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|length_ref=<ref name=PRFA/>
|history=Woodward Avenue platted in 1805<ref name=baulch/> and a state highway since 1913<ref name=STLA/>
|established= 1970<ref name=baulch>{{cite news |last = Baulch |first = Vivian M. |date = June 13, 1999 |title = Woodward Avenue, Detroit's Grand Old 'Main Street' |url = http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=205 |work = [[The Detroit News]] |access-date = June 6, 2012 |issn = 1055-2715 |oclc = 137348716 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20090104004403/http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=205 |archive-date = January 4, 2009
|tourist=
*[[File:MUTCD D6-4.svg|24px|alt=|link=]] Automotive Heritage Trail [[All-American Road]]
*[[File:Michigan Recreational Heritage Route.svg|24px|alt=|link=]] Woodward Avenue Recreational Heritage Route
*[[File:US-NationalParkService-ShadedLogo.svg|24px|alt=|link=]] [[MotorCities National Heritage Area]]
|nhs=Entire route<ref name=NHS-MI>{{cite map |author = Michigan Department of Transportation |title = National Functional Classification |year = 2023 |publisher = Michigan Department of Transportation |url = https://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/nfc/# |access-date = July
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a=Adams Avenue in [[Detroit]]
|junction
*{{jct|state=MI|I|94}} in Detroit
*{{jct|state=MI|M|8}} in [[Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park]]
*{{jct|state=MI|M|102}} at Detroit–[[Ferndale, Michigan|Ferndale]]
*{{jct|state=MI|I|696}} in [[Royal Oak, Michigan|Royal Oak]]
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b={{jct|state=MI|BL|75|US-Bus|24|dab1=Pontiac|dab2=Pontiac}} near [[Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]]
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|next_route=2
}}
'''M-1''',
The trunkline is the dividing line between Detroit's East and West sides and connects to some of the city's major freeways like [[Interstate 94 in Michigan|Interstate 94]] (I-94, Edsel Ford Freeway) and [[M-8 (Michigan highway)|M-8]] (Davison Freeway). Woodward Avenue exits Detroit at [[M-102 (Michigan highway)|M-102]] (8 Mile Road) and runs through the city's northern suburbs in [[Oakland County, Michigan|Oakland County]] on its way to Pontiac. In between, Woodward Avenue passes through several historic districts in Detroit and provides access to many businesses in the area. The name ''Woodward Avenue'' has become synonymous with Detroit, [[Cruising (driving)|cruising]] culture and the automotive industry.
Woodward Avenue was created after the
==Route description==
Like other state highways in Michigan, the section of Woodward Avenue designated M-1 is maintained by MDOT. In
===Detroit and Highland Park===
[[File:DetroitWoodwardAvespringsummerday.jpg|left|thumb|Merchants Row on Woodward between Grand Circus Park and Campus Martius Park in downtown Detroit, just south of the [[David Whitney Building]]|alt=Photograph of]]
Woodward Avenue starts at an intersection with [[Jefferson Avenue (Detroit)|Jefferson Avenue]] next to [[Hart Plaza]] about {{convert|750|ft|m}} from the [[Detroit River]].<ref name=MDOT16/><ref name=google/> The plaza is regarded as the birthplace of the [[Ford Motor Company]],<ref name=ford-marker>{{cite sign |author = [[Michigan Department of Natural Resources]] |date = n.d. |url = https://www.flickr.com/photos/30711379@N07/4800953286/ |title = Ford Motor Company |medium = Michigan State Historical Marker |location = Hart Plaza, Detroit |publisher = Michigan Department of Natural Resources |access-date = December 8, 2012 |via = [[Flickr]] |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131221104519/http://www.flickr.com/photos/30711379%40N07/4800953286/ |archive-date = December 21, 2013 }}</ref> and it is located near [[Huntington Plaza]] and the [[Renaissance Center]], headquarters for [[General Motors]] (GM).<ref name=rencen>{{cite news |first= Todd |last= Nissen |date= May 17, 1996 |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BN&p_theme=bn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF99421B6BF901&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |title=
North of Adams Avenue, Woodward Avenue is a state trunkline designated M-1. The highway crosses to the west of [[Comerica Park]] and [[Ford Field]], home of Major League Baseball's [[Detroit Tigers]] and the National Football League's [[Detroit Lions]], respectively. Woodward passes the historic [[Fox Theatre (Detroit, Michigan)|Fox Theatre]] before it crosses over I-75 (Fisher Freeway) without an interchange; access between the two highways is through the [[service drive]]s that connect to adjacent interchanges. North of the freeway, M-1 passes [[Little Caesars Arena]], home of the National Hockey League's [[Detroit Red Wings]] and the National Basketball Association's [[Detroit Pistons]]. A six-lane street, the highway travels through mixed residential and commercial areas of [[Midtown, Detroit|Midtown]] including the [[Midtown Woodward Historic District]], another district listed on the NRHP. South of I-94, Woodward heads through the [[Cultural Center Historic District (Detroit)|Cultural Center Historic District]], which includes the campus of [[Wayne State University]], the [[Detroit Public Library]], and the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]];<ref name=MDOT16/><ref name=google/> the institute and the nearby [[Detroit Historical Museum]] showcase the city's automotive history.<ref name=fhwa-tour>{{cite web |author = Federal Highway Administration |date = n.d. |url = http://byways.org/explore/byways/13754/itinerary/70729 |title = Woodward Avenue Auto History Tour |work = America's Byways |publisher = Federal Highway Administration |access-date = December 8, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100209033457/http://byways.org/explore/byways/13754/itinerary/70729 |archive-date = February 9, 2010
