HESA Ababil: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Iranian unmanned aerial vehicle}}{{For-text|the Pakistani ballistic missile|[[Ababeel (missile)]]|the legendary birds inof the Quran|[[Ababil (mythology)]]}}

| name = HESA Ababil

| image = Hezbollah Ababil UAV.jpg <!--Please discuss image changes on talk page to gain consensus -->

| caption = A [[Hezbollah]] Ababil-2 UAV, twin-tail variant with surveillance payload, on display at [[Mleeta]], Lebanon. This specific drone is described as a [[Mirsad-1]].

| alt =

| type = [[multirole]]'''Ababil-1''': [[UAVLoitering munition]]<br />

The '''HESA Ababil''' ({{lang-fa|ابابیل}}) is an [[Iran]]ianIranian family of single-engine multirole tactical [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s manufactured by [[Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company]] (HESA). The Ababil comes in twofour main lines, the Ababil-2 and,3, the4 Ababil-3and 5, of which the formerAbabil-2 has a number of variants. It is considered a long-range, low-technology drone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR449.html|title=Armed and Dangerous? UAVs and U.S. Security|publisher=RAND Corporation|author=Davis, Lynn E., Michael J. McNerney, James S. Chow, Thomas Hamilton, Sarah Harting, and Daniel Byman|location=Santa Monica, CA|date=2014}}</ref>

The Ababil program was begun during the [[Iran–Iraq War]]. The Ababil-2, developed in the 1990s, has rudimentary surveillance capabilities and can be used as a [[loitering munition]], but is mainly used as a [[target drone]]. The larger and more capable Ababil-3, introduced in the 2000s, was designed for [[Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance]] use and has improved surveillance capabilities.<ref name="ark">{{citecitation webneeded|urldate=http://thearkenstone.blogspot.com/2011/02/ababilDecember 2020}} We have little information about Ababil-uav4 but it was seen in the 2022 Army Day for the first time.html|title= Ababil-5 UAV|website=thearkenstoneis the most recent member of this family.blogspot.com |author=GalenIt Wright|date=Februaryhas 5,a 2011}}</ref>greater range and carries more ammunition. Overall, the Ababil ishas been described "a pretty rough-and-ready system": because of its "cheap, simple, and easyease toof use."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/transmission-iran-drones-syria/24680025.html|title=Are These Really Iranian Drones?|publisher=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|first=Zach|last=Peterson|date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

The Ababil-2 and Ababil-3 have been widely exported to governments and paramilitaries in the Middle East and elsewhere.<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}} The Ababil has been used in the [[2006 Lebanon War]], the [[Iraq War]], and the [[South Sudanese Civil War|Sudanese]], [[Syrian Civil War|Syrian]], [[Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)|Iraqi]], and [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni]] civil wars.<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}} Ababil-4 and Ababil-5 (Both unveiled in 2022) are only seen in Iranian service.

The early history of the Ababil is unclear. [[Jane's]] reports that the Ababil program was begun at [[Qods Aviation Industry Company|Qods Aviation Industries]] in 1986 and the first delivery was in 1993.<ref name="iaia" /> Iranian military expert Galen Wright writes that the program began at [[Iran Electronics Industries]] in the mid-1980s and began mass production in 1986, with possible use in the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}}

The Ababil-1 was an obscure [[loitering munition]] built in the 1980s. Its specifications are not known, there are no known photographs, and it is unknown if it was ever used in combat. It is believed to be out of service.<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}}

The Ababil-2 has an improved flight-control system. [[Jane's]] reports that the Ababil-2 had its first flight in 1997 while Galen Wright writes that it entered production in 1992. Both sources agree the Ababil-2 was publicly revealed in 1999.<ref name="ark" /><ref name="iaia" /> Some sources also designate the Ababil-2 as the '''Ababil-II'''.

The most common Ababil-2 variant is a [[target drone]] variant used for training air-defense crews. The name of Ababil variants is unclear, but Jane's reports that this variant is called the '''Ababil-B'''.<ref name="iaia" /> The Ababil-B's mission payloads are acoustic miss-distance-indicators, [[Infrared|IR]] devices, and radar reflectors.<ref name="iaia" /><ref name="ark" /> This variant is the oldest Ababil-2 variant and it apparently entered service in 2001.<ref>Interavia: Business & Technology, Issues 649-659 (2001)</ref>

