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San Francisco was founded on June 29, 1776, when [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Settlers from New Spain]] established the [[Presidio of San Francisco]] at the [[Golden Gate]] and [[Mission San Francisco de Asís]] a few miles away, both named for [[Francis of Assisi]].<ref name="DeAnza-Moraga-Palou">{{cite web |author=O'Day |first=Edward F. |date=October 1926 |title=The Founding of San Francisco |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727190828/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html |archive-date=July 27, 2010 |access-date=February 14, 2009 |work=San Francisco Water |publisher=Spring Valley Water Authority}}</ref> The [[California Gold Rush]] of 1849 brought rapid growth, transforming an unimportant hamlet into a busy port, making it the largest city on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] at the time; between 1870 and 1900, approximately one quarter of California's population resided in the city proper.<ref name="ipums_nhgis" /> In 1856, San Francisco became a [[consolidated city-county]].<ref name="Coy 1919 409">{{cite book |last=Coy |first=Owen Cochran |title=Guide to the County Archives of California |publisher=California Historical Survey Commission |year=1919 |location=Sacramento, California |page=409}}</ref> After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|1906 earthquake and fire]],<ref name="Montagne" /> it was quickly rebuilt, hosting the [[Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915)|Panama-Pacific International Exposition]] nine years later. In [[World War II]], it was a major port of embarkation for [[United States Department of the Navy|naval service]] members shipping out to the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|Pacific Theater]].<ref name="WWII" /> It then became the birthplace of the [[United Nations]] in 1945.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 10, 2015 |title=Charter of the United Nations {{!}} United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/ |access-date=December 29, 2016 |website=Un.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 21, 2015 |title=History of the United Nations {{!}} United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212182312/https://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/index.html |archive-date=Dec 12, 2016 |access-date=December 29, 2016 |website=Un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schlesinger |first=Stephen |date=June 19, 2015 |title=San Francisco – the birthplace of the United Nations |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/article/San-Francisco-the-birthplace-of-the-United-6336655.php |access-date=December 29, 2016}}</ref> After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, significant [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]], liberalizing attitudes, the rise of the [[beatnik]] and [[hippie]] countercultures, the [[sexual revolution]], the [[peace movement]] growing from [[opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War]], and other factors led to the [[Summer of Love]] and the [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights]] movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal activism in the United States]].
San Francisco and the surrounding [[San Francisco Bay Area]] are a global center of economic activity and the arts and sciences,<ref name="Nature Index 2018 Science cities">{{cite web |title=Top 200 Science cities |url=https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=Nature Index}}</ref><ref name="Cultural times: the first global map of cultural and creative industries">{{cite web |title=The Global Creative Economy Is Big Business |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235710 |access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> spurred by leading universities,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> [[IT|high-tech]], healthcare, finance, insurance, real estate, and professional services sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Data: GDP and Personal Income |url=https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=apps.bea.gov}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the metropolitan area, with 6.7 million residents, ranked 5th by GDP ($874 billion) and 2nd by GDP per capita ($131,082) across the [[OECD]] countries, ahead of [[Global city|global cities]] like [[Paris]], [[London]], and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metropolitan areas |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CITIES |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=stats.oecd.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=1947-01-01 |title=Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> San Francisco anchors the [[Metropolitan statistical area#United States|13th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States]] with 4.6 million residents, and the fourth-largest by aggregate income and economic output, with a GDP of $669 billion in {{As of|2021|bare=yes}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product by County, 2021 {{!}} U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2022/gross-domestic-product-county-2021 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.bea.gov}}</ref> The wider [[San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland Combined Statistical Area]] is the fifth most populous, with 9.5 million residents, and the third-largest by economic output, with a GDP of $1.25 trillion in {{As of|2021|bare=yes}}. In the same year, San Francisco proper had a GDP of $236.4 billion, and a GDP per capita of $289,990.