teams. Project
goals were met because they did their best with what came their way.
4. In your project management, do you follow the four phases of project management?
Four Phases of Project Management
According to the project management there is four phases exist. THE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY is
going through with all the phases.
1. First they define the project in which they set up their goals according to the desire of their clients.
Like this UttaraValley project, the top management defined it. This stage called D1.
2. After that at D2 stage they make the detail proposal for the project. They ensure the answer of
these questions, like-
1. How to conduct the project?
2. Who will conduct the project activities?
3. When will they have to deliver the project to the clients?
23. Rubayet 23
3. In project right now is in D3 stage that means the project manager is implementing the project
according to design criteria of the project.
4. The UttaraValley projectis the first project of the company and till now it is being implemented.
So, the D4 stage will be completed.
Comments: It is clear that they are following the four phases of project and has already completing three
of four phases and the last phase is still left. Every phase of this project is important for the company as it
is the first project.
5. Projects have become complex- how do you respond?
Project Complexity is the extent to which a project, or one of its components, involves a large number
of parts, and/or a large number of people, to be coordinated and/or interfaced.
Successful land development requires the developer to go through a complex process of many
interrelated parts. While land development is both an art and a science, the most important aspect of the
process is its holistic nature. Each separate part influences the others and a viable solution must take into
account market demands, budget constraints, and site conditions.
The process usually begins with an idea for the creation of a new development that will serve the needs
of the local market. This new development should take its place as a good neighbor within the local
community by acknowledging its relationship to adjacent land uses. It should also become economically
viable for both its inhabitants and the developer. Therefore, the project manager said that to produce a
successful idea for his project, he begins with a thorough understanding of what his potential buyer needs
and wants in a new development.
Comments: As the projects have become complex for the reasons described above, there is another extra
reason for the company and that is, the company is going to complete a project for the first time.
Do you follow any time planning like Gantt chart, Activity on arrow or anything else?
Ans. The Company follows only Gantt chart but no other A-O-A or A-O-N Diagram.
Comments: We think that the company is not willing to reveal their secrecy and that is why they are hiding
their strategies.
Do you follow the Critical Path Analysis to complete the project in time?
Ans. As there is no A-O-A or A-O-N Diagram, there is no critical path to be needed.
8. What kind of cost plan is used: Bottom up, Top down or anything else?
Ans. The Top-down cost planning is used here as it is a real estate project and prices of lands are set before
the project is completed.
24. Rubayet 24
Comments: It is a good decision to use top-down method as the price is fixed for the land and the project
manager does not have the scope to increases cost and must use as needed. Cost is the main concern
here, not the quality.
9. How do you estimate the cost of project- Experience, Forecasting etc?
Estimating is the process of forecasting a future result in terms of cost, based upon information available
at the time. Many techniques, books and software packages exist to help with estimating project costs.
Cost estimating is one of the most important steps in project management. A cost estimate establishes
the base line of the project cost at different stages of development of the project. A cost estimate at a
given stage of project development represents a prediction provided by the cost engineer or estimator on
the basis of available data.
The costs of a UTTARA land development facility to the owner include both the initial capital cost and the
subsequent operation and maintenance costs. Each of these major cost categories consists of a number
of cost components.
The capital cost for a UTTARA land development project includes the expenses related to the initial
establishment of the facility:
Land acquisition, including assembly, holding and improvement
Planning and feasibility studies
Architectural and engineering design
Construction, including materials, equipment and labor
Field supervision of construction
Construction financing
Insurance and taxes during construction
Owner’s general office overhead
Equipment and furnishings not included in construction
Inspection and testing
The operation and maintenance cost in subsequent years over the project life cycle includes the following
expenses:
Land rent, if applicable
Operating staff
Labor and material for maintenance and repairs
Periodic renovations
Insurance and taxes
Financing costs
Utilities
Owner’s other expenses
The magnitude of each of these cost components depends on the nature, size and location of the project
as well as the management organization, among many considerations.
25. Rubayet 25
The project manager of Uttara Valley Project follows the following rules will to ensure that an accurate
and realistic estimate is produced.