The name of the Ababil-2 surveillance variant is similarly unclear,<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}} but Jane's reports that this is called the '''Ababil-S'''.<ref name="iaia" /> Some sources may also designate this the '''Ababil-R'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/iranian-made-ababil-t-hezbollah-uav-shot-down-by-israeli-fighter-in-lebanon-208400/|title=Iranian-made Ababil-T Hezbollah UAV shot down by Israeli fighter in Lebanon crisis|date=15 August 2006|publisher=Flight Global|author=Peter La Franchi|location=London}}</ref> Galen Wright assesses it as having "only rudimentary" surveillance capabilities in contrast to other intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance UAVs.<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}}

The Ababil-2 also exists in a twin-tail variant, which some (but not all) sources name the '''Ababil-T'''.<ref name="iaia" /> This variant can be fitted with surveillance, target drone, or disposable strike munition payloads.<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}} It is probably coterminous with the "[[Mirsad-1]]" UAV operated by Hezbollah<ref name="iaia" /> and may have been renamed "Qasef-1" in Houthi service.<ref name="conflictarm201703" />

The Ababil-CH has two rear tails, like the Ababil-T, but is used as a target drone like the Ababil-B.<ref name="ark" /><ref name="iaia" /> It is slightly larger than the Ababil-T.<ref name="conflictarm201703" />

The Qasef-1 and Qasef-2K [[loitering munition]] isversions are based on the Ababil-2 airframe and has a 30-kg warhead.<ref name="Janes201703">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/68423/yemeni-rebels-display-uavs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302184730/http://www.janes.com/article/68423/yemeni-rebels-display-uavs|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2017|title=Yemeni rebels display UAVs|date=2 March 2017|publisher=IHS Jane's|author=Jeremy Binnie|location=London}}</ref> It has been solely operated by [[Yemen]]i [[Houthis]], who have mostly used it to attack the radar components of [[MIM-104 Patriot]] surface-to-air missiles.<ref name="conflictarm201703">{{cite web|url=http://www.conflictarm.com/download-file/?report_id=2465&file_id=2467|title='Kamikaze' drones used by Houthi forces to attack Coalition missile defence systems|publisher=Conflict Armament Research|date=March 2017}}</ref> The Qasef-1 has been in use since late 2016 and some examples have been intercepted in transit to Yemen.<ref name="conflictarm201703" /> It is possibly a renamed or modified Ababil-T with an installed [[explosive]] charge or a [[warhead]].<ref name="conflictarm201703" />

The Ababil-3 is a complete redesign of the Ababil with an improved airframe used solely for surveillance: it carries better equipment and can stay aloft for longer.<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}} Some sources also designate the Ababil-3 as the '''Ababil-III'''. The Ababil-3 is thought to be based on the [[South Africa]]n [[Denel Dynamics Seeker]], and possibly the Seeker-2D model in particular.<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}} It is more widely exported than the Ababil-2, and is known to have entered production by 2008, with specific parts manufactured by 2006.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}<ref>{{cite nameweb | url="ark"https://www.uasvision.com/2020/04/02/is-irans-ababil-3-a-bribe-from-a-south-african-telco/ | title=Is Iran's Ababil 3 a Bribe from a South African Telco ? &#124; UAS VISION | date=2 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/iran%E2%80%99s-ababil-3-drone-might-be-bribe-south-african-telecom-company-139057 | title=The National Interest: Blog }}</ref>

The Ababil-3 has a cylindrical body, with wings mounted on top while at the end of the body is an H-shaped twin boom. The wing design is a rectangle which after half its lengths tapers toward the wing tips. The Ababil-3's wingspan is about 7 meters, compared to 3 meters for the Ababil-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/50922/hizbullah-airstrip-revealed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718124644/http://www.janes.com/article/50922/hizbullah-airstrip-revealed|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2015|title=Hizbullah airstrip revealed |date=23 April 2015|publisher=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly |author=Nicholas Blanford|location=Beirut}}</ref> It uses an engine from German company [[Limbach Flugmotoren]],.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/de/showpress.php?newsid=467|title=Der Generalbundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof: Pressemitteilung|website=www.generalbundesanwalt.de|date=20 February 2013}}</ref>|access-date=23 possiblySeptember the2018|archive-date=30 [[LimbachMarch L550E]].<ref>{{cite web2019|archive-url=https://wwwweb.wikileaksarchive.org/plusdweb/cables20190330114943/08STATE50301_ahttp://www.htmlgeneralbundesanwalt.de/de/showpress.php?newsid=467|title=UAEurl-Based Intermediary Working to Supply Iranian Entity with German-Origin Uav Engines|publisherstatus=|via=WikiLeaks PlusD|date=12 May 2008|author=US State Departmentdead}}</ref> Other sources suggest the Ababil-3 is powered by Chinese or Iranian clones of the L550.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uskowioniran.com/2014/01/pahpad-ab-3-uav-powerplant.html|title=Pahpad AB-3 UAV powerplant|first=Mark|last=Pyruz|publisher=}}</ref> Other particular parts inside the Ababil-3 were sourced from Irish defense contractors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/parts-made-by-irish-manufacturer-found-in-sudan-drone-426669-Apr2012/|title=Parts made by Irish manufacturer found in Sudan drone - reports|first=Jennifer|last=Wade|website=TheJournal.ie|date=24 April 2012 }}</ref>