[[File:Wayne State U-Woodward Avenue.jpg|thumb|[[Maccabees Building]] at Wayne State University adjacent to Woodward Avenue in Detroit|alt=Photograph showing the]]
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===Scenic and historic designations===
[[File:Woodwardsign.jpg|thumb|80px|All-American Road signs installed in 2011|alt=Custom road sign]]
Many historical sites are located along Woodward Avenue, which was included in the [[MotorCities National Heritage Area]] when it was created on November 6, 1998.<ref name=histcha1>{{cite web |author-link = History (U.S. TV channel) |author = The History Channel |date = n.d. |title = Nov 6, 1998: President Clinton designates 'Automobile National Heritage Area' in Detroit |url = http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-clinton-designates-automobile-national-heritage-area-in-detroit |work = This Day in History |publisher = The History Channel |access-date = April 23, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104094925/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-clinton-designates-automobile-national-heritage-area-in-detroit |archive-date = November 4, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> The road was designated what is now called a [[Pure Michigan Byway]] by MDOT in 1999,<ref name=ballou>{{cite news |first = Brian |last = Ballou |date = August 4, 1999 |title = Woodward Winner: Storied Avenue Labeled a Michigan Heritage Road; Plans In Works for Continuous Identity from Detroit to Pontiac |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21829009/woodward_winner/ |work = [[Detroit Free Press]] |edition = Oakland Final |page = 1B |issn = 1055-2758 |id = {{oclc|10345127| 137343179}} |access-date = July 13, 2018 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] }}</ref> and a [[National Scenic Byway]] by the [[Federal Highway Administration|FHWA]] National Scenic Byways Program on June 13, 2002,<ref name=crains>{{cite news |last = Dietderich |first = Andrew |title = Woodward Group to Add Members South of Eight Mile |work = [[Crain's Detroit Business]] |date = April 19, 2004 |access-date = July 1, 2017 |url = http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20040419/SUB/404190861/woodward-group-to-add-members-south-of-eight-mile |url-access = subscription |archive-date = July 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702014810/http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20040419/SUB/404190861/woodward-group-to-add-members-south-of-eight-mile |url-status = live }}</ref> the only urban road at the time with that classification.<ref name=MDOTtoday/> It was later upgraded to All-American Road status on October 16, 2009;<ref name=tamboer>{{cite news |first = Andrea |last = Tamboer |date = October 28, 2009 |title = Woodward Avenue (M-1) Gets All-American Road Designation |url = http://www.mlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2009/10/woodward_avenue_m-1_gets_all-a.html |work = [[MLive]] |location = Detroit |publisher = Booth Newspapers |access-date = July 14, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140723062233/http://www.mlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2009/10/woodward_avenue_m-1_gets_all-a.html |archive-date = July 23, 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> such roads have highly unique features and are significant enough to be tourist destinations unto themselves.<ref name=ABFS>{{cite web |author = Federal Highway Administration |date = August 17, 2011 |title = America's Byways Fact Sheet |url = http://byways.org/press/pdf/fact_sheet.pdf |work = America's Byways |publisher = Federal Highway Administration |access-date = September 22, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120911064443/http://byways.org/press/pdf/fact_sheet.pdf |archive-date = September 11, 2012
[[File:Woodward tribute.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Lighted tribute in Royal Oak at 13 Mile Road|alt=Nighttime photograph of the]]
