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Lingual gyrus activation has been linked to encoding of complex images. Subjects were scanned using [[fMRI]] while looking at pictures. The images were emotionally neutral, with no people in close-up. Subjects were tasked with memorizing the images for recognition at a later date. Data from the fMRI showed activation in several structures, notably the lingual gyrus. Similar activation was recorded during the recollection several weeks later.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Machielsen|first=Willem C. M.|last2=Rombouts|first2=Serge A. R. B.|last3=Barkhof|first3=Frederik|last4=Scheltens|first4=Philip|last5=Witter|first5=Menno P.|date=2000|title=fMRI of visual encoding: Reproducibility of activation|url= |journal=Human Brain Mapping|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=156–164|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(200003)9:3<156::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-Q|pmid=10739366|issn=1097-0193|pmc=6871840}}</ref> It has also been shown that activation of the ventral occipitotemporal cortex, including the lingual gyrus, is related to the processing of visual information about parts of human faces.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McCarthy|first1=G.|last2=Puce|first2=A.|last3=Belger|first3=A.|last4=Allison|first4=T.|title=Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. II: Response properties of face-specific potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex|journal=Cereb Cortex|date=1999|volume=9|issue=5|pages=431–44|doi=10.1093/cercor/9.5.431|pmid=10450889|doi-access=free}}</ref> Furthermore, the left lingual gyrus activates during memorizing and maintaining images of human faces in working memory.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kozlovskiy|first1=S.A.|last2=Pyasik|first2=M.M.|last3=Korotkova|first3=A.V.|last4=Vartanov|first4=A.V.|last5=Glozman|first5=J.M|last6=Kiselnikov|first6=A.A.|title=Activation of left lingual gyrus related to working memory for schematic faces|journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology|date=2014|volume=94|issue=2|page=241|doi=10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.928}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kozlovskiy|first1=S.A.|last2=Pyasik|first2=M.M.|last3=Korotkova|first3=A.V.|last4=Vartanov|first4=A.V.|last5=Kiselnikov|first5=A.A.|last6=Glozman|first6=J.M.|title=Selective Involvement of Lingual Gyrus in Working Memory and Perception of Different Types of Visual Stimuli|journal=Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society|date=2014|volume=20|issue=S2|page=43|doi=10.1017/S1355617714000915|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Activation of the lingual gyrus has been shown in selective visual attention studies. Subjects were tasked with memorizing symbols in certain visual fields while ignoring those in others. In some subjects, the lingual gyrus was activated. The hemispheric activation of the structure was dependent on which visual field the subject was focused on.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangun, |first=G. R., |last2=Buonocore, |first2=M. H., |last3=Girelli, |first3=M., & |last4=Jha, |first4=A. P. (|date=1998). |title=ERP and fMRI measures of visual spatial selective attention |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9788077/ Hum|journal=Human Brain Mapp,Mapping |volume=6( |issue=5-6), |pages=383–389 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)6:5/6<383::AID-389HBM10>3.0.CO;2-Z |issn=1065-9471 |pmc=6873372 |pmid=9788077}}</ref> Hemispheric-dependent gyrus activation has also been shown by isolating visual fields rather than by diverting focus.<ref>Driver,{{Cite J.,journal &|last=Driver |first=Jon |last2=Spence, C.|first2=Charles (|date=2000).-10 |title=Multisensory perception: Beyond modularity and convergence |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982200007405 |journal=Current Biology, |language=en |volume=10( |issue=20), R731-R735.|pages=R731–R735 |doi: =10.1016/s0960S0960-9822(00)00740-5}}</ref>
===Role in word processing===
