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{{Calvinism}}
===Background===
From the beginning of Christianity through the 10th century, Christian theologians saw the [[Eucharist]] as the church's participation in [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Christ's sacrifice]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Christ was believed to be present in the Eucharist, but there were
Reformed theologian John Riggs has argued that the [[Catechetical School of Antioch|School of Antioch]] in the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], along with [[Hilary of Poitiers]] and [[Ambrose]] in the [[Western Roman Empire]], taught a realist, metabolic, or somatic view, where the elements of the Eucharist were believed to be changed into Christ's body and blood.{{sfn|Riggs|2015|pp=12–13}} Riggs maintains that the influential fourth-century Western theologian [[Augustine of Hippo]], on the other hand, held that Christ is really present in the elements of the Eucharist but not in a bodily manner, because his body remains in [[heaven in Christianity|heaven]].{{sfn|Riggs|2015|p=15}} Riggs argues that Augustine believed the Eucharist is a spiritual eating which allows Christians to become part of Christ's body.{{sfn|Ayres|Humphries|2015|p=159}} Western theologians in the three centuries following Augustine did not elaborate on the way Christ is present in the Eucharist but emphasized the transforming power of the sacrament.{{sfn|Ayres|Humphries|2015|p=161–162}}
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