The Woodward Avenue Action Association (WA3), the local agency that acts as the stewards and advocates for the All-American Road and Pure Michigan Byway designations as well as adjacent historical sites,<ref name=hagerty>{{cite news |last = Lombard |first = Stefan |date = Spring 2014 |title = Saving the Model T Plant |work = Hagerty Classic Cars |page = 68 |issn = 2162-8033 |oclc = 746155690 }}</ref> obtained a grant for $45,000 (equivalent to ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US-GDP|45000|2011|r=-3}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP|name-list-style=amp}}) from the FHWA in 2011 to install a set of 50 custom road signs along M-1 between Detroit and Pontiac.<ref name=shine>{{cite news |first = Kim North |last = Shine |date = February 23, 2011 |url = http://www.oaklandcountyprosper.com/devnews/0210woodwardavesigns022111.aspx |title = Woodward Avenue Gets 50 New Signs, All-American Road Designation |journal = Prosper |location = Pontiac, Michigan |publisher = [[Oakland County, Michigan|Oakland County]] |access-date = July 24, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140225232017/http://www.oaklandcountyprosper.com/devnews/0210woodwardavesigns022111.aspx |archive-date = February 25, 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> WA3 sells replicas of these signs to discourage theft.<ref name=welch>{{cite news |first = Sherri |last = Welch |date = June 23, 2011 |title = Capitalizing on the Theft of 'All-American Road' Signs on Woodward |url = http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20110623/BLOG009/110629921/capitalizing-on-the-theft-of-all-american-road-signs-on-woodward |work = Crain's Detroit Business Staff Blogs |access-date = July 1, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117113030/http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20110623/BLOG009/110629921/capitalizing-on-the-theft-of-all-american-road-signs-on-woodward |archive-date = November 17, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Another highway, [[M-22 (Michigan highway)|M-22]] in Northern Michigan has also been the subject of sign theft with different methods used to deter sign removal.<ref>{{cite news |first = Mark |last = Johnson |date = August 23, 2016 |title = Modifying M-22: MDOT Changing Signs to Discourage Theft |url = http://www.record-eagle.com/news/local_news/modifying-m/article_57f04059-0bb4-56f8-b9f1-8daa4e976cca.html |work = [[Traverse City Record-Eagle]] |access-date = August 25, 2016 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20210801172446/https://www.record-eagle.com/news/local_news/modifying-m/article_57f04059-0bb4-56f8-b9f1-8daa4e976cca.html |archive-date = August 1, 2021 |url-status = live }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Profits are also being used along with money from clothing and other merchandise to support the Woodward Avenue Beautification Fund,<ref name=oosting>{{cite news |first = Jonathan |last = Oosting |date = December 15, 2011 |title = Woodward on a Onesie: New Merch Celebrates, Benefits Metro Detroit's 'All-American Road' |url = http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2011/12/woodward_on_a_onesie_new_merch.html |work = MLive |location = Detroit |publisher = Booth Newspapers |access-date = July 28, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140223004600/http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2011/12/woodward_on_a_onesie_new_merch.html |archive-date = February 23, 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> a special endowment created in 2010 to aid the 11 communities along the highway with maintenance and to defray costs associated with special events on the avenue.<ref>{{cite news |first = Sherri |last = Welch |date = February 26, 2010 |title = Woodward Avenue Action Association Creates Fund to Help Municipalities |url = http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20100226/FREE/100229863 |work = Crain's Detroit Business |access-date = August 1, 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100304135416/http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20100226/FREE/100229863 |archive-date = March 4, 2010 |url-access = subscription }}</ref>
As well as the custom signage, WA3 has received FHWA grant funding to erect a series of lighted "tributes": solar-powered, lighted pillars that contain artwork related to the roadway. The $150,000 glass and concrete sculptures are being placed in the median along Woodward Avenue to serve as landmarks along the route of the roadway and to brand it for tourists. A total of 10 to 12 installations are planned for the length of the highway in Wayne and Oakland counties.<ref name=kavanaugh>{{cite news |first = Catherine |last = Kavanaugh |date = April 18, 2012 |title = Royal Oak Auto Designer Pays Tribute to Woodward Avenue |url = http://www.dailytribune.com/article/20120418/NEWS01/120419719/royal-oak-auto-designer-pays-tribute-to-woodward-avenue&pager=full_story |work = The Daily Tribune |location = Mount Clemens, Michigan |access-date = July 24, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214602/http://www.dailytribune.com/article/20120418/NEWS01/120419719/royal-oak-auto-designer-pays-tribute-to-woodward-avenue%26pager%3Dfull_story |archive-date = June 10, 2015
===Religion, entertainment, and cars===
[[File:Fox theatre Central United Methodist church.jpg|thumb|upright|Marquee of the Fox Theatre with the [[Central United Methodist Church (Detroit)|Central United Methodist Church]] in the background|alt=Photograph showing]]