He assumes that resources will only be productive for 80 percent of his time.
Resources working on multiple projects take longer to complete tasks because of time lost
switching between them.
People are generally optimistic and often underestimate how long tasks will take.
Make use of other people’s experiences and his own.
Obtain an expert view.
Include management time in any estimate.
Always build in contingency for problem solving, meetings and other unexpected events.
Cost each task in the Work Breakdown Structure to arrive at a total, rather than trying to cost
the project as a whole.
Agree a tolerance with his customer for additional work that is not yet defined.
Communicate any assumptions, exclusions or constraints he have to his customer.
Provide regular budget statements to his customer, copying his team, so that they are always
aware of the current position.
Comments: There is no previous experience of the company as a whole, so they must be careful of
estimating cash inflows and cash outflows and uncertainty involving these.
10. What kind of cost plan analysis you follow- payback method, discounted cash flow, IRR?
Ans. Discounted Cash Flow method is being used to plan analysis here as it gives almost corrects
estimation and considers time value of money.
11. How do you identify the risk of project? What are the probable risks of this project? What is your
preparation?
Several techniques are available that Project manager can employ to identify risks to his projects. He relies
on regular team meetings, brainstorming sessions, reviews with stakeholders or experience from similar
projects to identify risk of the project. Risks may result from high-level support, funding, resources, skills,
hidden agendas and planning related issues.
What are the probable risks of this project?
Once he has identified the risks, he takes the following steps to overcome the situation:
Risk Evaluation
Once he has identified his risks, he writes them down in a risk log. The log is used to monitor and track his
risks. He makes his risk log visible to the project stakeholders so they are able to see risks that concern
them being addressed. They may flag new risks he hasn’t identified.
The risk log should evolve over time with potential risks removed and new ones added as the project
progresses.
26. Rubayet 26
Once he has filled out his risk log, then he evaluates his risks. He grades the risks on two levels, likelihood
and severity. Assign a value to both the likelihood and severity of high, medium or low. It follows that he
should concentrate his efforts on the high / high and high / medium risks. He looks at the financial
implication of each risk as an additional factor.
Corrective Actions
Once he understands where his risks are coming from and which he should addresses first, then he takes
corrective actions. He thinks of two actions for each risk. He documents the actions (in his risk log) he
intends to take to minimize the impact from each risk.
Risk Control
Finally, he monitors and controls his risks. Risk control involves keeping a risk management plan, a record
of risks handled, a description of his proposed corrective actions, costs involved and a risk escalation plan
for when problems occur. He includes information about the risks in his progress reports. This keeps them
visible and prevents any nasty shocks during the project.
Nobody likes to think about what may go wrong in a project, especially early on, but to overlook risk
management means that we chance an unnecessary project failure.
Comments: Risk and uncertainty are all around this project as it is the first project of the company. A
simple mistake can be very dangerous for the success of the project. So, steps should be taken carefully.
12. Do you prefer team work in project management? What do you do?
The project manager of UttaraValley project prefers team work in project management. He believes that
Human Resource Management is needed everywhere, at home, at the office, and especially when working
on a project with a group of people. Using human resources during a project requires getting the most
effective use of the people involved with the project. This includes everyone associated with the project:
sponsors, customers, partners, and individual contributors.
According to him, there are three major aspects of project human resource management: organizational
planning, staff acquisition, and team development.
Organizational Planning
Organizational planning identifies, documents, and assigns project roles, responsibilities, and reporting
relationships. Before the project begins, all role and responsibilities should be designated. This will cut
down on any confusion after the project starts. Each team member will know what is expected of him or
her and will be able to follow through on the assigned tasks. Having a staff development plan and an
organizational chart will also decrease uncertainty and conflict. A staff development plan describes how
and when human resources will be brought onto and taken off the project team. An organizational chart
is a graphical way to breakdown the project reporting relationship. It diagrams who is to report to whom.
There will not be any question as to the chain of command with a detailed organizational chart. Good
27. Rubayet 27
organizational planning also includes any supporting documents needed to outline each job title and
description or any training needs.
