Theatre: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Epidaurus Theater.jpg|thumb|300px|Panoramic view of the Hellenic theatre at Epidaurus.]] |
[[File:Epidaurus Theater.jpg|thumb|300px|Panoramic view of the Hellenic theatre at Epidaurus.]] |
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[[File:Rutentheater 2006 Hymne.jpg|thumb|300px|A young cast of "Princess Turandot"]] |
[[File:Rutentheater 2006 Hymne.jpg|thumb|300px|A young cast of "Princess Turandot"]] |
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[[File:P culture.svg|thumb|180px|masks of [[tragedy]] and [[comedy]]]] |
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'''Theatre''' (British English and also American English), or '''Theater''' (mostly American English), has several meanings. |
'''Theatre''' ([[British English]] and also [[American English]]), or '''Theater''' (mostly [[American English]]), has several meanings. |
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The word comes originally from the Greek ''Theatron'', meaning roughly, 'a place |
The word comes originally from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''Theatron'', meaning roughly, 'a place for viewing'. In [[American English]], the word 'theater' can mean either a place where films are shown (this is also called a [[cinema]]) or a place where live stage [[plays]] are performed.<ref>Brown, John Russell. 1997.'' What is theatre?: an introduction and exploration''. Boston and Oxford: Focal P. {{ISBN|978-0-240-80232-9}}</ref> In British English, 'theatre' means a place where live [[Play (theatre)|plays]] are performed. Some people, both English and American, use the spelling 'theatre' to mean a place where live plays are performed, and the spelling 'theater' to mean a cinema. |
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'Theatre' can also mean the business of putting on plays. An actor might say "I am in the theatre business", or a writer might say "I write for the theatre", meaning that they write plays, rather than writing for movies or television shows. |
'Theatre' can also mean the business of putting on plays. An actor might say "I am in the theatre business", or a writer might say "I write for the theatre", meaning that they write plays, rather than writing for movies or television shows.<ref>Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. ''The Cambridge guide to theatre''. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. {{ISBN|0-521-43437-8}}</ref><ref>Hartnoll, Phyllis, ed. 1983. ''The Oxford companion to the theatre''. 4th ed, Oxford: Oxford UP. {{ISBN|978-0-19-211546-1}}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[File:Musee de la bible et Terre Sainte 001.JPG|thumb|left|220px|[[Neolithic]] stone mask, 7,000 years BC.]] |
[[File:Musee de la bible et Terre Sainte 001.JPG|thumb|left|220px|[[Neolithic]] stone mask, 7,000 years BC.]] |
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=== Ancient Greece === |
=== Ancient Greece === |
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{{Main|Theatre of Ancient Greece}} |
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The first people we know created plays were the Ancient Greeks, about the year 500 B.C. They divided plays into two kinds: [[tragedy]] and [[comedy]]. This division is still used today. The best known Ancient Greek writers of plays are [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]], [[Euripides]] and [[Aristophanes]]. Some of their plays survived, and are still performed today. |
The first people we know created plays were the Ancient Greeks, about the year 500 B.C. They divided plays into two kinds: [[tragedy]] and [[comedy]]. This division is still used today. The best known Ancient Greek writers of plays are [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]], [[Euripides]] and [[Aristophanes]]. Some of their plays survived, and are still performed today. |
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These ancient Greek plays were performed outdoors in large amphitheatres, so that many people could see them. There were contests among the playwrights (people who write plays are called playwrights) and the winner would get a prize. |
These ancient Greek plays were performed outdoors in large amphitheatres, so that many people could see them. There were contests among the playwrights (people who write plays are called playwrights) and the winner would get a prize. |
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The Greeks |
The Greeks had many brilliant ideas. They used mechanical devices like [[trap door]]<nowiki/>s and the ''machina'': a crane for winching gods on and off the stage (hence 'Deus ex machina'). They had a ''Greek chorus'' that offered information to help the audience follow the performance. The chorus comments on themes, and shows how an audience might react to the drama. The players wore [[mask]]s. Illustrations on vases show [[helmet]]-like masks, covering the entire face and head, with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth, plus a wig. The mask was to ‘melt’ into the face and allow the actor to vanish into the role. Therefore, onlookers did not think about the actor, but thought about the character. |
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=== Middle Ages === |
=== Middle Ages === |
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In the [[Middle Ages]], the [[Catholic |
In the [[Middle Ages]], the [[Catholic Church]] began to use theatre as a way of telling the stories from the [[Bible]] to people who did not know how to read. They wrote [[Mystery Plays]], where each part of the Bible story would be a play put on by a different group of people. They wrote ''miracle plays'' which were about the lives of the [[saint]]<nowiki/>s. They wrote ''morality plays'' which taught the audiences how to live a good Christian life. |
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=== Commedia dell'arte plays === |
=== Commedia dell'arte plays === |
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[[File:Harlekin Columbine Tivoli Denmark.jpg|thumb|Harlequine and Columbine]] |
[[File:Harlekin Columbine Tivoli Denmark.jpg|thumb|Harlequine and Columbine]] |
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In the 1500s, groups of [[actor]]s |