The area around Woodward was once nicknamed "Piety Hill".<ref name=whitall/> There are 22 [[Religious Structures of Woodward Avenue Thematic Resource|churches on the NRHP]] along the street in Detroit and Highland Park.<ref name=rswatr>{{cite web |author = National Park Service |date = January 23, 2007 |title = National Register Information System |url = http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html |work = [[National Register of Historic Places]] |publisher = National Park Service |access-date = July 17, 2012
As well as music clubs, many of Detroit's other major entertainment venues are located on or near Woodward in downtown Detroit, including the [[Fox Theatre (Detroit)|Fox Theatre]], [[Majestic Theater (Detroit, Michigan)|Majestic Theater]], and the rest of the [[Detroit Theater District|theater district]],<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20120831/FREE/309029990/metro-detroits-largest-performance-venues |title = Metro Detroit's Largest Performance Venues |work = Crain's Detroit Business |date = August 31, 2012 |access-date = May 22, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180319215331/http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20120831/FREE/309029990/metro-detroits-largest-performance-venues |archive-date = March 19, 2018 |url-status = live |url-access = subscription }}</ref> the second-largest in the country.<ref>{{cite web |author = Experience Detroit |date = n.d. |url = http://www.experiencedetroit.com/theatres.htm |title = Detroit Theatres |publisher = Experience Detroit |access-date = July 1, 2017 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160723085610/http://experiencedetroit.com/theatres.htm |archive-date = July 23, 2016 }}</ref> During [[World War II]], the area was likewise home to 24-hour movie theaters and bowling alleys. Curfews across the river in [[Windsor, Ontario]], meant that many patrons during the war years were Canadian. They frequented the establishments along with the Americans, many of whom worked in the factories of the Detroit area. The theater district has undergone a renaissance after renovations and improvements during the 1980s<ref name=whit>{{cite news |first = Susan |last = Whitall |date = March 26, 2007 |title = Woodward: Avenue of Escape |work = The Detroit News |pages = 1A, 4A |url = http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20070327/METRO/108010004/Woodward--Avenue-of-escape |issn = 1055-2715 |oclc = 137348716 |access-date = July 16, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224018/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20070327/METRO/108010004/Woodward--Avenue-of-escape |archive-date = June 10, 2015
An adjacent sports and entertainment district has been created near Woodward Avenue in the 21st century. "District Detroit" as it is called includes [[Comerica Park]] (2000), [[Ford Field]] (2002) and [[Little Caesars Arena]] (2017), which are the home venues for all four of Detroit's professional sports teams. The district is the most compact collection in any American city, according to Patrick Rishe, the director of the Sports Business Program at [[Washington University in St. Louis]].<ref>{{cite news |first = Patrick |last = Rishe |date = November 24, 2016 |title = District Detroit: The Most Compact Sports District in America Is Revitalizing Downtown Detroit |url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/prishe/2016/11/24/district-detroit-the-most-compact-sports-district-in-america-is-revitalizing-downtown-detroit/#4a413faf669a |work = [[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]] |access-date = May 21, 2017 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170130203034/http://www.forbes.com/sites/prishe/2016/11/24/district-detroit-the-most-compact-sports-district-in-america-is-revitalizing-downtown-detroit/ |archive-date = January 30, 2017 }}</ref>
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|footer= The street plan for Detroit (left) devised by Judge Woodward (right)
}}
In 1701, the first transportation routes through what became the state of Michigan were the lakes, rivers and Indian trails. One of these, the [[Saginaw Trail]], followed what is now Woodward Avenue from the Detroit area north to [[Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw]], where it connected with the [[Mackinaw Trail]] north to the [[Straits of Mackinac]].<ref name=mason>{{cite book |last = Mason |first = Philip P. |title = Michigan Highways from Indian Trails to Expressways |location = Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher = Braun-Brumfield |year = 1959 |page = 4 |oclc = 23314983 }}</ref> The Town of Detroit{{#tag:ref|Detroit was incorporated as a town in 1802 by the government of the [[Northwest Territory]] before incorporation and reincorporation as a city by the [[Michigan Territory]] in 1806 and 1815.