Analysis of an Ababil-3 downed over ISIS-held territory in Iraq, apparently due to mechanical failure, finds that the Ababil-3 is built out of composite materials.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://inteloniran.blogspot.com/2017/02/technical-commentary-on-captured.html|title=Intel on Iran: Technical commentary on a captured Iranian UAV|first=Mark|last=Pyruz|date=13 February 2017|publisher=}}</ref> The powerplant had plain-surfaced cylinder heads; it was unclear if the engine was manufactured in Iran or China. Overall, the manufacture was "very economical" and the Ababil-3 was designed for low cost.<ref name="auto"/> There were also a number of defects in the downed Ababil-3 model, which could suggest poor manufacture or handling in the field.<ref name="auto"/>

Ababil-3s are based at an airstrip outside of Minab, a town near [[Bandar Abbas]].<ref name="offiziere.ch">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziere.ch/?p=27907|title=Drone Activity in Iran|author=Dan Gettinger|access-date=2018-12-31|archive-date=2020-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812185823/https://www.offiziere.ch/?p=27907|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ababil-3s are also known to be based at [[Bandar Abbas International Airport]].<ref name="offiziere.ch"/> The Ababil-3 is comparable with the [[RQ-2]].<ref name="offiziere.ch"/>

The Ababil-3's max airspeed is {{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, its range is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} (roundtrip), and it has a service ceiling of {{convert|5,000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It has an endurance of 4 hours. An estimated 217 Ababil-3s have been built as of July 2019.<ref>https://twitter.com/imp_navigator/status/1153016472479916032</ref>{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

In 2014 Iran announced that they had developed night vision capabilities for the Ababil-3.<ref>[http://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/iranian-made_ababil-3_swallow-3_drone_is_now_equipped_with_night_vision_capability_0207143.html Iranian-made Ababil-3 Swallow-3 drone is now equipped with night vision capability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712220001/http://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/iranian-made_ababil-3_swallow-3_drone_is_now_equipped_with_night_vision_capability_0207143.html |date=2017-07-12 }} – Armyrecognition.com, 2 July 2014</ref> Previous Ababil variants were most effective in daytime. As of 2020, Iran has armed versions of the Ababil-3 drone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/95629/iran-unveils-armed-ababil-3-uav|title = Janes &#124; Latest defence and security news}}</ref>

Ababil-3s have been extensively used in the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref name="ark" /><ref name="winter" /> The heterogeneity of pro-regime[[Syrian Armed Forces]] forces makes it difficult to determine who operates or controls their use.<ref name="winter" /> An Ababil-3 crashed or was brought down in Pakistani territory in July 2019.{{cncitation needed|date=October 2020}}

Hezbollah acquired Ababil-2 drones (twin-tail variant) in 2002,<ref>{{cite webnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4221414,00.html|title=Hezbollah boosting drone unit|date=27 April 2012|publishernewspaper=Ynetnews|author=Ronen Bergman}}</ref> and operated them under the [[Mirsad-1]] designation. [[Israel]] has said that [[Hezbollah]] received at least 12 Ababils before the [[2006 Lebanon War]].<ref name="lamb" /> Three Ababils were launched during the conflict.

The first Ababil was shot down by an Israeli F-16 on 7 August 2006 off the coast of Northern Israel. The second Ababil crashed inside Lebanon on 13 August. The third Ababil deployed by Hezbollah was shot down by another F-16 hours later just inside Israel's northern border.<ref name="lamb">{{cite news |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG835.html |title=Air operations in Israel's war against Hezbollah: learning from Lebanon and getting it right in Gaza |publisher=RAND Corporation |author=Lambeth, Benjamin S. |year=2011|accessdateaccess-date=14 August 2018}}</ref> Hezbollah was assessed as having several Ababil UAVs in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wikileakswww.orgtheguardian.com/plusdworld/cables2011/09TELAVIV2501_a.htmlapr/07/israel-gaza|title=40thUS Jpmg:embassy cable concerning arms smuggling into Lebanon and the Gaza Strip, titled "Countersmuggling Technical Discussion (part 2 of 4)"|publisherwork=theguardian.com|viadate=WikiLeaks PlusD2009-11-18}}</ref> although other estimates have ranged from 12 to 24-3024–30.<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}} By 2018, Hezbollah stated that the Mirsad-1 had been retired from service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://central-media.org/33806/634|title=الإعلام الحربي المركزي-في ذكرى #نصر_تموز... قوة #المقاومة الجوية حاضرة في #مليتا|website=central-media.org}}</ref>