The lingual gyrus is a structure in the [[visual cortex]] that plays an important role in the identification and recognition of words.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Mechelli. A..|first=Andrea |last2=Humphreys. G.|first2=Glyn W.. |last3=Mayall. K..|first3=Kate |last4=Olson. A.. 8.|first4=Andrew |last5=Price. C.|first5=Cathy J. (|date=2000).-09-22 |title=Differential effects of word length and visual contrast in the fusiform and lingual gyri during reading|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2000.1229 Proc|journal=Proceedings Biolof the Royal Society of SciLondon. Series B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=267( |issue=1455) |pages=1909–1913 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2000.1229 1909|issn=0962-1913.8452 |pmc=PMC1690747 |pmid=11052544}}</ref> Studies have implicated the lingual gyrus as being involved in modulating visual stimuli (especially letters) but not whether or not the stimulus was a word. Further, the gyrus is related to the naming of stimuli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Howard. |first=D.. |last2=Patterson. |first2=K.. |last3=Wise. |first3=R.. |last4=Brown. |first4=W. D.. |last5=Friston. |first5=K.. |last6=Weiller. |first6=C. 8. |last7=Frackowiak. |first7=R. S. J. |date=1992-12 |title=The cortical localization of the lexicons:. positronPositron emission tomography evidence |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1486460/ |journal=Brain: A Journal of Neurology |volume=115. ( Pt 6) |pages=1769–1782 |doi=10.1093/brain/115.6.1769 |issn=0006-1782.8950 |pmid=1486460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price. |first=C. J.. |last2=Wise. |first2=R. J. |last3=Watson. |first3=J. D. |last4=Patterson. |first4=K.. |last5=Howard. |first5=D. 8. |last6=Frackowiak. |first6=R. S. J. |date=1994-12 |title=Brain activity during reading:. theThe effects of taskexposure duration and exposuretask duration|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7820564/ |journal=Brain: A Journal of Neurology |volume=117. ( Pt 6) |pages=1255–1269 |doi=10.1093/brain/117.6.1255 |issn=0006-1269.8950 |pmid=7820564}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bookheimer. S.|first=Susan Y.. Zefro.|last2=Zeffiro T.|first2=Thomas A.. |last3=Blaxton. T..|first3=Teresa |last4=Gaillard. W. 8.|first4=William |last5=Theodore.W. |first5=William |date=1995-01 |title=Regional cerebral blood flow during object naming and word reading. Hum|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hbm.460030206 |journal=Human Brain Mapp.Mapping |language=en |volume=3. 93"106|issue=2 |pages=93–106 |doi=10.1002/hbm.460030206 |issn=1065-9471}}</ref> Furthermore, the gyrus has shown significant activation when moving from high to low contrast words as well as a correlation between word length and regional activation.<ref name="auto" />
In addition to recognition of letters, the region has been linked to semantic processing. Subjects with [[aphasia]] were tested with a variety of aphasia tests while undergoing fMRI to determine which areas were affected. Repetition of stimuli led to modulation in the lingual gyrus in subjects not afflicted, while those with aphasia showed significantly less modulation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heath, S.,|first=Shiree |last2=McMahon, K.|first2=Katie L., |last3=Nickels, L.,|first3=Lyndsey |last4=Angwin, A.,|first4=Anthony Macdonald,|last5=MacDonald A.|first5=Anna D., |last6=van Hees, S.,|first6=Sophia .|last7=Johnson .|first7=Kori .|last8=McKinnon |first8=Eril |last9=Copland, D.|first9=David A. (|date=2012).-12 |title=Neural mechanisms underlying the facilitation of naming in aphasia using a semantic task: an fMRI study |url=https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-13-98 |journal=BMC Neurosci,Neuroscience |language=en |volume=13(1), 98.|issue=1 |doi: =10.1186/1471-2202-13-98 |issn=1471-2202 |pmc=PMC3477078 |pmid=22882806}}</ref>
Similarly, the region is activated by non-verbal, logic-based conditions. Subjects tasked with attributing intentions to characters in comic strips showed activation in the gyrus when comparing physical logic with and without characters. For example: if a subject was intended to determine what a character will do, the region will activate. Conversely, if the comic depicted a physical event without characters, the region was relatively dormant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brunet, E.,|first=Eric |last2=Sarfati, Y.,|first2=Yves |last3=Hardy-Baylé, M.|first3=Marie-C., &Christine |last4=Decety, J.|first4=Jean (|date=2000).-02 |title=A PET Investigation of the Attribution of Intentions with a Nonverbal Task |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053811999905256 |journal=NeuroImage, |language=en |volume=11( |issue=2), 157-166.|pages=157–166 |doi: =10.1006/nimg.1999.0525}}</ref>
