Pathogen

The right to obtain safe food is one of the most vital and fundamental human rights that must not be compromised or neglected; this is important because foodborne diseases can lead to prolonged disability and even death. Our study examined 28 samples of ready-to-eat foods, of which 27 samples (96.4%), contained bacterial contaminants. The bacterial pathogens isolated include Escherichia coli (50%), Salmonella spp (75%) and Staphylococcus aureus (85.7%). All the samples of jollof rice (100%), bean porride (100%) and eba (100%) were contaminated while 85.7% of egusi soup samples contained bacterial contaminants. The presence of these bacterial pathogens in the ready-to-eat foods poses huge risk to public health. It calls for immediate and sustainable action to prevent the possibility of foodborne disease out-break and intoxication capable of harming public health and socio-economic development.

"Soil samples were collected from ground, root and rhizosphere of 'Caesalpinia spinosa' ( “tara”) plants grown at the Canchacaya farm, in Huanuco, Peru. Samples of tara seedlings were taken as
well to analyze microbial populations in their rhizosphere and root zone. We evaluated bacterial and fungal populations, finding a higher microbial population in the root and surrounding areas.
Isolates of rhizobia, actinomycetes, 'Azotobacter' and 'Pseudomonas' were mantained in culture medium LMA (yeast manitol agar), casein - starch, broth for nitrogen fixers, and culture medium F respectively. All strains were purified and characterized phenotypically and biochemically before selection. Isolates from the fourteen-found nodules included 4 rhizobial strains: 2 from genus 'Rhizobium' spp., and 2 from genus 'Bradyrhizobium' spp., which turned to be NOD+ when these strains were inoculated in “beans” and “broad beans”, and NOD- when inoculated in “alfalfa”, “soy beans” and “tara”. These isolates showed no tolerance to high levels of NaCl or temperature variations, but most of them showed a good growing capacity at different pH levels (4 to 8.8). In addition, we obtained 3 'Azotobacter' spp. strains , 8 actinomycetes, and 13 'Pseudomonas' spp. that might correspond to: 'P. aeruginosa' (2), 'P. fluorescens' (6) and 'P. putida' (5). Based on the found microbial populations, soils in the Ambo province, (Huanuco, Peru) are considered moderately fertile, and could partially sustain tara cultivation."

Enhancement or induction of antimicrobial,
biosurfactant, and quorum-sensing inhibition property in
marine bacteria due to cross-species and cross-genera
interactions was investigated. Four marine epibiotic bacteria
(Bacillus sp. S3, B. pumilus S8, B. licheniformis D1, and
Serratia marcescens V1) displaying antimicrobial activity
against pathogenic or biofouling fungi (Candida albicans
CA and Yarrowia lipolytica YL), and bacteria (Pseudomonas
aeruginosa PA and Bacillus pumilus BP) were chosen
for this study. The marine epibiotic bacteria when co-cultivated
with the aforementioned fungi or bacteria showed
induction or enhancement in antimicrobial activity, biosurfactant
production, and quorum-sensing inhibition. Antifungal
activity against Y. lipolytica YL was induced by
co-cultivation of the pathogens or biofouling strains with the
marine Bacillus sp. S3, B. pumilus S8, or B. licheniformis
D1. Antibacterial activity against Ps. aeruginosa PA or
B. pumilus BP was enhanced in most of the marine isolates
after co-cultivation. Biosurfactant activity was significantly
increased when cells of B. pumilus BP were co-cultivated
with S. marcescens V1, B. pumilus S8, or B. licheniformis
D1. Pigment reduction in the quorum-sensing inhibition
indicator strain Chromobacterium violaceum 12472
was evident when the marine strain of Bacillus sp. S3 was
grown in the presence of the inducer strain Ps. aeruginosa
PA, suggesting quorum-sensing inhibition. The study has important ecological and biotechnological implications in
terms of microbial competition in natural environments and
enhancement of secondary metabolite production.

