Kwanzaa: Difference between revisions

'''Kwanzaa''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɑː|n|.|z|ə}}) is an annual celebration of [[African-American culture]] from December 26 to January 1, culminating in a communal feast called ''Karamu'', usually on the sixth day.<ref name="Why Kwanzaa">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-MY8I_kwJY&list=PLJMZrovNFcP-idSz-hriEx3xaSXWNtpBw&index=1&ab_channel=AHSSociety| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/c-MY8I_kwJY| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|work=[[Maulana Karenga]]|title=Why Kwanzaa Video|access-date=December 7, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It was created by activist [[Maulana Karenga]], based on African harvest festival traditions from various parts of [[West Africa|West]], and[[Eastern Africa|East]], as well as [[Southeast Africa]]. Kwanzaa was first celebrated in 1966. Estimates21st century estimates of how many Americans celebrate Kwanzaa haveare varied in recent years, from as few as a half a million to as many as 12 million.<ref name='natgeo'>

The popularity of celebration of Kwanzaa has declined with the waning of the popularity of the [[black separatist]] movement.<ref>{{cite book | last = Stanley | first = Sharon | title = An impossible dream? : racial integration in the United States | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 2017 | isbn = 978-0190639976 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Hall | first = Raymond | title = Black separatism and social reality : rhetoric and reason | publisher = Pergamon Press | location = New York | year = 1977 | isbn = 9780080195100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dattel |first=Gene |title=Separatism vs. Integration: Can Separate Ever Be Equal? |journal=Academic Questions |volume=32 |issue=4 |year=2019 |pages=476–486|doi=10.1007/s12129-019-09822-4 |doi-broken-date=January 31, 2024 |s2cid=214460772 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/12/28/168202864/is-kwanzaa-still-a-thing|title=Is Kwanzaa Still A Thing?|website=NPR}}</ref> Kwanzaa observation has declined in both community and commercial contexts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theledger.com/news/20161225/polk-events-celebrate-values-of-african-culture|title=Polk events celebrate values of African culture|first=Madison|last=Fantozzi|website=The Ledger}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/01/01/168388526/significances-of-kwanzaa-changes-over-the-years|title=Significance Of Kwanzaa Changes Over The Years|website=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/publiceditor/2013/01/07/168644973/gaining-or-losing-credibility-by-humanizing-a-reporter-a-kwanzaa-story|title=Gaining Or Losing Credibility By Humanizing A Reporter: A Kwanzaa Story|newspaper=NPR|date=January 7, 2013|last1=Schumacher-Matos|first1=Edward}}</ref> [[University of Minnesota]] Professor [[Keith Mayes]] did not report exact figures, noting that it is also difficult to determine these for the three other main African-American holidays, which he names as [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]], [[Malcolm X Day]], and [[Juneteenth]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Keith Mayes | last = Mayes | first = Keith | title = Kwanzaa : black power and the making of the African-American holiday tradition | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2009 | isbn = 9780415998550 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/kwanzaablackpowe00maye | pages=210,274 }}</ref> Mayes added that [[White Americans|white]] institutions now also celebrate it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2009/12/kwanzaa_celebrations_continue.html|title=Kwanzaa celebrations continue, but boom is over, popularity fading|last=Scott|first=Megan K.|date=December 17, 2009|work=The Plain Dealer|access-date=December 24, 2017|agency=Associated Press|language=en-US}}</ref>

Other countries that celebrate Kwanzaa include the [[United Kingdom]], [[Jamaica]], [[France]], [[Canada]], and [[Brazil]].<ref name="Lord Contributor 2016">{{cite web | last1=Lord | first1=Mark | title=Celebrating the life-affirming tenets of Kwanzaa | website=Queens Chronicle | date=December 22, 2016 | url=https://www.qchron.com/qboro/stories/celebrating-the-life-affirming-tenets-of-kwanzaa/article_6f1f8f4c-5bbe-5a12-a9d0-b815c558f215.html | access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref>

In Canada it is celebrated in provinces including [[Saskatchewan]]<ref name="CBC 2019">{{cite web | title=Sask. African Canadian Heritage Museum celebrates Kwanzaa in Regina – CBC News | website=CBC | date=December 28, 2019 | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/african-canadian-heritage-museum-kwanzaa-1.5409656 | access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref> and [[Ontario]]. Kwanzaa week was first declared in [[Toronto]] in 2018.<ref name="WBFO 2018">{{cite web | title=Proclamations declaring Kwanzaa week in Toronto and Brampton a first for Canada | website=WBFO | date=December 27, 2018 | url=https://www.wbfo.org/local/2018-12-27/proclamations-declaring-kwanzaa-week-in-toronto-and-brampton-a-first-for-canada | access-date=December 1, 2022}}</ref> There are local chapters that emerged in the 2010s in provinces like [[British Columbia]], where there are much smaller groups of the diaspora, founding members may be immigrants from countries like [[Uganda]].<ref name="Service 2021">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Wire |date=December 14, 2021 |title=Kwanzaa, the 7 most important days of the year, approaching for many African-Canadians | website=Saanich News | date=December 14, 2021 | url=https://www.saanichnews.com/news/kwanzaa-the-7-most-important-days-of-the-year-approaching-for-many-african-canadians/ | access-date=December 130, 20222023 |website=Saanich News}}</ref>

* [https://www.imdb.com/{{IMDb title/tt1204882/ ''|qid=Q7718270|title=The Black Candle'': a Kwanzaa film narrated by Maya Angelou]}}