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Additional studies have shown a relationship between memorization and activation in the gyrus. When subjects were tasked with pairing abstract nouns with either visual imagery or sentence generation, many areas in the occipital lobe – namely the lingual gyrus – showed task-selective memory effects. This effect was primarily linked to visual imagery, as there were no significant effects associated with sentence generation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leshikar, E.|first=Eric D., |last2=Duarte, A., &|first2=Audrey |last3=Hertzog, C.|first3=Christopher (|date=2012).-05-31 |editor-last=Taffe |editor-first=Michael |title=Task-Selective Memory Effects for Successfully Implemented Encoding Strategies. [Article]|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038160 |journal=PLoS ONE, |language=en |volume=7( |issue=5). doi:|pages=e38160 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038160 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=PMC3364974 |pmid=22693593}}</ref> This link between memory and the gyrus extends to [[recall (memory)|retrieval]] fluency in children, as well. Studies have shown elevated signals in the lingual gyrus when subjects were tasked with retrieval of facts while problem solving. Control samples show the activation is not linked to the problem solving itself, rather the recollection. This suggests a potential link between the lingual gyrus and [[hippocampal]] regions in the brain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cho, S.,|first=Soohyun |last2=Metcalfe, A.|first2=Arron W. S., |last3=Young, C.|first3=Christina B., |last4=Ryali, S.,|first4=Srikanth |last5=Geary, D.|first5=David C., & |last6=Menon, V.|first6=Vinod (|date=2012).-09 |title=Hippocampal-Prefrontalprefrontal Engagementengagement and Dynamicdynamic Causalcausal Interactionsinteractions in the Maturationmaturation of Childrenchildren's Factfact Retrieval.retrieval [Article]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22621262/ |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, |volume=24( |issue=9), 1849-1866|pages=1849–1866 |doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00246 |issn=1530-8898 |pmc=3462165 |pmid=22621262}}</ref> Furthermore, the gyrus is potentially linked to the [[amygdala]]. Gyrus activation was observed when subjects were tasked with verbalizing high-emotion words in contrast to neutral-emotion words.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Isenberg, |first=N., |last2=Silbersweig, |first2=D., |last3=Engelien, |first3=A., |last4=Emmerich, |first4=S., |last5=Malavade, |first5=K., |last6=Beattie, |first6=B., .|last7=Leon |first7=A. C. |last8=Stern, |first8=E. (|date=1999).-08-31 |title=Linguistic threat activates the human amygdala |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10468630/ Proc|journal=Proceedings Natlof Acadthe SciNational UAcademy Sof A,Sciences of the United States of America |volume=96( |issue=18), |pages=10456–10459 |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.18.10456 |issn=0027-10459.8424 |pmid=10468630}}</ref> A second study linked the regions with high-emotion images. When subjects were shown emotional images, the amygdala and lingual gyrus both activated significantly more when compared to neutral-emotion images.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kehoe, E.|first=Elizabeth G., |last2=Toomey, J.|first2=John M., |last3=Balsters, J.|first3=Joshua H., & |last4=Bokde, A.|first4=Arun L. (2012)W. |date=2013-03 |title=Healthy aging is associated with increased neural processing of positive valence but attenuated processing of emotional arousal: an fMRI study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0197458012003946 Neurobiol|journal=Neurobiology of Aging. doi:|language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=809–821 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.07.006}}</ref>
==Additional images==
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