The right to obtain safe food is one of the most vital and fundamental human rights that must not be compromised or neglected; this is important because foodborne diseases can lead to prolonged disability and even death. Our study examined 28 samples of ready-to-eat foods, of which 27 samples (96.4%), contained bacterial contaminants. The bacterial pathogens isolated include Escherichia coli (50%), Salmonella spp (75%) and Staphylococcus aureus (85.7%). All the samples of jollof rice (100%), bean porride (100%) and eba (100%) were contaminated while 85.7% of egusi soup samples contained bacterial contaminants. The presence of these bacterial pathogens in the ready-to-eat foods poses huge risk to public health. It calls for immediate and sustainable action to prevent the possibility of foodborne disease out-break and intoxication capable of harming public health and socio-economic development.

For women, choosing a facially masculine man as a mate is thought to confer genetic benefits to offspring. Crucial assumptions of this hypothesis have not been adequately tested. It has been assumed that variation in facial masculinity is due to genetic variation and that genetic factors that increase male facial masculinity do not increase facial masculinity in female relatives. We objectively quantified the facial masculinity in photos of identical (n = 411) and nonidentical (n = 782) twins and their siblings (n = 106). Using biometrical modeling, we found that much of the variation in male and female facial masculinity is genetic. However, we also found that masculinity of male faces is unrelated to their attractiveness and that facially masculine men tend to have facially masculine, less-attractive sisters. These findings challenge the idea that facially masculine men provide net genetic benefits to offspring and call into question this popular theoretical framework.

Zoonoses are diseases or infections which are naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans and vice versa. These infections account for more than half of human infections worldwide, with most cases reported in developing countries like Ghana. The Government of Ghana recently launched the “Rearing for Food and Jobs Campaign”, an initiative to bridge the glaring deficit in protein supply. This has resulted in increased livestock production nationwide in response to the increasing demand for animal protein. Increase in both human and livestock population in the country have implications for transmission of zoonotic diseases, as it allows for more frequent interactions between the two within a limited space. Multiple animals are kept in various homes at varying levels of confinement. Security concerns, particularly in urban areas, have resulted in an increased reliance on dogs, while financial considerations have mainly driven a rapid increase in livestock production both at ...

Background: Soup condiments are edible food items which are added to dishes, used as thickeners for soup and also as food supplements such as sauce that is added to food to impact specific flavours. They are abundantly produced in Nigeria especially in North-Western part of the country. Aims: The aim of this research was to determine the proximate composition and parasitic contamination of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed cake (Roselle seed cake): a soup condiment produced by North-Western Community, Nigeria. Study Design:  Samples were purchased and collected at random from the markets of different places in the study areas, aseptically placed into polythene bags and labelled correctly. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Zuru and Sakaba Local Government Areas of Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria. Methodology: The proximate analysis carried out include: moisture determination, ash determination, determination of crude protein, lipid determination, fibre determination a...

The modern world involves both increasingly frequent introduction of novel invasive animals into new habitat ranges and novel epidemic-causing pathogens into new host populations. Both of these phenomena have been well studied. Less well explored, however, is how the success of species invasions may themselves be affected by the pathogens they bring with them. In this paper, we construct a simple, modified Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model for a vector-borne pathogen affecting two annually reproducing hosts. We consider an invasion scenario in which a susceptible native host species is invaded by a disease-resistant species carrying a vector-borne infection. We assume the presence of abundant, but previously disease-free, competent vectors. We find that the success of invasion is critically sensitive to the infectivity of the pathogen. The more the pathogen is able to spread, the more fit the invasive host is in competition with the more vulnerable native species; the pathogen ac...

Introduction: Access to potable water is a fundamental human right. However, this is hardly the case in the rural areas of oil producing communities of the Niger Delta. Aim of Study: The primary aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of estuary water used as potable water. Method: Estuary water samples were collected from Eastern Obolo community in Akwa Ibom State, Niger Delta, Nigeria and analysed for physiochemical using standard techniques, and microbiological parameters using standard cultural and metagenomics techniques. Replicate data from microbiological and physicochemical analyses were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) while bioinformatic analyses were done using Vecton NTI suite 9 (InforMax, Inc.), NCBI-BLAST-2.2.24 and CLC bio Genomics workbench v7.5.1. Results: Physicochemical analysis showed that the levels of metals such as chromium, nickel, zinc and iron and as well as turbidity were significantly higher...

