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Linio 55:
La [[koalicia registaro]] estas tiu formita kiam [[Frakcio (parlamento)|parlamenta frakcio]] ne havas sufiĉan majoritaton por formi registaron, pro kio ĝi bezonas interkonsenti kun alia grupo aŭ frakcio, normale de proksima politika [[ideologio]], por kune formi registaron. La koaliciaj registaroj estas propraj de la [[Parlamenta demokratio|parlamentaj demokratioj]], hegemoniaj en Eŭropo kaj en aliaj mondoregionoj, en kiuj la formado de la registaro postulas la [[konfido]]n de la [[parlamento]]. Tiu registaro plu funkcias ĝis la tempo ke la [[Opozicio (politiko)|opozicio]] sukcesas venki [[Mocio de demisio|mocion de demisio]] en la parlamento. En la [[Prezidenta respubliko|prezidentaj sistemoj]], majoritataj en [[Ameriko]], la [[registarestro]] estas elektita per popola [[voĉdonado]] kaj povas plenumi la regopovon sendepende de la partio kiu havas majoritaton en la parlamento.
==Formoj==
[[Platono]] en sia libro ''[[Respubliko (Platono)|Respubliko]]'' dividis registarojn en kvin bazaj tipoj (kvar ekzistantaj formoj kaj unu la ideala formo de Platono, kiu ekzistas "nur en parolo"):<ref name="Abjorensen2019">{{cite book | author = Norman Abjorensen | date = 15 June 2019 | title = Historical Dictionary of Democracy | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | pages = 288– | isbn = 978-1-5381-2074-3 | oclc = 1081354236 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cNSSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288}}</ref>
* [[Aristokratio]] (rule by law and order, like ideal traditional “benevolent” kingdoms that aren’t tyrannical)
* [[Timokratio]] (rule by honor and duty, like a “benevolent” military; Sparta as an example)
* [[Oligarkio]] (rule by wealth and market-based-ethics, like a free-trading capitalist state)
* [[Demokratio]] (rule by pure liberty and equality, like a free citizen)
* [[Tirano|Tiraneco]] (rule by fear, like a despot)
These five regimes progressively degenerate starting with aristocracy at the top and tyranny at the bottom.{{sfn|Brill|2016}}
In his ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|Politics]]'', Aristotle elaborates on Plato's five regimes discussing them in relation to the government of one, of the few, and of the many.<ref name="Jordović2019">{{cite book | author = Ivan Jordović | date = 2019 | title = Taming Politics: Plato and the Democratic Roots of Tyrannical Man | publisher = Franz Steiner Verlag | isbn = 978-3-515-12457-7 | oclc = 1107421360 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=if7vxwEACAAJ|page=intro}}</ref> From this follows the classification of forms of government according to which people have the authority to rule: either one person (an [[autocracy]], such as monarchy), a select group of people (an aristocracy), or the people as a whole (a democracy, such as a republic).
===Bazaj politikaj sistemoj===
According to [[Yale]] professor [[Juan José Linz]] there a three main types of [[political systems]] today: [[democracies]],
[[totalitarian regimes]] and, sitting between these two, [[authoritarian regimes]] with [[hybrid regimes]].<ref name="LinzLinz2000">{{cite book | author1 = [[Juan José Linz]] | date = 2000 | title = Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes | publisher =Lynne Rienner Publisher | pages = 143| isbn = 978-1-55587-890-0 | oclc = 1172052725 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA143}}</ref><ref name="Michie2014">{{cite book | editor = Jonathan Michie | date = 3 February 2014 | title = Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences | publisher = Routledge | page = 95 | isbn = 978-1-135-93226-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ip_IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95}}</ref> Another modern classification system includes [[monarchies]] as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three.<ref name="Garcia-AlexanderWooCarlson2017">{{cite book | author1 = Ginny Garcia-Alexander | author2 = Hyeyoung Woo | author3 = Matthew J. Carlson | date = 3 November 2017 | title = Social Foundations of Behavior for the Health Sciences | publisher = Springer | pages = 137– | isbn = 978-3-319-64950-4 | oclc = 1013825392 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y-M8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137}}</ref> Scholars generally refer to a [[dictatorship]] as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism.<ref name="ToddWaller2015">{{cite book | editor1 = Allan Todd | editor2 = Sally Waller | author1 = Allan Todd | author2 = Sally Waller | date = 10 September 2015 | title = History for the IB Diploma Paper 2 AuthoritariaAuthoritarian States (20th Century) | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 10– | isbn = 978-1-107-55889-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y_pfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10}}</ref><ref name="LinzLinz2000"/><ref name="Sondrol">{{Cite journal |last1 = Sondrol |first1 = P. C. |s2cid = 144333167 |title = Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner |journal = Journal of Latin American Studies |volume = 23 |issue = 3 |year = 2009 |pages = 599–620 |doi = 10.1017/S0022216X00015868|jstor = 157386 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/157386}}</ref>
===Aŭtokratio===
{{Ĉefartikolo|Aŭtokratio}}
An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme [[Power (social and political)|power]] is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a [[coup d'état]] or mass [[insurrection]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Paul M. |title=Autocracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms |url=http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/autocracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226063927/http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/autocracy%20 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=14 September 2012 |publisher=Auburn.edu}}</ref> [[Absolute monarchy]] is a historically prevalent form of autocracy, wherein a [[monarch]] governs as a singular [[sovereign]] with no limitation on [[royal prerogative]]. Most absolute monarchies are [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]], however some, notably the [[Holy See]], are [[Elective monarchy|elected]] by an [[electoral college]] (such as the [[college of cardinals]], or [[prince-elector]]s). Other forms of autocracy include [[tyranny]], [[despotism]], and [[dictatorship]].