Staff Acquisition
Staff acquisition is the process of getting the human resources needed assigned to and working on the
project. Choosing the correct people for a project is almost as important as the project itself. Without a
knowledgeable team, the project will be much more difficult. Some things to consider when picking your
team are previous experience, personal interests, personal characteristics, availability, and competencies
and proficiency. Your resources for finding team members are endless. They may come from negotiations
with managers and other project teams, pre-assignment from another project, or even from outside the
organization. He also needs to determine whether each team member will be working on the project full
or part time. Thinking ahead of the ideal team members will save your valuable time later.
Team Development
Team development includes developing individual and group competencies to enhance project
performance. By coming together as a true team, the project will be more successful. The project manager
follows the following ways to achieve team Development:
Team building activities
General management skills
Reward and recognition systems
Collocation or frequent face-to-face meetings
Training
Significant improvements in team morale will cause an increase in team mentality. Other improvements
that will be seen include performance improvements, improvements in individual skills, improvements in
team behaviors, and improvements in either individual or team competencies.
Comments: It may become very tough to maintain team work because, team work is the result of working
together for a specific time. As time passed and the team work will be more effective for this project.
13. What is the organizational structure of this project management?
How do you maintain the control system of the project?
A project control system is a tool that enables managers to recognize problems before they become
unsolvable. In essence, it monitors and controls the actual work to be done along with the cost of doing
the work and the time needed to do it. How elaborate a system is depends on the size and scope of the
task to be managed, as well as the size and distribution of the team working on it.
Comments: There is no written technique to be followed to control the project.
15. According to the project classification in which category this specific project belongs to?
28. Rubayet 28
There are three types of project, such as-
1. X category: Productive of self-sustaining & earn revenue. Example: power plant.
2. Y category: Productive but does not earn revenue. Example: Irrigation.
3. Z category: Service providing project non-visible product. Example: education, health etc.
According to the project classification, the UttaraValley project belongs to “X category” because it is not
only productive but also earns revenue.
Comments: It is a private owned company and for-profit project
16. What are the key factors of your project?
Project managers stay current with ever-changing development regulations and are responsible, either
directly or indirectly, for key factors in land development project.
The key factors of FDV land development projects are:
Interface with public agencies
The project manager of Uttara Valley project works with city and county planning departments, flood
control and state agencies (for zoning, subdivision platting, street layouts, street dedications and other
urban planning items), with public works departments (for water, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, streets
and flood control issues), with state agencies (for utility environmental quality) and in some cases with
the utility district authority.
Environmental conditions
Environmental issues must be dealt with before lenders will commit to financing, and typically prior to
breaking ground. Every project should begin with an environmental report. Wetlands, live/inactive water
bodies, burial sites, illegal dumping, pollution — natural or manmade — to name a few, are all
environmental issues that have a major factor in the ultimate use of the property. Water bodies, flood-
prone areas and areas that warrant special use can be protected to add an amenity and appeal to a
project.
Contracts with consultants and contractors
Appropriate contracts for all subcontractors and consultants are critical to the legal and financial aspects
of the project.
Land, planning, landscape, architecture, amenity planning
A project manager must be versed in various land-planning strategies to maximize use of the land and
project appeal. Appropriate and pleasing landscape architecture and amenity design can determine the
tone and impact that a developer is hoping to achieve. Designing amenities for the ultimate users such as
29. Rubayet 29
water features that act as storm water detention and amenities improves the marketability and sales
velocity of a project.
Development costs
The project manager is generally responsible for providing a cost analysis for all aspects and each phase
of a development project.
Civil engineering
It is the project manager’s responsibility to choose the projects civil/design engineer, who is ultimately
responsible for the design and operation of all utility and infrastructure functions of the project. Water,
sanitary sewer and storm sewer capacity must be determined from the appropriate utility provider, and
governmental approvals must be obtained for every engineering and design-related construction item.
Infrastructure construction
The project manager works with the project engineer to coordinate the bidding for infrastructure
construction, whether it is by publicly advertised bidding or selective bidding. In addition, the project
manager and project engineer supervise the construction and progress payments throughout
development of the project. Additionally, the project manager coordinates the extension and installation
of electric service and street light installation (an increasingly difficult task since electricity deregulation),
natural gas, telephone, cable television, telephone and, if available, bundled digital services.