In the 1500s, groups of [[actor]]s toured around Italy performing comic plays to entertain townspeople. These plays were called [[Commedia dell'arte]], and different stories would be created around the same group of characters. Often the spoken lines would be made up by the actors for each performance. |
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Other kinds of plays called Neoclassical Dramas and Neoclassical Comedies were also popular in Italy and in France at this time. These plays were written to copy the style of the plays from Ancient Greece and Rome. |
Other kinds of plays called Neoclassical Dramas and Neoclassical Comedies were also popular in Italy and in France at this time. These plays were written to copy the style of the plays from Ancient Greece and Rome. |
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=== Elizabethan theatre === |
=== Elizabethan theatre === |
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At the end of the sixteenth century ( |
At the end of the sixteenth century (before 1600), the traveling actors began to perform in fixed theatre buildings. This was the period when [[William Shakespeare]] wrote. He lived from 1564 to 1616. At that time, in England, women were not allowed to perform, so male actors would play female characters. |
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His theatre was in London, England. It was called The Globe. It was an outdoor theatre and plays were performed in the daytime for large audiences. His plays were very popular and |
His theatre was in London, England. It was called The [[Globe Theatre]]. It was an outdoor theatre and plays were performed in the daytime for large audiences. His plays were very popular and many are still performed today. Many people believe Shakespeare was one of the best playwrights (a writer of plays). |
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Plays including Shakespeare's were banned during the Protectorate'. After that, many more were written and acted. |
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He wrote many kinds of plays: tragedies, comedies, romances and also history plays. All of his plays are written in beautiful, poetic language. Shakespeare often wrote plays set in Italy or in exotic, far-away places that would be interesting to London audiences. His plays are still popular today for many reasons. His characters (the people in his plays) are interesting and talk about interesting ideas. |
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The stories he tells in his plays are often exciting, very funny (in the comedies), or very sad (in the tragedies) and make you want to know what happens to his characters. He also talks in his plays about things we still think about today, like love, sadness, hope, pride, hatred, jealousy, and foolishness. |
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[[File:Zoffany-Garrick & Cibber in Venice Preserved.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Famous actors of the 1700s, David Garrick and Susannah Cibber in ''Venice Preserved''.]] |
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=== Plays from the 1900s === |
=== Plays from the 1900s === |
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After World War II, playwrights in Europe and the United States began doing plays in a new style called "Theatre of the Absurd." After seeing the horrors of war, these playwrights felt that all their old values had been destroyed. Playwrights such as [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Eugène Ionesco]], [[Harold Pinter]], and [[Jean Genet]] wrote plays that are considered to be "Theatre of the Absurd." |
After World War II, playwrights in Europe and the United States began doing plays in a new style called "Theatre of the Absurd." After seeing the horrors of war, these playwrights felt that all their old values had been destroyed. Playwrights such as [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Eugène Ionesco]], [[Harold Pinter]], and [[Jean Genet]] wrote plays that are considered to be "Theatre of the Absurd." |
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The "Theatre of the Absurd" plays have some of the same ideas that are found in the [[philosophy]] (a way of thinking) called [[existentialism]]. Existentialism is very different from many other ''philosophies''. Most religions and philosopies say that human life has a meaning (or a purpose). The philosophy of existentialism is that human life does not have a meaning (or a purpose). When something has no meaning, it is "absurd". (absurd means means silly and meaningless.) |
The "Theatre of the Absurd" plays have some of the same ideas that are found in the [[philosophy]] (a way of thinking) called [[existentialism]]. Existentialism is very different from many other ''philosophies''. Most religions and philosopies say that human life has a meaning (or a purpose). The philosophy of existentialism is that human life does not have a meaning (or a purpose). When something has no meaning, it is "absurd". (absurd means means silly and meaningless.) |
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The plays written in this style make people think about questions like "what is it like to be a person in the world?" and "what does it mean for a person to be free?" They are often filled with sad emotions, such as worry, fear, and thoughts about death. |
The plays written in this style make people think about questions like "what is it like to be a person in the world?" and "what does it mean for a person to be free?" They are often filled with sad emotions, such as worry, fear, and thoughts about death. |
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=== Plays from the 2000s === |
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There are many other types of plays performed in the theatre today. |
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== Theatre breaks == |
== Theatre breaks == |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| title=Theatre Breaks |
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| url=http://www.westendtheatrebreaks.com |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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| ⚫ | |||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Theater| ]] |
[[Category:Theater| ]] |
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Latest revision as of 03:53, 29 July 2022
Theatre (British English and also American English), or Theater (mostly American English), has several meanings.