Aims: COVID-19 pandemic affects hundreds of thousands of people worldwide. Since there is no effective treatment, the need of finding alternative methods, which can help to curb this pandemic is urgent. This study aims to collect the information on the virucidal and toxicity properties of the Allium species. This genus is known to be source of nutraceuticals and also used as food. In this context, species of this genus can be proposed as an alternative solution against COVID-19. Methodology: The literature review was conducted on Allium spp during searches on different databases such as PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, Scielo, DOAJ, Science alert and Google scholar. The scientific names of Allium species, antiviral compounds, antiviral activity and toxicology of the plants of interest were used as keywords. Mendeley was used to make bibliographic references and the chemical structures of the natural compounds from Allium genus were drawn using ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0 software....

Aims: Bacteriological quality assessment and antibiogram profile of bacteria associated with sachet drinking water was carried out with view to determine the bacterial load and fitness of the water sold in the study area for human consumption. Materials and Methods: Ten samples of different brands were aseptically collected and analyzed using heterotrophic count and most probable number technique. The isolated bacteria were microscopically and biochemically characterized and finally confirmed using Box™ Easygel® E. coli Quantitube™ Test Kit (Micrology Laboratories manufactures, Easygel®, USA) biotyping. Physicochemical analysis of the samples was done using standard methods. The isolated bacteria were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: The total heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from 1.0×102 to 3.0×102 cfu/ml, with MPN/100ml values ranged from <0.03 to 1.2. The temperature ranged from 8 to 18°C, at the pH range of 5.0...

Aim: This study is designed to isolate and identify the microorganisms associated with urinary tract infection in infected patients, determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern on the microbial isolates and the antimicrobial efficacy of solvents leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on the resistant isolates. Methodology: Six hundred (600) mid-stream urine samples were collected from infected patients in some selected hospitals in Ondo State. The phytochemical screening of the plant was determined. The antibiotics sensitivity and antimicrobial activity of the plant extract was determined using plate assay and agar well diffusion methods. Results: Out of 600 urine samples analyzed, 472 (78.68%) showed significant growth of uropathogens comprising 197 (32.80%) male and 275 (45.83%) female. The isolated microorganisms comprise 5 Gram-positive bacteria (GPB), 9 Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and 4 Candida sp. GNB account for 284(58.79%), GPB 158(32.71%) and Candida sp 41(8.48%). Escheric...

Aim: The aim of this work was to review literature data reported on some species of the Ocimum genus regarding their phytochemistry and antiviral potential in order to show how Ocimum species might be used in the management of COVID-19. Methodology: Various databases like PubMed, PubMed Central., Science Direct, SCIELO, DOAJ, Science alert, Semantic scholar and Google scholar were used. Results: Essential oils and extracts of Ocimum species possess the compounds involved in antiviral activity. In addition, this plant contains certain nutrients which boost the immune system. Ocimum genus displayed antiviral activity against several viruses like Herpes Simplex Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus, Adenovirus, Enterovirus 71, Parainfluenza virus type 3, Hepatitis C virus, etc. Toxicological data indicated that these plants are safe. Conclusion: Till now, there is no effective treatment of COVID-19. Ethnopharmacology constitutes an alternative app...