<ref name=farmer>{{cite book |url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=micounty&cc=micounty&idno=bad1459.0001.001;frm=frameset&view=image&seq=191 |title = The History of Detroit and Michigan, or, The Metropolis Illustrated: A Full Record of Territorial Days in Michigan, and the Annals of Wayne County |first = Silas |last = Farmer |location = Detroit |publisher = S. Farmer & Co |year = 1889 |pages = 133–5 |oclc = 2823136 |edition = 2nd |via = [[University of Michigan]] Digital Collections |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110522171640/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=micounty&cc=micounty&idno=bad1459.0001.001%3Bfrm%3Dframeset&view=image&seq=191 |archive-date = May 22, 2011 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} created {{convert|120|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} [[right-of-way (transportation)|rights-of-way]] for the principal streets of the city in 1805.<ref name=lingeman>{{cite book |title = Michigan Highway History Timeline 1701–2001: 300 Years of Progress |last = Lingeman |first = Stanley D. |date = April 6, 2001 |location = Lansing |publisher = [[Library of Michigan]] |page = 1 |oclc = 435640179 }}</ref> This street plan was devised by Augustus Woodward and others following a devastating fire in Detroit,<ref name=baulch/> with a mandate from the territorial governor to improve on the previous plan.<ref name=barnett243-4/> Two of these principal streets were established by the territorial government on September 18, 1805, as "permanent public roads, avenues or highways", one of which was to run along the modern routing of Woodward Avenue.<ref>{{cite book |first1 = William |last1 = Hull |first2 = Augustus B. |last2 = Woodward |first3 = Frederick |last3 = Bates |name-list-style = amp |date = 1871 |orig-
Augustus Woodward was a judge in the [[Michigan Territory]] appointed by his friend, President [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref name=barnett243-4/> He was also a colonel in the territorial militia and a president of one of Detroit's first banks.<ref name=bailey>{{cite news |first = Mary |last = Bailey |date = February 17, 2000 |title = Detroit's Street Names Honor Early Leaders |url = http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=199 |work = The Detroit News |issn = 1055-2715 |oclc = 137348716 |access-date = October 20, 2012 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120707110636/http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=199 |archive-date = July 7, 2012
Detroit was incorporated in 1815,<ref name=MDOTtoday>{{cite magazine |author = Michigan Department of Transportation |date = Winter 2003 |url = http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_Woodward_Heart_and_Soul_170072_7.pdf |publisher = Michigan Department of Transportation |title = Woodward Avenue: A Road to the Heart and Soul of America |magazine = MDOT Today |pages = 8–9 |access-date = August 30, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120616224511/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_Woodward_Heart_and_Soul_170072_7.pdf |archive-date = June 16, 2012 |archive-format = PDF |url-status = live }}</ref> and the initial roadway to connect Detroit north to Pontiac along the Saginaw Trail was started in 1817; this was a [[corduroy road]] built by laying down logs and filling in the gaps with clay or sand.<ref name=geddes>{{cite book |first = Norman |last = Bel Geddes |author-link = Norman Bel Geddes |year = 1940 |title = Magic Motorways |url = https://archive.org/stream/magicmotorways00geddrich#page/26/mode/2up |location = New York |publisher = [[Random House]] |page = 27 |oclc = 751992 |access-date = August 20, 2012 |via = [[Internet Archive]] }}</ref> The territorial legislature authorized a survey of the roadway to Pontiac on December 7, 1818, and the route was approved by Governor [[Lewis Cass]] on December 15, 1819,<ref name=barnett192-3>{{harvp|Barnett|2004|pp =192–193|ps=.}}</ref> the first to be done in the future state.<ref name=facts>{{cite web |author = Michigan Department of Transportation |url = http://www.michigan.gov/mdot/0,1607,7-151-9620_11154-129683--,00.html |title = Road & Highway Facts |publisher = Michigan Department of Transportation |date = June 18, 2010 |access-date = September 27, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208014906/http://michigan.gov/mdot/0,1607,7-151-9620_11154-129683--,00.html |archive-date = February 8, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Michigan Legislature]] authorized the construction of a private [[plank road]] with [[toll road|tolls]] to connect Detroit with Pontiac in 1848. By the next year, {{convert|16|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} and {{convert|3|in|cm|adj=mid|-thick}} oak planks were laid along the road between the two communities. Tolls were {{convert|1|cent/mi|cent/km|spell=in}} for vehicles and {{convert|2|cent/mi|cent/km|spell=in}} for a herd of cattle. Tolls along some segments of Woodward Avenue remained in place as late as 1908.<ref name=gavrilovich2>{{harvp|Gavrilovich|McGraw|2000|pp= 236–238|ps=.}}</ref>
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===State Trunkline era===
On May 13, 1913, the Legislature created the [[Michigan State Trunkline Highway System|state's highway system]]; Woodward Avenue was included as part of "Division 2".<ref name=STLA>{{cite book |author = Michigan Legislature |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7kXiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1868 |title = The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan |volume = ((Vol. 1)) |year = 1915 |orig-
