Timor Leste History

My primary purpose in initiating this exploration was to better understand the situation in Timor during World War II—and relevant sources produced over a period of more than sixty years. In addition to wartime materials preserved in Australian archives, I found memoirs and publications related to the war which could potentially explain much about east Timorese society during this period, as well as the relationships between Australians and Timorese. These descriptions were not always consistent, and thus raised problems related to the use of memory in historical research. This article thus aims to present a discussion of relationships between Timorese and Australians during 1941-1943, but at the same time to explore the memory work of Australians—the ways that they have remembered the events and relationships of that period—and the way that we can conduct research into such subjects.

Pouco se fala sobre o fato de que a viagem de Magalhães, importantíssima empresa, que contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da humanidade, passou pela ilha de Timor e que nos documentos desta viagem se encontram algumas das primeiras descrições européias desta ilha.

In this paper, I explore these relational dimensions focusing on three areas of discussion. First, I describe the relationship between the people (the ‘real’ world) and the world of the spirits and divine entities. Second, the relationship between people and nature and the importance of natural resources such as land, water, forests, rivers, lakes and mountains for the survival of East Timorese communities. Finally, how relations between people are organized and managed within ‘traditional’ East Timorese society. For this purpose I will specifically unravel the significance of brother-sister alliance (feton-nan), brother-brother alliance (maun-alin and alin-maun) and sister-sister alliance (bin-alin)

Timor: Esta ilha foi incorporada desde tempos remotos à historia mundial, devido e quase exclusivamente, a existência de um produto natural de grande valor no mundo inteiro: a madeira de sândalo. A relação foi tão intrínseca que durante os séculos XVI e XVII o sândalo e Timor foram sinônimos na cartografia e na documentação européia da época: as ilhas dos sândalos eram as ilhas do Timor  e vice-versa.  O sândalo determinou a história de Timor e fez com que o desenvolvimento deste lugar fosse diferente ao do resto das ilhas da região. Este produto, o Sândalo, salutífero e cheiroso, como foi chamado pelo grande poeta português Luis Vaz de Camões em 1572 no seu famoso poema épico Os Lusíadas, provocou a riqueza e marcou o destino de Timor.

This book features the first full publicaiton in English of Xanana Gusmao's autobiography, written in secret in gaol in 1994. With it is a selct collection of his spoken and written work--speeches, interviews, essays, letters, political messages. This is a selection of the best, most interesting andmost relevant words of this well-known though little-known about political leader.

The collection is organised chronologically, in sections that represent distinct periods of Gusmao's leadership. It provides key insights into the philosophy and ideals behind the struggle of the East Timorese people for independence and documents the evolution of a significant world leader.

Draft paper, presented at Timor-Leste Studies Association conference,  Dili, 2015. This paper offers six short case studies from Canadian archival sources on the Timor-Leste (East Timor) independence struggle, 40 years after the 1975 Indonesian invasion. Documents on each case are drawn from the Timor file of Canada’s Department of External Affairs, later renamed Foreign Affairs, and from solidarity movement archives and private papers. The earliest case studies, in 1975, 1978, and 1983, show Canada following the lead of its allies, especially Australia and New Zealand. Here, Canadian documents add to the evidence already found in other archives. Case studies from the 1990s show Canada diverging from the stance of its allies, but documents reveal that, contrary to appearances, a 1991 Canadian suspension of aid to Indonesia after the Santa Cruz massacre was less influential than a 1998 Canadian decision to support Timorese self-determination. In these 1990s cases, there is clear evidence of Timorese resistance diplomacy, as well as solidarity movement pressure, affecting Canadian government policy.

O Arquivo Nacional no Quadro das Ações para a Salvaguarda do Património Documental em Timor-Leste O que faríamos sem a capacidade física de recordar, para aprender? Nada. O que seriamos, despojados das lembranças que guardamos sobre as nossas próprias vidas? Perdidos. É a memória que nos explica. Por isso mantemos os nossos arquivos constituídos por fotografias, cartas, livros, enquanto lembranças de momentos e de pessoas únicas. Estamos absolutamente certos que esses documentos dizem quem somos, os grupos a que pertencemos, guardando com o devido cuidado, para os legar às gerações futuras, lamentando, porventura, o que se perdeu. E Timor-Leste perdeu tanto. Se cada pessoa, isolada, guarda a História da sua família, cabe ao Estado a salvaguarda da Memória comum, dos documentos que falam de todos e que os explicam enquanto comunidade e nação. Tarefa cumprida pelos Arquivos, sobretudo pelos Arquivos Nacionais.

Promo Beli 2 Botol Gratis 1 Botol !!!
Info Pemesanan Hub / Whatsapp : 087788787768
Klik Pemesanan Otomatis Via Whatsapp https://wa.me/6287788787768

Hammer Of Thor Italy Adalah Salah Satu Suplemen Obat Pembesar Alat Vital MADE IN ITALY Yang sangat laris dipasaran .