Subdivision restrictions
The project manager supervises the creation and initial operation of the homeowners association,
typically by hiring a professional firm that specializes in this. The project manager also supervises
preparation of deed restrictions and serves on architectural control committees, if necessary.
Amenities
The project manager coordinates the design, financing, construction, maintenance and operations of
amenities, which may include the subdivision entrance, parks, recreation areas, open space, landscaping
and water features, plus active recreation features, such as golf courses.
Market Analysis
One of the first tasks of the project manager is to coordinate and direct a market analysis, which helps
determine the demand for, absorption and price of the product.
Financing district development
The project manager should be versed in the various development-oriented financing districts, including
municipal utility districts, tax increment reinvestment zones, public improvement districts, municipal
management districts and road improvement districts.
30. Rubayet 30
Development regulations
Project managers must be versed in all aspects of development regulations, including zoning, subdivision
platting, environmental regulations (including wetlands), utility and infrastructure regulations and
development financing regulations.
Professional groups and politics
Through activity in land development and real estate oriented professional groups, project managers stay
current in development trends and changing regulations and take advantage of networking opportunities.
Project managers also often are politically active so they can work to retain or improve property rights
regulations that provide positive land development activity.
17. What are the key elements of your project?
Key Elements in THE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
The key elements of the land development process THE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY are market
research, site selection and analysis, project design, site engineering, project costs, and financial
feasibility. Each element has a unique role to play.
Market research involves determining which type of buyers to capture; understanding their buying
power, lifestyle characteristics, and product demands; and matching housing types and master plan
concepts with those characteristics.
This part of the process can extend through to the marketing and selling of the project.
Site selection and analysis involve developing a list of desirable site characteristics; analyzing site
conditions; and evaluating all the physical, legal and political, and off-site characteristics of a particular
site for their contribution to the project’s success. Project design matches marketing information on buyer
preferences with site characteristics to produce a master plan and housing types that best satisfy these
requirements. Site engineering deals with the physical handling of the topography and installing the
infrastructure to support the master plan.
Managing project costs involves determining both soft costs (fees, marketing, and testing and
investigating site conditions) and hard costs (labor and materials) for the project together with the
schedule for completing each task. From this information, one can then produce an accurate project cash
flow.
Financial feasibility refers to determining the profitability of the project from sales forecasting and project
costs.
18. What your role and responsibility as a project manager?
Roles and Responsibilities of UttaraValley project manager
31. Rubayet 31
A project manager is the person who has the overall responsibility for the successful planning and
execution of a project. The UttaraValley project manager possesses a combination of skills including an
ability to ask penetrating questions, detect unstated assumptions and resolve interpersonal conflicts as
well as more systematic management skills.
Key amongst his duties is the recognition that risk directly impacts the likelihood of success and that this
risk must be both formally and informally measured throughout the lifetime of the project.
Risk arises primarily from uncertainty and the successful project manager is the one who focuses upon
this as the main concern. Most of the issues that impact a project arise in one way or another from risk. A
good project manager can reduce risk significantly, often by adhering to a policy of open communication,
ensuring that every significant participant has an opportunity to express opinions and concerns.
It follows from the above that a project manager is one who is responsible for making decisions both large
and small, in such a way that risk is controlled and uncertainty minimized. Every decision taken by the
project manager should be taken in such a way that it directly benefits the project.
Project managers use project management software, such as Microsoft Project, to organize their tasks
and workforce. These software packages allow project managers to produce reports and charts in a few
minutes, compared to the several hours it can take if they do not use a software package
The role of the UttaraValley project manager encompasses many activities including:
Planning and Defining Scope
Activity Planning and Sequencing
Resource Planning
Developing Schedules
Time Estimating
Cost Estimating
Developing a Budget
Controlling Quality
Managing Risks and Issues
Creating Charts and Schedules
Risk Analysis
Benefits Realization
Scalability, Interoperability and Portability Analysis
Documentation
Team Leadership
Strategic Influencing
Customer Liaison
Comments: These rules and responsibilities are defined by the top management.