The Ababil-3 is in service with Sudan. In 2008, an Ababil-3 crashed or was shot down while on a surveillance mission.<ref name="ark" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/sudans-drones-are-dropping-like-flies-ffa1be165291|title=Sudan's Drones Are Dropping Like Flies|first=Peter|last=Dörrie|date=5 May 2014|publisher=War is Boring}}</ref>

On March 13, 2012, another Sudanese Ababil was lost in action near Toroji, [[South Kordofan]].<ref name="SAS Kordofan">{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/arms-ammunition-tracing-desk/HSBA-Tracing-Desk-SAF-weapons-SK.pdf|series=HSBA Arms and Ammunition Tracing Desk|title=SAF weapons documented in South Kordofan|publisher=[[Small Arms Survey]]|date=April 2012|page=3|access-date=2019-01-03|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022153116/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/arms-ammunition-tracing-desk/HSBA-Tracing-Desk-SAF-weapons-SK.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sudanese rebels of the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North|SPLA-N]] said they downed it using ground fire, while the Sudanese government said it was due to mechanical failure.<ref>{{cite web|title= Warplanes: Iranian UAVs In Africa|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htairfo/articles/20120318.aspx|accessdateaccess-date=9 April 2012|date=March 18, 2012}}</ref>

On 16 March 2009, an American F-16 operating in [[Iraq]] shot down an Iranian Ababil 3 drone on 25 February 2009 that had been flying through Iraqi airspace for "almost an hour and 10 minutes."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7946758.stm |title=Iranian drone 'shot down in Iraq' |accessdateaccess-date=16 March 2009 |date=16 March 2009 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The drone crashed about 60 miles northeast of Baghdad, 12 miles inside Iraqi territory near the town of [[Balad Ruz]] in [[Diyala Governorate]]. Officials at Iraq's Defence and Interior ministries suggested that the drone might have been scouting for routes to smuggle Iranian weapons into the country.<ref>Shadid, Anthony, "U.S. Downed Iranian Drone Over Iraq", ''[[The Washington Post]]'', p. 9.</ref> ''The New York Times'', however, speculated that the drone was monitoring Iranian dissidents in Iraq, such as those at [[Camp Ashraf]], which is located near where the drone crashed.<ref>Nordland, Rod, and [[Alissa J. Rubin]], "[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/17/world/middleeast/17iraq.html U.S. Says It Shot Down An Iranian Drone Over Iraq]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 17, 2009.</ref> Abdul Aziz Mohammed Jassim, head of military operations at the Iraqi defence ministry stated that since the drone, "crossed 10&nbsp;km into Iraq, it's most likely that its entrance was a mistake."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7946758.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Iranian drone 'shot down in Iraq' |date=March 16, 2009 |accessdateaccess-date=April 23, 2010}}</ref>

More recently, Ababil-3 UAVs have been used extensively in the Iraqi Civil War.<ref name="winter">{{cite journal |author=Lucas Winter |date=April 2015 |title=Special Look: Counter UAV. |url= |journal=Operational Environment Watch: Foreign News & Perspectives of the Operational Environment |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=12 |doi= |access-date=|publisher=Foreign Military Studies Office}}</ref> Their use began in summer 2014, shortly after the [[Fall of Mosul]], from [[Rasheed Air Base]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/26/world/middleeast/iran-iraq.html|title=Iran Secretly Sending Drones and Supplies Into Iraq, U.S. Officials Say|work=New York Times|date=June 25, 2014|author=Michael R. Gordon and Eric Schmitt}}</ref>

Iran is the primary operator of Ababil UAVs. Iran operates large numbers of Ababil-2 UAVs, mostly for training air defense crews, and operates Ababil-3 UAVs for surveillance use.<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}}