Hammer Of Thor Italy Suplemen Herbal Yang Telah Di Datangkan Langsung Dari Italy. Hammer Of Thor Italy Merupakan Salah satu Pembesar Alat Vital Alami & Aman. Dengan Kandungan Bahan Herbal, Sehingga Obat Hammer Of Thor Mendapat Sertifikat Secara Resmi Dan Telah Di Akui Oleh Jutaan Pria Di Seluruh Dunia

Dengan Keunggulan Dari Segi kualitas Dan Khasyiat Yang Nyata Tanpa serta Sangat Aman Untuk Dikonsumsi Oleh Siapa Saja Tanpa Terpaku Oleh Usia,

Dalam sebuah hubungan, hubungan intim dengan pasangan merupakan salah satu faktor penentu kelanggengan suatu hubungan. Namun tidak semua orang memiliki hubungan intim yang indah dan memuaskan. Sebagian orang memiliki masalah saat berhubungan intim yang menyebabkan salah satu nya tidak terpuaskan.

Masalah yang dialami antara lain ukuran alat vital pria yang kecil, ereksi yang tidak lama, impotensi, vagina longgar, dan lain sebagainya. Nah kali ini akan disajikan solusi khusus para pria yang memiliki alat vital kecil atau ereksi yang tidak bertahan lama. Solusinya yaitu dengan meminum suplemen herbal Hammer of Thor  .

Dengan mengkonsumsi Hammer of Thor, kekecewaan istri Anda sudah pasti akan menurun dan bahkan menghilang. Tidak hanya itu, benda penting yang Anda banggakan pun akan menjadi lebih besar dan lebih berotot. Menarik bukan?

Jangan Kecewakan Istri Anda Malam Ini!

Karna Kebahagia’an Rumah Tangga Adalah No 1.

Aturan Minum Hammer Of Thor
Untuk hasil maksimal minum 2 kapsul setiap hari setelah makan pagi dan malam sebelum tidur.
Untuk Obat Kuat cukup minum 1 Kapsul 15 Menit Sebelum Berhubungan.
NB : Di Usahakan hindari Pemakaian celana dalam yang terlalu ketat

Mau Belanja & Ingin Privasi Anda Aman?  Belanja Saja Di Distributorhammer.com

Pesan Sekarang Juga!!

Isi Kemasan 30 Capsule
Harga Cuma 450.000, / Botol
Beli 2 Gratis 1 Dan Free Ongkir!!!

Format Pemesanan
Nama Jumlah Produk :
Nama :
Alamat :
Kode Pos :
No Tlp :

Contoh : 2 Botol Hammer Of Thor . Ismail . jl soekarno hatta , jakarta 12345 . 08123456xxxx .

Info Pemesanan Hub / Whatsapp : 087788787768
Klik Pemesanan Otomatis Via Whatsapp https://wa.me/6287788787768

Pengiriman Via Paket Jne . J&t . Tiki & Pos .
Info Produk Klik Website Kami Di www.distributorhammer.com

Kami Juga Melayani Pemesanan Di Seluruh Provinsi Indonesia  :

Aceh , Bali , Banten , Bengkulu , Gorontalo , Jakarta , Jambi , Jawa Barat , Jawa Tengah , Jawa Timur , Kalimantan Barat , Kalimantan Selatan , Kalimantan Tengah , Kalimantan Timur , Kalimantan Utara , Kepulauan Bangka Belitung , Kepulauan Riau , Lampung , Maluku , Maluku Utara , Nusa Tenggara Barat , Nusa Tenggara Timur , Papua , Papua Barat , Riau , Sulawesi Barat , Sulawesi Selatan , Sulawesi Tengah , Sulawesi Tenggara , Sulawesi Utara , Sumatera Barat , Sumatera Utara , Yogyakarta .

The East Timorese kingdom Luca is described as the hegemon of the eastern parts of Timor in some nineteenth-century works. This is gainsaid by other data, which point to the existence of a multitude of petty kingdoms. This article scrutinizes Luca's claim to power from a number of angles, utilizing European records and contemporary anthro-pological fieldwork. First, we analyse the claims of the centre as reflected in colonial and indigenous narratives. Second, we investigate narratives from the 'periphery' , that is, the minor adjacent domains of Vessoro and Babulo. Third, we offer a comprehensive discussion of Luca's role from a wider geographical perspective. In this way we produce a 'general account' that situates the symbolic and historical significance of Luca within the Timorese understanding of time, ritual, and power.

XANANA: Leader of the Struggle for Independent Timor-Leste

This is the political biography of Xanana Gusmão, leader of the East Timorese struggle for self-determination and first President of the new nation of Timor-Leste.

