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{{Main|List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots}}
{{See also|Cooper Do-nuts Riot|Compton's Cafeteria riot}}
On the outer fringes of the few small gay communities were people who challenged gender expectations. They were effeminate men and masculine women, or people who dressed and lived in contrast to their [[sex assigned at birth]], either part or full-time. Contemporaneous nomenclature classified them as [[transvestite]]s and they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities. They
Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people staged a small [[Cooper Donuts Riot|riot at the Cooper Do-nuts]] cafe in Los Angeles in 1959 in response to police harassment.{{sfn|Faderman|Timmons|2006|pp=1–2}} In a larger 1966 event in San Francisco, drag queens, hustlers, and trans women<ref>Devor, Aaron and Ardel Haefele-Thomas (2019). ''Transgender: A Reference Handbook'', p. 30</ref> were sitting in [[Compton's Cafeteria riot|Compton's Cafeteria]] when the police arrived to arrest people appearing to be physically male who were presenting as women. A riot ensued, with the cafeteria patrons slinging cups, plates, and saucers and breaking the [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|plexiglass]] windows in the front of the restaurant and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced.<ref name="boyd">Boyd, Nan Alamilla (2004). "San Francisco" in the ''Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered History in America'', Ed. Marc Stein. Vol. 3. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 71–78.</ref> Professor [[Susan Stryker]] classifies the Compton's Cafeteria riot as an "act of anti-transgender discrimination, rather than an act of discrimination against sexual orientation" and connects the uprising to the issues of gender, race, and class that were being downplayed by homophile organizations.<ref name="stryker"/> It marked the beginning of [[transgender]] activism in San Francisco.<ref name="boyd"/>
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