The word comes originally from the Greek Theatron, meaning roughly, 'a place for viewing'. In American English, the word 'theater' can mean either a place where films are shown (this is also called a cinema) or a place where live stage plays are performed.[1] In British English, 'theatre' means a place where live plays are performed. Some people, both English and American, use the spelling 'theatre' to mean a place where live plays are performed, and the spelling 'theater' to mean a cinema.
'Theatre' can also mean the business of putting on plays. An actor might say "I am in the theatre business", or a writer might say "I write for the theatre", meaning that they write plays, rather than writing for movies or television shows.[2][3]
History[change | change source]
Ancient Greece[change | change source]
The first people we know created plays were the Ancient Greeks, about the year 500 B.C. They divided plays into two kinds: tragedy and comedy. This division is still used today. The best known Ancient Greek writers of plays are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes. Some of their plays survived, and are still performed today.
These ancient Greek plays were performed outdoors in large amphitheatres, so that many people could see them. There were contests among the playwrights (people who write plays are called playwrights) and the winner would get a prize.
The Greeks had many brilliant ideas. They used mechanical devices like trap doors and the machina: a crane for winching gods on and off the stage (hence 'Deus ex machina'). They had a Greek chorus that offered information to help the audience follow the performance. The chorus comments on themes, and shows how an audience might react to the drama. The players wore masks. Illustrations on vases show helmet-like masks, covering the entire face and head, with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth, plus a wig. The mask was to ‘melt’ into the face and allow the actor to vanish into the role. Therefore, onlookers did not think about the actor, but thought about the character.
Middle Ages[change | change source]
In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church began to use theatre as a way of telling the stories from the Bible to people who did not know how to read. They wrote Mystery Plays, where each part of the Bible story would be a play put on by a different group of people. They wrote miracle plays which were about the lives of the saints. They wrote morality plays which taught the audiences how to live a good Christian life.
Commedia dell'arte plays[change | change source]
In the 1500s, groups of actors toured around Italy performing comic plays to entertain townspeople. These plays were called Commedia dell'arte, and different stories would be created around the same group of characters. Often the spoken lines would be made up by the actors for each performance.
Other kinds of plays called Neoclassical Dramas and Neoclassical Comedies were also popular in Italy and in France at this time. These plays were written to copy the style of the plays from Ancient Greece and Rome.
Elizabethan theatre[change | change source]
At the end of the sixteenth century (before 1600), the traveling actors began to perform in fixed theatre buildings. This was the period when William Shakespeare wrote. He lived from 1564 to 1616. At that time, in England, women were not allowed to perform, so male actors would play female characters.
His theatre was in London, England. It was called The Globe Theatre. It was an outdoor theatre and plays were performed in the daytime for large audiences. His plays were very popular and many are still performed today. Many people believe Shakespeare was one of the best playwrights (a writer of plays).
Plays including Shakespeare's were banned during the Protectorate'. After that, many more were written and acted.
Plays from the 1900s[change | change source]
After World War II, playwrights in Europe and the United States began doing plays in a new style called "Theatre of the Absurd." After seeing the horrors of war, these playwrights felt that all their old values had been destroyed. Playwrights such as Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, Harold Pinter, and Jean Genet wrote plays that are considered to be "Theatre of the Absurd."
The "Theatre of the Absurd" plays have some of the same ideas that are found in the philosophy (a way of thinking) called existentialism. Existentialism is very different from many other philosophies. Most religions and philosopies say that human life has a meaning (or a purpose). The philosophy of existentialism is that human life does not have a meaning (or a purpose). When something has no meaning, it is "absurd". (absurd means means silly and meaningless.)
The plays written in this style make people think about questions like "what is it like to be a person in the world?" and "what does it mean for a person to be free?" They are often filled with sad emotions, such as worry, fear, and thoughts about death.
Theatre breaks[change | change source]
Theatre breaks are a form of short holiday, based around viewing a theatrical convention show. Theatre breaks tend to include a nights hotel accommodation included in the price.
References[change | change source]
- ↑ Brown, John Russell. 1997. What is theatre?: an introduction and exploration. Boston and Oxford: Focal P. ISBN 978-0-240-80232-9
- ↑ Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. The Cambridge guide to theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. ISBN 0-521-43437-8
- ↑ Hartnoll, Phyllis, ed. 1983. The Oxford companion to the theatre. 4th ed, Oxford: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-211546-1