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==History and etymology==
American [[Black separatism|black separatist]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilde |first1=Anna Day |title=7 Mainstreaming Kwanzaa |journal=We Are What We Celebrate |date=31 December 2020 |pages=120–130 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814722916.003.0009}}</ref> [[Maulana Karenga]] created Kwanzaa in 1966 during the aftermath of the [[Watts riots]]<ref>Wilde, Anna Day. "Mainstreaming Kwanzaa." Public Interest 119 (1995): 68–80.</ref> as a specifically African-American holiday.<ref name="Kwanzaa Date">{{cite news |url=https://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00B1EFD395C0C738FDDAB0994DB484D81 |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=The Evening Hours |date=December 30, 1983 |access-date=December 15, 2006 |first=Ron |last=Alexander}}</ref> Karenga said his goal was to "give black people an alternative to the existing holiday of [[Christmas]] and give black people an opportunity to celebrate themselves and their history, rather than simply imitate the practice of the dominant society."<ref>[http://media.www.brookhavencourier.com/media/storage/paper807/news/2008/11/24/News/Kwanzaa.Celebrates.Culture.Principles-3560412.shtml Kwanzaa celebrates culture, principles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708095122/http://media.www.brookhavencourier.com/media/storage/paper807/news/2008/11/24/News/Kwanzaa.Celebrates.Culture.Principles-3560412.shtml |date=July 8, 2011 }}</ref> For Karenga, a figure in the [[Black Power]] movement of the 1960s and 1970s, the creation of such holidays also underscored the essential premise that "you must have a cultural revolution before the violent revolution. The cultural revolution gives identity, purpose, and direction."<ref>{{cite book |first=Keith A. |last=Mayes |year=2009 |title=Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition | pages=63–65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhgk72OGBRYC&pg=PA52 |isbn=978-0415998550 |access-date= December 27, 2015}}</ref>
According to Karenga, the name Kwanzaa derives from the [[Swahili language|Swahili]] phrase ''matunda ya kwanza'', meaning "first fruits".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/kwanzaa1.html |title=Kwanzaa – Honoring the values of ancient African cultures |author=Holly Hartman |publisher=Infoplease.com |access-date=October 25, 2017}}</ref> [[First Fruits (Southern Africa)|First fruits]] festivals exist in Southern Africa, celebrated in December/January with the [[December solstice|southern solstice]], and Karenga was partly inspired by an account he read of the Zulu festival [[Umkhosi Wokweshwama]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGCOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition|last=Mayes|first=Keith A.|year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135284008|pages=84|language=en}}</ref> It was decided to spell the holiday's name with an additional "a" so that it would have a symbolic seven letters.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWCOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228 |title=Kwanzaa: Black Power and the Making of the African-American Holiday Tradition |last=Mayes|first=Keith A. |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135284015|pages=228|language=en}}</ref>
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