<ref name=":7" /> San Francisco was ranked seventh in the world and third in the United States on the [[Global Financial Centres Index]] {{As of|2022|March|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 31|url= https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-31-explore-data/gfci-31-rank/|access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Longfinance.net}}</ref> Despite a continuing exodus of businesses from the city center, significantly accelerated by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref name=SanFranExodus6>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/sf/article/sf-covid-recovery-nyc-17365339.php|title=New York is roaring back from the worst of the pandemic. Why isn't San Francisco?|author=Roland Li|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=August 13, 2022|access-date=February 24, 2023}}</ref> the Bay Area is still the home to [[List of public corporations by market capitalization|four of the world's ten largest companies by market capitalization]], and the city proper still houses the headquarters of numerous companies inside and outside of technology, including [[Wells Fargo]], [[Salesforce.com|Salesforce]], [[Uber]], [[Airbnb]], [[Twitter, Inc.|Twitter]], [[Levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]], [[Gap Inc.|Gap]], [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]], and [[Lyft]].<ref name="SanFranExodus2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Companies ranked by Market Cap - CompaniesMarketCap.com |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="SanFranExodus3">{{cite web |author=Mclean |first=Tessa |date=November 30, 2022 |title=The Container Store near Union Square plans to close |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/sf-container-store-relocating-17622063.php |access-date=November 30, 2022 |publisher=Hearst Corporation |quote=The Union Square area of downtown has been struggling with an increase in crime in recent years, coupled with losing several big retailers since 2020, including Crate & Barrel, DSW and Gap.}}</ref> However, the [[Hoover Institution]] in California, in addition to various media organizations, have warned of a uniquely severe long-term [[economic collapse|doom spiral]] impending for San Francisco.<ref name=SanFranciscoDoomLoop>{{cite web|url=https://www.hoover.org/research/matters-policy-politics-california-update-san-franciscos-doom-loop-newsoms-wanderlust|title=...San Francisco's "Doom Loop,"...|publisher=Hoover Institution|date=April 6, 2023|access-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref>
One of the top tourist destinations in the United States, San Francisco is known for its steep rolling [[List of hills in San Francisco|hills]] and [[Architecture of San Francisco|eclectic mix of architecture]] across [[San Francisco neighborhoods|varied neighborhoods]], as well as its cool summers, [[San Francisco fog|fog]], and landmarks, including the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], [[San Francisco cable car system|cable cars]], [[Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary|Alcatraz]], and [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]] and [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission]] districts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top U.S. Destinations for International Visitors |url=http://www.hotel-price-index.com/2013/fall/american-travel-habits/top-locations-for-americans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327035130/http://www.hotel-price-index.com/2013/fall/american-travel-habits/top-locations-for-americans.html |archive-date=Mar 27, 2014 |access-date=April 12, 2014 |website=The Hotel Price Index}}</ref> The city is home to a number of educational and cultural institutions, such as the [[University of California, San Francisco]], the [[University of San Francisco]], [[San Francisco State University]], the [[San Francisco Conservatory of Music]], the [[de Young Museum]], the [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]], the [[San Francisco Symphony]], the [[San Francisco Ballet]], the [[San Francisco Opera]], the [[SFJAZZ Center]], and the [[California Academy of Sciences]]. Two professional sports teams, MLB's [[San Francisco Giants]], and the NBA's [[Golden State Warriors]], all play their home games within San Francisco proper. San Francisco's [[San Francisco International Airport|main international airport]] offers flights to over 125 destinations while [[Muni Metro|a light rail and bus network]], in tandem with the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]] and [[Caltrain]] systems, connects nearly every part of San Francisco with the wider region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leins |first=Casey |date=April 3, 2019 |title=The 10 Best Cities for Public Transportation |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/cities/slideshows/10-best-cities-for-transportation/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=USNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Direct flights from San Francisco (SFO) - FlightConnections |url=https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-san-francisco-sfo |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.flightconnections.com |language=en}}</ref>
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