Content deleted Content added
m Remove unicode control characters (CHECKWIKI error 16) +general fixes using AWB (8535) |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Misc citation tidying. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | #UCB_CommandLine |
||
(18 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Eastern portion of Brittany}}
[[
'''Upper Brittany''' ({{lang-fr|Haute-Bretagne}}
In many regards, Upper Brittany is dominated by the industrial and cathedral city of [[Rennes]], seat of the [[University of Rennes 1]] and the [[University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany|University of Rennes 2]].<ref>George Thomas Kurian, ''Geo-data: the world geographical encyclopedia'' (1989), p. 151</ref>
==Distinctions==
The principal distinction between the two parts of Brittany is that Lower Brittany is the historic realm of the [[Breton language]], while Upper Brittany is that of [[Gallo language|Gallo]], closely related to [[French language|French]]. The isolation of Brittany from the
In the realm of [[cuisine]], the [[pancake]]s known as [[galette]]s, made with [[buckwheat]], originated in Upper Brittany, [[crêpe]]s, made with [[wheat]]flour, in Lower Brittany.<ref>[http://www.french-property.com/regions/bretagne/food-gastronomy/crepes-galettes/ Brittany Crepes and Galettes] at french-property.com</ref><ref>[http://www.theworldwidegourmet.com/recipes/crepes-bretonnes-brittany-style-pancakes/ Crêpes bretonnes - Brittany-Style Pancakes Recipe] at theworldwidegourmet.com</ref>
In the 20th and 21st centuries, the growth of [[urbanization]] and [[Industrial sector|industry]] has been more pronounced in Upper Brittany than in Lower Brittany, the character of which has remained more rural.<ref name=kelly/>
==Languages==
In much of Upper Brittany, [[Breton language|Breton]] has been little spoken, and indeed in some parts it may never have been the principal means of communication. Instead, the population historically spoke [[Gallo language|Gallo]], and later a mixture of Gallo and [[French language|French]].<ref name=McDonald>Maryon McDonald, ''"We are not French!": language, culture, and identity in Brittany'' (1989), [
Gallo, like the Breton language, was until recently highly [[social stigma|stigmatized]], and its use declined steeply during the 20th century. Attempts are now made to revitalize it, with schools playing a role in this, but it is largely viewed as a rural language of older people.<ref>John Shaun Nolan, 'School and Extended Family in the Transmission and Revitalisation of Gallo in Upper-Brittany', in ''Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development'', vol. 29, issue 3 (May 2008), pp. 216-234</ref>
==The boundary between Upper and Lower Brittany==
{{main|Linguistic boundary of Brittany}}
Place-names are one form of evidence for the linguistic boundary during the [[Early Middle Ages]], suggesting that it was much farther to the east than it is now, near [[Nantes]] and [[Rennes]]. For example, [[Pleugueneuc]], in [[Ille-et-Vilaine]], combines the Breton element ''plou'' (parish) with the name 'Guehenoc'.<ref>Kenneth Jackson, ''[http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/zcph.1961.28.1.272 Linguistic Geography and the History of the Breton Language]'' (1961), online at reference-global.com</ref>▼
▲Place-names are one form of evidence for the linguistic boundary during the [[Early Middle Ages]], suggesting that it was much farther to the east than it is now, near [[Nantes]] and [[Rennes]]. For example, [[Pleugueneuc]], in [[Ille-et-Vilaine]], combines the Breton element ''plou'' (parish) with the name 'Guehenoc'.<ref>Kenneth Jackson, ''[http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/zcph.1961.28.1.272 Linguistic Geography and the History of the Breton Language]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' (1961), online at reference-global.com</ref>
The distinction of two Brittanys was made at least as early as the 15th century, when the names used were ''Britannia gallicana'' (Upper Brittany) and ''Britannia britonizans'' (Lower Brittany).<ref name=cc>John T. Koch (ed.), ''Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia'', Volumes 1-5 (2006), p. 244</ref> At that time, it appears that Lower Brittany had a separate [[tax|fiscal]] status.<ref name=McDonald/> Since then, the boundary between them has changed slowly as a result of the long retreat of the Breton language.<ref>Hervé Abalain, ''Histoire de la langue bretonne'' (1995), p. 30</ref>
Under the ''[[Ancien Régime|ancien régime]]'', the boundary between the two was generally in line with the province's division into nine [[episcopal see|bishoprics]], with those of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rennes|Rennes]], [[Ancient Diocese of Dol|Dol]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nantes|Nantes]], [[Ancient Diocese of Saint-Malo|St Malo]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Brieuc|St Brieuc]] considered to form Upper Brittany, while [[Ancient Diocese of Tréguier|Tréguier]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vannes|Vannes]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quimper|Quimper]] and [[Diocese of Saint-Pol-de-Léon|Saint-Pol-de-Léon]] formed Lower Brittany.<ref>''
In 1588, the [[historian]] [[Bertrand d'Argentré]] defined the boundary as running from the outskirts of [[Binic]] southwards to [[Guérande]], leaving the towns of [[Loudéac]], [[Josselin]], and [[Malestroit]] in Upper Brittany. In 1886, [[Paul Sébillot]] noted that the boundary was deeper into what had been Breton territory, the line then running from [[Plouha]] on the north coast to [[Batz-sur-Mer]] in the south, on the [[Bay of Biscay]].
Line 30 ⟶ 33:
==Notes==
{{
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Geography of Brittany]]▼
▲[[Category:Geography of Brittany]]
|