Aims: The specific aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the phytochemical constituents, functional group assignment, and antibacterial activities of the Philippine green-leafed Acalypha amentacea Roxb. (Maslakot-Ambulong), a wildcrafted medicinal plant of local traditional healers in the southernmost region of Mindoro province.
Methodology and results: Aqueous leaf extracts of A. amentacea Roxb. were lyophilized and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and FT-IR analysis. The antibacterial activity of the plant using agar-well diffusion assay revealed highest Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) in 500 mg/mL concentration for Staphylococcus aureus (21.78 mm), Escherichia coli, (21.36 mm), Serratia marcescens (21.90 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.44 mm), and Enterococcus faecalis (20.52 mm) among other concentrations suggesting dose-dependent bioactivity. Also, compared to the antibiotic Rifampicin, A. amentacea Roxb. demonstrated better bioactivity against all the selected bacteria except S. aureus (p<0.05) and comparable to Ofloxacin when against E. faecalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be at 15.6 mg/mL for all the bacteria except for S. marcescens with 31.25 mg/mL as MIC. The bioactivity of the plant may be accounted for the presence of alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin which were supported by its functional groups like carboxylic acid, alcohols, amine, conjugated alkene, aromatic esters, and alkyl aryl ether.
Conclusion, significance, and impact of study: The results of this investigation, proved that A. amentacea Roxb. has bioactive antibacterial principles against the selected microorganisms. This also confirms its potentiality as a new source of antibacterial agents.

Biofilms are a natural part of the ecology of the earth. Many biofilms are quite harmful and must be treated or controlled. Other biofilms are beneficial and can be used to help fix serious problems. Biofilms can grow on many different surfaces, including rocks in water, foods, teeth, and various biomedical implants. This bacterial colonization may present the need for additional operations, amputation, or it may even lead to death. The fundamental principles of bacterial cell attachment and biofilm formation are discussed. Biofilms represents a new, wide-open field practice and research that is only going to get hotter with time. Functional organic plasma polymerized coatings are also discussed for their potential as bio-sensitive interfaces, connecting metallic electronic devices with their physiological environments.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) germplasm was tested for resistance to stem colonization by the black dot pathogen Colletotrichum coccodes. Forty-six potato selections were tested in three field trials from 2006 to 2008. Resistance was determined by comparing disease severity on aboveground stems to the mean disease severity of the industry standards Russet Burbank, Ranger Russet, and Umatilla Russet. The potato selections were also tested for genotype*environment interaction to determine their genetic stability. Heritability of resistance was calculated to be 0.13 with confidence intervals between 0.00 and 0.68. The selections A0012-5, PA95B2-4, PA98NM38-1, and PO94A009-7 had less black dot than the standards in all years, and also demonstrated genetic stability. These selections also possess resistance to the root galling stage of the powdery scab pathogen Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea. PA95B2-4, PA98NM38-1, and PO94009-7 were derived from an introgression program to incor...

The present study was undertaken anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activity of methanol extract of Curcuma longa, Bombax ceiba, Ficus bengalensis, Lens culinaris. The antibacterial activity, total phenolics and flavinoids were determined by agar-well diffusion method. The zones of inhibition of methanol extracts of Curcuma longa, Bombax ceiba, Ficus bengalensis and Lens culinaris were found to be 13.375, 11.35, 9.725, 8.625 mm respectively the DMSO did not show any significant antibacterial activity. Anti-oxidant potential was evaluated by using in vitro methods such as 1,1diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test (NBT), OH , and O2 inhibition free radical assay. The absorbance was measured in UV/vis. Spectroscopy at 590. The total phenolic content (TPC) was expressed as mg/gm of gallic acid equivalent of dry extract sample in order Bombax ceiba 27.56 mg/gm &gt; Ficus bengalensi 15.65 mg/gm,&gt; Curcuma longa 11.27 mg/gm, &gt; Lens culinaris 9.68 mg/gm. Tot...

Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic (EtOH) extracts of orange (C. sinensis Pers.) and lime (C.aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) peels on some selected pathogenic bacteria isolated from jollof rice. Study Design: Antimicrobial analysis, phytochemical analysis Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Wesley University Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria, between June and July 2017. Methodology: Antimicrobial analysis of aqueous and EtOH extracts prepared from orange and lime peels were done by using the agar well diffusion method against the selected pathogenic bacteria. The extracts were screened for anti-nutrients such as alkaloids, tannins, oxalate, phytate and glycosides. Results: The EtOH extracts of orange peel showed a remarkable zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (23.5 ± 0.1 mm) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (11.4 ± 0.0 mm) and Bacillus cereus (9.8 ± 0.0 mm). Where...

Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) such as soil transmitted helminths (STH) and protozoa can cause diverse negative effects on human health. The prevalence of IPI in primary school children in Mbeere North sub-county in Embu County is not documented, though there are many cases reported in health centers in the area. The aim of this study was to establish the current prevalence of IPIs in primary school children in Mbeere North sub-county and the factors that perpetuate transmission which is necessary for implementation of suitable control programs in the study area. The study was done among primary school children from nine public schools. Three schools per administrative ward were randomly selected to represent each of the three administrative wards. A total of 414 pupils whose parents/guardians gave informed consent participated in the study, 46 pupils per school. Each participant provided a thumb size of early morning stool. The stool samples were processed by Formol-ether co...

Aims: To determine the infection rate and antibiogram of Proteus spp among hospitalised patients suffering from wound infection in Maiduguri.  Methodology: A total of 320 wound swab samples were collected from August 2016 to June 2017, and processed via microscopy, culture and further confirmed by biochemical tests. Kirby bauer disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Proteus spp isolated. Results: Twenty eight (28) samples yielded Proteus spp, giving a prevalence rate of 8.75%. Male patients were more affected (60.71%) compared to females (39.29%). Difference in sex in relation to rate of infection was statistically not significant (X2 =3.963, p70 years (3.57% respectively) recorded the least. Patients suffering from Wound Sepsis and Burns recorded the most significant infection rate (28.57% respectively). Proteus mirabilis (53.57%) was the most isolated Proteus specie while Proteus penneri (7.14%) was the least. Proteus spp isolates dem...

Various strategies have been employed in the treatment and management of Salmonella infection however, Salmonella strains have gained resistance to antibiotics. This study was to determine in vitro anti-Salmonella activity of Boerhaavia diffusa leaf extract against clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of B. diffusa were studied for their antibacterial activity against pathogenic Salmonella typhi. This study was carried out between April and September 2018. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method and broth dilution using spectrophotometric method and the results were expressed as the average diameter of zone of inhibition of bacterial growth around the well and optical density respectively. It was observed that aqueous extract exerted slightly higher activity than ethanolic extract as revealed by the mean diameter of zone of inhibitions at a concentration of 200 mg/ml, the aqueou...

In this study three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, incorporating appropriately selected kinetic models, were developed to simulate the processes of chlorine decay, pathogen inactivation and the formation of potentially carcinogenic by-products in disinfection contact tanks (CTs). Currently, the performance of CT facilities largely relies on Hydraulic Efficiency Indicators (HEIs), extracted from experimentally derived Residence Time Distribution (RTD) curves. This approach has more recently been aided with the application of CFD models, which can be calibrated to predict accurately RTDs, enabling the assessment of disinfection facilities prior to their construction. However, as long as it depends on HEIs, the CT design process does not directly take into consideration the disinfection biochemistry which needs to be optimized. The main objective of this study is to address this issue by refining the modelling practices to simulate some reactive processes of interest, while acknowledging the uneven contact time stemming from the RTD curves. Initially, the hydraulic performances of seven CT design variations were reviewed through available experimental and computational data. In turn, the same design configurations were tested using numerical modelling techniques, featuring kinetic models that enable the quantification of disinfection operational parameters. Results highlight that the optimization of the hydrodynamic conditions facilitates a more uniform disinfectant contact time, which correspond to greater levels of pathogen inactivation and a more controlled by-product accumulation.