===Aristokratio===
{{Ĉefartikolo|Aristokratio}}
Aristocracy{{efn|{{lang-grc|ἀριστοκρατία}} {{transliteration|grc|aristokratía}}, from {{lang|grc|ἄριστος}} {{transliteration|grc|[[Wikt:aristocrat#English|aristos]]}} "excellent", and {{lang|grc|κράτος}} {{transliteration|grc|[[Wikt:kratos|kratos]]}} "[[Power (social and political)|power]]".}} is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, [[elite]] [[ruling class]],<ref name="OED">{{Cite OED|aristocracy}}</ref> such as a hereditary [[nobility]] or [[Social privilege|privilege]]d [[caste]]. This class exercises [[minority rule]], often as a [[Land tenure|landed]] [[timocracy]], wealthy [[plutocracy]], or [[oligarchy]].
Many monarchies were aristocracies, although in modern constitutional monarchies the monarch may have little effective power. The term ''aristocracy'' could also refer to the non-[[peasant]], non-servant, and non-[[Burgher (social class)|city]] classes in the [[feudal system]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
===Demokratio===
[[File:Democracy claims.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|{{ubl|{{legend|green|National governments which self-identify as democracies}}|{{legend|red|National governments which do not self-identify as democracies}}}}]]
[[File:Electoral democracies.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Governments recognised as "electoral democracies" {{as of|2020|lc=yes}} by the ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' survey{{efn|Conducted by American [[think tank]] [[Freedom House]], which is largely funded by the [[US government]].}}]]
{{Ĉefartikolo|Demokratio}}
Democracy is a system of government where [[citizen]]s exercise power by [[Vote|voting]] and [[Deliberative democracy|deliberation]]. In a [[direct democracy]], the citizenry as a whole directly forms a [[Participatory democracy|participatory]] governing body and vote directly on each issue. In [[indirect democracy]], the citizenry governs indirectly through the selection of [[Representative democracy|representatives]] or [[Delegated voting|delegates]] from among themselves, typically by [[election]] or, less commonly, by [[sortition]]. These select citizens then meet to form a governing body, such as a legislature or [[jury]].
Some governments combine both direct and indirect democratic governance, wherein the citizenry selects representatives to administer day-to-day governance, while also reserving the right govern directly through [[Initiative|popular initiative]]s, [[referendum]]s (plebiscites), and the [[Recall election|right of recall]]. In a [[constitutional democracy]] the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but the constitution limits [[majority rule]], usually through the provision by all of certain [[universal right]]s, e.g. [[freedom of speech]], or [[freedom of association]].<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'': "democracy".</ref><ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Democracy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=William Benton |date=1970 |edition=Expo '70 hardcover |volume=7 |pages=215–23 |language=en |isbn=978-0-85229-135-1 |last1=Watkins |first1=Frederick}}</ref>
==== Respublikoj ====
{{Ĉefartikolo|Respubliko}}
A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter" ({{lang-la|res publica}}), not the private concern or property of the rulers, and where offices of states are subsequently directly or indirectly elected or appointed rather than inherited. The people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people.{{sfn|Montesquieu|1748|loc=book 2, chapters 1}}<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Republic|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2022}}<!--Author? Edition?--></ref>
A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.<ref name="WordNet">{{Cite journal |title=republic |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/republic |url-status=live |journal=WordNet 3.0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312065659/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/republic |archive-date=12 March 2009 |access-date=20 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="M-W">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Republic |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic |access-date=14 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162708/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Montesquieu]] included both [[democracy|democracies]], where all the people have a share in rule, and [[aristocracy|aristocracies]] or [[oligarchy|oligarchies]], where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government.{{sfn|Montesquieu|1748|loc=book 2, chapters 2–3}}
Other terms used to describe different republics include [[democratic republic]], [[parliamentary republic]], [[semi-presidential republic]], [[presidential republic]], [[federal republic]], [[people's republic]], and [[Islamic republic]].
==== Federismo ====
{{Ĉefartikolo|Federismo}}
Federalism is a political concept in which a ''group'' of members are bound together by [[Covenant (law)|covenant]] with a governing [[Federal headship|representative head]]. The term "federalism" is also used to describe a system of government in which [[sovereignty]] is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units, variously called states, provinces or otherwise. Federalism is a system based upon democratic principles and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a [[federation]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} Proponents are often called [[federalist]]s.
== Estiĝo de registaro ==
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