Ababil-3 UAVs have been used in the [[Syrian Civil War]] since 2012.<ref>Dan Gettinger, (December 2016) ''Drones Operating in Syria and Iraq''. Bard College</ref> They have been used heavily<refby name="ark"[[Syrian />Army]] and are some of the most commonly used UAVs in the war.<ref name="serr">{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/a-bunch-of-iranian-drones-have-crashed-in-iraq-a7610cdb815b|title=A Bunch of Iranian Drones Have Crashed in Iraq|first=Adam|last=Rawnsley|date=14 February 2015|publisher=War is Boring}}</ref> They are especially commonly seen over Damascus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://osimint.com/2014/01/08/uavs-over-syria/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027080129/http://osimint.com/2014/01/08/uavs-over-syria/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2014|title=UAVs Over Syria|date=27 October 2014|publisher=Open Source IMINT|author=Galen Wright}}</ref>

=== PalestineGaza ===

On 14 December 2014, Hamas militants flew an unmanned air vehicle over a parade in the Gaza Strip marking the 27th anniversary of the organization's establishment. Israeli sources identified the aircraft as an Iranian-made Ababil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel scrambles fighters as Hamas parades Ababil UAV|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israel-scrambles-fighters-as-hamas-parades-ababil-uav-407115/|date=15 December 2014|author=Arie Egozi|publisher=FlightGlobal}}</ref> Also used in the 2021 conflict.<ref>{{Cite web|title="So găng" dàn vũ khí uy lực đốt nóng chảo lửa Gaza của Israel - Hamas|date=16 May 2021 |url=https://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/so-gang-dan-vu-khi-uy-luc-dot-nong-chao-lua-gaza-cua-israel-hamas-20210515162532761.htm}}</ref>

[[Houthis|Houthi]] rebels have operated Ababil-T loitering munitions under the name "Qasef-1" to target Saudi and Emirati radar batteries. According to the Houthis, a new variant of the drone named "Qasef-2K" has been designed to explode from a height of 20 meters in the air and rain shrapnel down on its target and has been used to [[Anad base drone strike|kill 6 people]] in the coalition controlled [[Al Anad Air Base]] in [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190110-houthi-shiite-rebel-drone-kills-saudi-coalition-military-parade-yemen|title=Houthi rebel drone kills several at Saudi coalition military parade|publisher=France 24|date=10 January 2019}}</ref> Najran, 840km840&nbsp;km southwest of Riyadh on the Saudi-Yemen border also has been receiving Houthi drone attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/yemen-houthi-rebels-attack-saudi-najran-airport-190523140308211.html|title = Yemen's Houthi rebels attack Saudi's Najran airport – again}}</ref>

===Current state operators===

** [[Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]]: Ababil-1, Ababil-2, and Ababil-3<ref, nameAbabil-4, Ababil-5{{citation needed|date="ark"December />2020}}

** [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force]]: Ababil-3<ref, nameAbabil-4, Ababil-5{{citation needed|date="ark"December />2020}}

** [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army]]: Ababil-2<ref{{citation nameneeded|date="ark"December />2020}}

** [[Syrian Arab Army]]: Ababil-2, Ababil-3<ref name="2018b">{{cite journal| author=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)| authorlinkauthor-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies| title=The Military Balance 2018| journal=The Military Balance| volume=118| issue=| pages=| publisher=Routledge| date=14 February 2018| language=english| doi= en}}</ref>

* {{flagicon image|Kata'ib Hezbollah flag.svg}} [[Kataib Hezbollah]]: Ababil-3, rebranded as "Basir-1".<ref>{{citecitation web|url=http://thearkenstone.blogspot.com/2015/06/irans-uavs-supplement-video-feed.html|title=The Arkenstone - ارکنستون: Iran's UAVs: Supplement (Video Feed Recognition)|first=Galen|last=Wrightneeded|date=28December June 2015|publisher=2020}}</ref>

|ref=Galen Wright<ref name="ark" /> ''and'' Jane's<ref name="iaia" />

* [[Qods Mohajer]]{{efn|The Ababil-2 compares with the Mohajer-2; the Ababil-3 compares with the Mohajer-4.<ref>{{citecitation web|url=http://thearkenstone.blogspot.com/2015/03/mohajer-uav.html|title=The Arkenstone - ارکنستون: Mohajer UAV|first=Galen|last=Wrightneeded|date=5December March 2015|publisher=2020}}</ref>}}

* {{USGovernment |sourceURLurl=[https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/oe-watch-past-issues/195469 |title=Iran Unveils Night Vision Drone, by Foreign Military Studies Office OE Watch]}}

[[Category:UnmannedLoitering military aerial vehicles of Iranmunition]]