Twenty-four years of warfare with Indonesia transformed Xanana from an apolitical outsider into a tough guerrilla commander and, ultimately, the central unifying figure of East Timorese nationalism.
In 1999, upon his bittersweet homecoming after years of imprisonment in Indonesia, Xanana faced the unenviable task of leading a traumatised people out of the terrifying violence and destruction that ended the Indonesian occupation. Today, the politics of East Timor remain volatile and complex, and many challenges still exist for this tiny new nation.
This is the story of a remarkable man and gifted leader.

The enclave of Oecusse-Ambeno, Timor Leste, was formed in part through struggles over controlling trade in sandalwood and beeswax, two forest products that continue to influence political and ritual allegiances, and the political history of Oecusse. These products are interwoven with the region's contacts with outsiders, influencing local political hierarchies and roles of kings, village heads, and ritual authorities. While wood and wax are recognized to be of Timorese origin, local myths posit that their use and value was unrecognized before the arrival of Chinese traders and Portuguese missionaries. Several narratives of the origins of trade in sandalwood, and the kings' annual beeswax candle tributes, illustrate the enduring connections among local authorities, forest resource control, religious symbolism, and ritual obligations surrounding harvests of sandalwood and beeswax. Customary practices contribute to forest conservation through local protection of beeswax-producing forests, and by circumscribing the harvest. While both beehives and sandalwood impede intensive agricultural land uses, farmers welcome beeswax as a profitable product that supports ritual. But they resent sandalwood's growth in their fields since it involves more regulation and increased labor requirements. The two products' different ecologies of disturbance and incidence contributed over time to distinct ownership norms and forms of control by customary authorities. This is the "political ecology of wood and wax" in Oecusse.

L'enclave de Oecussi-Ambeno, Timor Leste, a été formée en partie par des luttes plus contrôler le commerce des bois de santal et de la cire d'abeille, deux produits de la forêt qui continuent d'influencer les allégeances politiques et rituelles. Ces produits sont entrelacées avec des contacts de la région avec l'extérieur, en influençant les hiérarchies locales et des rôles de rois, les chefs de village, et les autorités coutumier. Bien que le bois et la cire sont reconnus d’être l'origine timoraise, les mythes locaux postulent que leur utilisation et leur valeur a été méconnue avant l'arrivée des commerçants Chinois et missionnaires Portugais. La cire d'abeille a été utilisée dès les années 1500 par l'église Catholique à fabriquer des bougies. L'histoire orale illustrer les liens durables entre les collectivités locales, le contrôle des ressources dans les forêts, le symbolisme religieux, et les obligations rituelles entourant les récoltes de bois de santal et de la cire d'abeille. Surtout, les pratiques coutumières de contribuer à la conservation des forêts grâce à la protection locale des forêts productrices de cire d'abeille, et en limitant la récolte. Bien que les ruches et bois de santal entraver l’intensification des terres agricoles, les agriculteurs de cire d'abeille accueillir comme un produit rentable qui soutient également leurs rituels. Mais ils sont fâchés à la croissance du bois de santal dans leurs champs, car elle implique une réglementation et en plus, des exigences du travail a augmenté. Les écologies différentes des deux produits ont contribué au fil du temps à des normes de propriété distincts et différentes formes de contrôle par les autorités coutumières. C'est «l'écologie politique du bois et de cire».

El enclave de Oecusse-Ambeno, Timor Leste, fue formado en parte por los conflictos causados por el excesivo control del comercio de la madera de sándalo y la cera de abejas. Estos dos productos forestales siguen influyendo en la lealtad política y ritual, así como en la historia política de Oecusse. Estos productos se interconectan con las regiones del exterior, influenciando la política jerárquica local así como los roles de reyes, jefes de villas y autoridades de rituales. Mientras que la madera y la cera son reconocidas como de origen timorense, los mitos locales plantean que su uso y valor no eran reconocidos antes de la llegada de los comerciantes chinos y misioneros portugueses. Varios relatos de los orígenes del comercio de madera de sándalo, así como de los tributos anuales de vela hecha de cera de abeja a los reyes, ilustran las conexiones duraderas entre las autoridades locales, el control de los recursos forestales, el simbolismo religioso, y las obligaciones rituales que rodean la cosecha de madera de sándalo y cera de abejas. Las prácticas regulares contribuyen a la conservación de los bosques mediante la protección local a través de los productores de cera de abeja, y mediante la delimitación de la cosecha. Si bien las colmenas y madera de sándalo impiden el uso intensivo de la tierra agrícola, los agricultores dan la bienvenida a la cera de abejas como un producto rentable que apoya sus rituales. Sin embargo, han resentido el crecimiento de madera de sándalo en sus campos, desde que esto implica una mayor regulación y aumento en los requisitos de trabajo. Los dos productos tienen diferentes problemáticas e incidencias ecológicas debido a los largos modelos de propiedad y las formas de control ejercidas por las autoridades tradicionales. Esta es la "ecología política de la madera y la cera" en Oecusse.