Antagonist  activities  of  different  Trichoderma  strains  were  evaluated  in  vitro  against  Colletotrichum capsici,  a  causal  agent  of  anthracnose  fruit  rot  of  chili.  Dual  culture  test  showed  that  Trichoderma strains  effectively  inhibited  mycelia  growth  of  the  pathogen.  T.  harzianum  IMI-392433  showed  the
highest  inhibition  (81.96  %)  and  mycelial  overgrowth(78.98%).  Also,  metabolites  having  80% concentration  extracted  from  30-day-old  T.  harzianum  IMI-392433  revealed  the  highest PIRG (percentage  inhibition  of  radial  growth)  value  of  85.16  and  87.18%  by  using  normal  poison  and modified bilayer poison agar technique, respectively. Further, metabolites extracted from 30-day-old T. harzianum  IMI-392433  at  a  concentration  of  2000  mgL-1completely  inhibited  spore  germination  and germ  tube  elongation  of  the  pathogen.  Also,  severity  of  anthracnose  was  significantly  decreased  as
compared  with  the  control  (2%  methanol)  when  chili  fruits  were  soaked  in  2000  mgL-1of  30-day-old metabolites  from T.  harzianum  strains. Importantly,  metabolites  extracted  from  T.  virens  IMI-392430 (71.09) and  T. pseudokoningii  IMI-392431 (69.52) were found to be most efficient in the inhibition of
disease  severity.  Taken  together,  our  data  suggest  that  Trichoderma  strains  especially  T.  harzianum IMI-392433  is  a  potential  antagonistic  organism  and  can  be  used  to  control  the  anthracnose  disease caused by C. capsici.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) germplasm was tested for resistance to stem colonization by the black dot pathogen Colletotrichum coccodes. Forty-six potato selections were tested in three field trials from 2006 to 2008. Resistance was determined by comparing disease severity on aboveground stems to the mean disease severity of the industry standards Russet Burbank, Ranger Russet, and Umatilla Russet. The potato selections were also tested for genotype*environment interaction to determine their genetic stability. Heritability of resistance was calculated to be 0.13 with confidence intervals between 0.00 and 0.68. The selections A0012-5, PA95B2-4, PA98NM38-1, and PO94A009-7 had less black dot than the standards in all years, and also demonstrated genetic stability. These selections also possess resistance to the root galling stage of the powdery scab pathogen Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea. PA95B2-4, PA98NM38-1, and PO94009-7 were derived from an introgression program to incor...

This paper is a preliminary step towards the assessment of an alarming widespread belief that victims of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 include the quality and accuracy of scientific publications about it. Our initial results suggest that this belief cannot be readily ignored, denied, dismissed or refuted, since some genuine supporting evidence can be forwarded for it. This evidence includes an obvious increase in retractions of papers published about the COVID-19 pandemic plus an extra-ordinary phenomenon of inconsistency that we report herein. In fact, we provide a novel method for validating any purported set of the four most prominent indicators of diagnostic testing (Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, and Negative Predictive Value), by observing that these indicators constitute three rather than four independent quantities. This observation has virtually been unheard of in the open medical literature, and hence researchers have not taken it into consideratio...

The amtimicrobial effect of oregano tea (1/10, w/v, in distilled water), commercial oregano water, and oregano water (1/1, commercial oregano water/distilled water, v/v) against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes 4b, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica 03 after direct contact at 20 ±2 oC for 1, 10, 30, and 60 min were comparatively evaluated. The Plate Count Agar was used for colony counts and the content of each treatment tube was enriched in Brain Heart Infusion broth after the 60 min direct contact period. All the four pathogens in oregano water and oregano water decreased to uncountable level (1 CFU/ml) in one min. No growth has also occured in enrichments. Oregano tea was less effective than the oregano waters after 1 min, but counts of E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes 4b, S. aureus and Y. enterocolitica 03 decrease to uncountable level after 60, 60, 10, and 10 min treatment periods, respectively. All the four test pathogens demonstrated grow abilit...

Aim and Objectives: The objective of this study was to provide an overview of the microorganisms implicated in the contamination of household drinking water in Nigeria, their pattern of distribution and the regulatory gap(s) if any that is responsible for the cases of drinking water contamination and water borne diseases in Nigeria. Study Design and Methodology: The methodology employed for this study involved a comprehensive and critical review of ten randomly selected studies to identify the major bacterial contaminants of drinking water in Nigeria and their distribution. This review was restricted to microbiological measures of drinking water contamination excluding chemical aspects of water quality. Results: Escherchia coli was found to be the predominant microbial contaminant of drinking water in the studies reviewed with 70%, Klebsiella sp 60%, Pseudomonas aeruginos 60%, Staphylococcus aureus 50%, Proteus sp 50%, Enterobacter aerogenes 40%, Streptococcus fecalis 30%, Salmonell...