Since 1924,<ref name=fox12/> Woodward Avenue has hosted [[America's Thanksgiving Parade]],<ref name="route">{{cite web |title = See the Official Parade Route: Woodward Ave. Comes Alive with America's Thanksgiving Parade |url = http://www.clickondetroit.com/station/10309311/detail.html |date = November 13, 2006 |work = Click On Detroit |publisher = [[WDIV-TV]] |location = Detroit |access-date = May 26, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110609032104/http://www.clickondetroit.com/station/10309311/detail.html |archive-date = June 9, 2011 }}</ref> the second oldest [[Thanksgiving]] Day parade in the United States.<ref name=fox12>{{cite news |title = Correct! Philadelphia Held Its First Parade in 1920 |work = Our Daily Holiday Quiz |url = http://www.kptv.com/story/5663561/a |publisher = [[KPTV-TV]] |location = Portland, Oregon |access-date = November 20, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105238/http://www.kptv.com/story/5663561/a |archive-date = December 24, 2013
Legal disputes over a plan to widen Woodward Avenue dating back to 1874 were resolved in 1932. Permission was needed from a majority of the landowners along Woodward Avenue to finalize the deal.<ref name=baulch/> John W. Chandler, general manager of the Woodward Avenue Improvement Association,<ref name=NYEP>{{cite news |url = http://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%2011/New%20York%20Evening%20Post/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Post%201929%20Grayscale/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Post%201929%20Grayscale%20-%200115.pdf |title = News from Other Cities: Detroit |work = [[New York Evening Post]] |date = February 4, 1929 |page = 28 |oclc = 9517291 |access-date = September 23, 2012 |via = FultonHistory.com }}</ref> pledged not to shave his face until he had the necessary permissions in hand. This resolution allowed Woodward to be widened from {{convert|66|to|120|ft|m}}. Several buildings were removed to clear the wider street path, and [[St. John's Episcopal Church (Detroit)|St. John's Episcopal Church]] was moved {{convert|60|ft|m}} to avoid demolition.<ref name=baulch/> Work started in 1933 and cost $7.5 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|7500000|1933}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP|name-list-style=amp}}) to complete.<ref name=gavrilovich2/>
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[[File:Woodward Ave Detroit 1942.jpg|thumb|right|Looking south down Woodward Avenue from the Maccabees Building with the Detroit skyline in the distance, July 1942; streetcar tracks are visible in the middle of the street.|alt=Photograph of]]
{{anchor|Hunter Boulevard}}
A bypass of downtown Birmingham opened in 1939, drawing through traffic away from the busy Woodward Avenue–Maple Road intersection. The bypass was originally named Hunter Boulevard.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://archive.btpl.org/newsletters/1939/November%201939/Nov%202,%201939%20part1%201.pdf |date = November 2, 1939 |title = Fete Friday Will Open Hunter Blvd.: Prominent Officials Invited to Ceremony |work = The Birmingham Eccentric |page = 1 |access-date = April 24, 2017 |via = Bloomfield Township Public Library |oclc = 9948897
<!--In the early 1960s, the MSHD compiled a set of planning maps envisioning various changes to the state highway system over the subsequent two decades. The department proposed moving the US 10 designation to the Fisher Freeway (now I-75) and renumbering Woodward Avenue as Bus. US 10 through Detroit on to Pontiac.<ref>{{cite map |author = Office of Planning, Programming Division |year = 1961 |map = Wayne County |title = State Trunkline Needs, 1960–1980 |scale = Scale not given |location = Lansing |publisher = Michigan State Highway Department |at = n.p. |oclc = 15533279 }}</ref> -->In October 1969, AASHO approved a realignment of US 10 in the Detroit area;<ref>{{AASHTO minutes |year = 1969A |page = 2 |access-date = August 2, 2014 |link = yes |v-link = yes }}</ref> the next year the designation was rerouted to follow the Lodge Freeway (what is now [[M-10 (Michigan highway)|M-10]]) and the portion of Jefferson Avenue between the Lodge Freeway and Randolph Street (then [[U.S. Route 25 in Michigan|US 25]], now [[M-3 (Michigan highway)|M-3]]). The M-1 designation was applied to the section of Woodward Avenue from Jefferson Avenue in downtown Detroit to Square Lake Road along the southern border of Pontiac.<ref name=baulch/> Woodward north of Square Lake Road was designated as a [[business route]] of both US 10 and I-75. When US 10 was truncated to [[Bay City, Michigan|Bay City]] in 1986, the Bus. US 10 portion of Woodward became [[U.S. Route 24 Business (Pontiac, Michigan)|Bus. US 24]].<ref name=MDOT86>{{cite MDOT map |year = 1986 |inset= Detroit |sections = A6–B6 }}</ref><ref name=MDOT87>{{cite MDOT map |year = 1987 |inset = Detroit |sections = A6–B6 }}</ref>