Questionnaire on Customer Service and Satisfaction
QUESTIONNAIRES
32. Rubayet 32
Date of interview: / /2010
Dear Respondent,
We are doing our post graduation in Business Administration (BA) at American International
UniversityBangladesh and currently conducting this research as a part of the degree requirement. The
information provided by you will be used for our report. All finding in line with law and research ethics,
are confidential and anonymous.
Express Your Opinion by giving (ü) marks.
1= Yes, 2= No
Q.1 Are you a current customer of Prime Bank Ltd.?
1 2 3 4 5
** If the Answer of the Question 1 is Yes please fill up the questions.
1 = Strongly Agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = Neutral, 4=Disagree, 5 = Strongly Disagree
Q.2 Prime Bank Limited provides quick service to the customer.
1 2 3 4 5
Q.3 Employees of Prime Bank Ltd are efficient & responsive to serve their clients.
1 2 3 4 5
Q.4 Prime Bank Ltd. Office environment is very pleasant.
1 2 3 4 5
Q.5 Prime Bank Ltd has a convenient transaction hour.
33. Rubayet 33
1 2 3 4 5
Q.6 Management system of Prime Bank is well established.
1 2 3 4 5
Q.7 Employees of Prime Bank Limited are very Friendly & helpful.
1 2 3 4 5
Q. 8 Fees & services charges of the bank are reasonable compared to other banks.
1 2 3 4 5
Q.9 Prime Bank Ltd. is very committed to their customer.
1 2 3 4 5
Q.10 Prime Bank Ltd values its high profile clients more.
1 2 3 4 5
Q.11 Prime Bank Ltd. ignores its general customer’s wellbeing.
1 2 3 4 5
Q.12 Customers are satisfied with the service provided by Prime Bank Ltd
1 2 3 4 5
34. Rubayet 34
Q.13 What is your opinion to improve the services of the bank?
ANS:
Q.14 Place specify your belief of the different attributes of Bank in the spaces below. Write A for
Prime Bank, O for others and “I” for Ideal.
Low price __1_ __2__ _3__ _4__ _5__ High price
Low Status __1_ __2__ _3__ _4__ _5__ High Status
Low value added service __1_ __2__ _3__ _4__ _5__ High Value added service
Low Facilities __1_ __2__ _3__ _4__ _5__ High facilities
Q.15 How do you describe yourself? Place with a tick mark, where you stand in the spaces below:
Harsh __1__ __2__ __3__ __4__ __5__ Delicate
Dominating __1__ __2__ __3__ __4__ __5__ Submissive
Youthful __1__ __2__ __3__ __4__ __5__ Mature
Traditional __1__ __2__ __3__ __4__ __5__ Changing
Colorless __1__ __2__ __3__ __4__ __5__ Colorful
Q. 16 From which source you find about brand choice (who influenced you)?
a) Family members
b) Partners
c) Print ads
d) Friends/Neighbors
35. Rubayet 35
e) Experience
f) TV/Radio
Any other source(s) please specify…………
Q. 17 What attributes/features would make a Bank most important to you?
a) Quick service
b) Low service charge
c) Online service
d) Debit/Credit card
e) Different service
f) Efficient employees
g) Employee behavior
h) Interior decoration
i) Country of origin
j) Brand reputation
k) Available branch
Q.18 Are you satisfied with the service of Prime Bank Ltd.
Respondent’s Profile:
1. Age:
a) 11-20 year
b) 21-30 year
c) 31-40 year
d) 41-50 year
e) 51+ year
2. Sex:
a. Male
b. Female
3. Monthly income:
a) Less than 10,000
36. Rubayet 36
b) 10,000 to less than 30,000
c) 30,000 to less than 60,000
d) 60,000 to less than 1,00,000
e) 1,00,000 and above
4. Occupation:
a) Business Man
b) Student
c) Teacher
d) Government officer
e) Doctor
f) House wife
g) Service Holder
h) Others…………………………………… (Please specify)
“Thank you for your cooperation”