In the early 1980s, M-1 was truncated in downtown Detroit, as the Woodward Mall was designated in the area around Cadillac Square.<ref name=MDOT81>{{cite MDOT map |year = 1981 |inset = Detroit |section = E5 }}</ref><ref name=MDOT82>{{cite MDOT map |year = 1982 |inset = Detroit |section = E5 }}</ref> At the end of 2000, MDOT proposed several highway transfers in Detroit. Some of these involved transferring city streets in the [[Campus Martius Park]] area under the department's jurisdiction to city control; another part of the proposal involved MDOT assuming control over a section of Woodward Avenue from Adams Avenue south to Grand River Avenue.<ref name=MDOT2000>{{cite map |author = Michigan Department of Transportation |date = November 7, 2000 |title = Proposed Jurisdiction Transfers in the City of Detroit |url = http://www.michiganhighways.org/etc/campusmartiusexhibit1.pdf |scale = Scale not given |location = Lansing |publisher = Michigan Department of Transportation |access-date = January 12, 2012 |via = Michigan Highways |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120523204102/http://www.michiganhighways.org/etc/campusmartiusexhibit1.pdf |archive-date = May 23, 2012 |url-status = live |archive-format = PDF }}</ref> These transfers were completed the following year.<ref name=MDOT01>{{cite MDOT map |year = 2001 |inset = Detroit }}</ref><ref name=MDOT02>{{cite MDOT map |year = 2002 |inset = Detroit }}</ref> In 2004, the southern terminus was moved north three blocks to Adams Avenue.<ref name=MDOT04>{{cite MDOT map |year = 2004 |section = |inset = Detroit }}</ref><ref name=MDOT05>{{cite MDOT map |year = 2005 |section = |inset = Detroit }}</ref> A massive address renumbering project ensued along Woodward Avenue in 1997, creating a consistent numbering system from downtown Detroit to Pontiac. Previously, each city along the route had its own address system.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7823667/detroit-free-press/ |title = Time for a Change |work = Detroit Free Press |date = September 13, 1997 |access-date = July 11, 2021 |first = Hugh
===Streetcars and other public transportation===
[[File:Woodward Avenue in winter attire, Detroit, Mich.png|thumb|left|Streetcars on Woodward Avenue during the winter between 1900 and 1910 |alt=Photograph of]]
{{see also|Transportation in metropolitan Detroit|QLine}}
On August 27, 1863, the [[Detroit City Railway Company]] (DCRC) established streetcar service along Woodward from Jefferson to Adams avenues.<ref name=schramm9>{{cite book |first = Kenneth |last = Schramm |year = 2006 |title = Detroit's Street Railways |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R26MH_YEaJQC |series = Images of Rail |location = Charleston, South Carolina |publisher = Arcadia Publishing |isbn = 0-7385-4027-7 |oclc = 67975025 |page = 9 |access-date = April 24, 2017 |via = Google Books }}</ref> The company was formed by investors from [[Syracuse, New York]], earlier that year. Later, on September 18, 1886, a separate electrified line, the Highland Park Railway, was added that ran along Woodward Avenue through Highland Park.<ref name=schramm7>{{harvp|Schramm|2006|p = 7|ps=. }}</ref> In mid-December 1893, the main streetcar line was electrified by the DCRC.<ref name=nrhp-submission>{{cite web|author=Zachary and Associates |date=July 30, 1997 |title=Historic and Architectural Resources of the Cass Farm Survey Area, Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan |url={{NRHP url|id=64500270}} |format=PDF |work=[[National Register of Historic Places]] |publisher=National Park Service |page=5 |access-date=August 20, 2012
Detroit took control of the Detroit Unified Railway on May 15, 1922; afterwards, the streetcar system became the city's [[Detroit Department of Transportation|Department of Street Railways]].<ref name=schramm8/>{{#tag:ref|Since July 1, 1974, the Department of Street Railways has been renamed the [[Detroit Department of Transportation]], the agency responsible for the city's bus system. That bus system was started in 1925 as a feeder network to serve the streetcar lines.<ref name=schramm8/>|group=lower-alpha}} Following the change in control, the city also formed the Detroit Rapid Transit Commission to build a [[subway (rail)|subway]] system.<ref name=fogelson>{{cite book |last = Fogelson |first = Robert M. |year = 2001 |title = Downtown: Its Rise and Fall, 1880–1950 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6X-WCewsP-AC |location = New Haven, Connecticut |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |pages = 85–88 |isbn = 978-0-300-09062-8 |oclc = 182530522 |access-date = October 22, 2012 |via = Google Books }}</ref> Early proposals included a [[:File:Woodward Avenue subway station.jpg|station under Woodward Avenue]] next to [[Detroit City Hall]].<ref name=PBQD>{{cite book |type = Report |author = ((Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas)) |author-link = Parsons Brinckerhoff |year = 1915 |title = Report on Detroit Street Railway Traffic and Proposed Subway, Made to Board of Street Railway Commissioners, City of Detroit |url = https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=Yj4pAAAAYAAJ |location = New York |publisher = Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas |page = 115 |oclc = 5463777 |access-date = October 8, 2012 |via = [[Google Play Books]] |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131227071000/https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=Yj4pAAAAYAAJ |archive-date = December 27, 2013 }}</ref> In 1926, a four-line system encompassing {{convert|47|mi|km}} of lines was proposed at a cost of $280 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|280000000|1926}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP|name-list-style=amp}}). By 1929, plans were scaled back further in the face of tough local economic conditions; the plan submitted to voters included one line of {{convert|13.3|mi|km}} that interconnected with the city's streetcar system by way of two {{convert|2.5|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} streetcar tunnels. The bond proposal failed by a 2.5:1 margin that year, killing any proposal for a city subway system in Detroit.<ref name=fogelson/>
The streetcar system, like those in other cities across the US, fell into decline after [[World War II]]. Unlike the [[Great American streetcar conspiracy|streetcar conspiracy]] alleged in other cities, the decline of Detroit's publicly owned system was related to a multitude of different factors. Increased spending on roads benefitted competing bus lines, and zoning changes coupled with freeway construction shifted the city's population to areas away from the older streetcar lines. During the early 1950s, several lines were converted to buses after labor strikes, and other lines were eliminated
[[File:Test train at Campus Martius station, May 2017.jpg|thumb|right|[[QLine]] streetcar at [[Campus Martius station]]|alt=See caption]]
In the first decade of the 21st century, local business and government officials proposed two projects to add modern streetcars to M-1, an approximately {{convert|9|mi|km|spell=in|adj=mid|-long}} line from the transit center at Michigan Avenue north to the state fairgrounds,<ref name=cbs62/> or a {{convert|3.4|mi|km|adj=on}} line in the downtown area only.<ref name=oosting2009-11-02>{{cite news |last = Oosting |first = Jonathan |date = November 2, 2009 |url = http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2009/11/woodward_light-rail_project_in.html |title = Woodward Light-Rail Project in Detroit Could Lose Matching Federal Funds for Extension |work = MLive |location = Detroit |publisher = Booth Newspapers |access-date = October 5, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140116095450/http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2009/11/woodward_light-rail_project_in.html |archive-date = January 16, 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> Suggestions to unify the two plans were made in late 2008,<ref name=minehaha>{{cite news |first = Minehaha |last = Forman |date = November 15, 2008 |title = Detroit Looks to 'Unify' Rival Light-Rail Transit Plans |url = http://michiganmessenger.com/8407/detroits-two-rival-transit-proposals-in-discussions-to-unify |work = [[The Michigan Messenger]] |access-date = October 8, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100216010319/http://michiganmessenger.com/8407/detroits-two-rival-transit-proposals-in-discussions-to-unify |archive-date = February 16, 2010
On July 28, 2014, construction started for a streetcar line to stretch from downtown Detroit to Grand Boulevard in New Center. The line was to have 20 different stations serving 12 stops, with most of the stations curbside on either side of Woodward Avenue going uptown or downtown. The line will have center road stations at the north and south ends of the system.<ref>{{cite news |date = July 28, 2014 |title = Construction Starts on Detroit Rail |work = [[The Mining Journal]] |location = Marquette, Michigan |agency = [[Associated Press]] |page = 5A |issn = 0898-4964 |oclc = 9729223 }}</ref> Named [[QLine]] in 2016, the system opened in May 2017.<ref name="freepress-2017may12">{{cite news |first1 = Eric D. |last1 = Lawrence |title = It's Today! Detroit's QLINE to Launch with Giveaways, Free Rides All Weekend |newspaper = Detroit Free Press |date = May 12, 2017 |pages = 1A, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21830054/its_today_part_2/ 9A] |issn = 1055-2758 |id = {{oclc|10345127| 137343179}} |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21829991/its_today_detroits_qline_to_launch/ |access-date = July 13, 2018 |via = Newspapers.com }}</ref> The last car of Detroit's previous streetcar system was numbered 286, so the planners numbered the cars for the new line 287–292 to pick up where the old number series had left off.<ref name="MLive-2016sep21">{{cite news |last = Raven |first = Benjamin |date = September 21, 2016 |title = Take a Peek Inside Detroit's First QLine Streetcar |url = http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/09/take_a_peak_inside_detroits_fi.html |work = MLive |location = Detroit |publisher = Booth Newspapers |access-date = December 14, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161010043739/http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/09/take_a_peak_inside_detroits_fi.html |archive-date = October 10, 2016 }}</ref>
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{{portal|Michigan Highways}}
*[[List of buildings on Woodward Avenue]]
{{
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
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