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{{Short description|American diplomat and activist (1884–1962)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Anna E. Roosevelt|her daughter|Anna Roosevelt Halsted}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Eleanor Roosevelt
| image = Eleanor Roosevelt portrait 1933.jpg<!--do not change without discussion at Talk page-->
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| term_start = January 20, 1961
| term_end = November 7, 1962
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Esther Peterson]]
| office1 = 1st United States Representative to the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]]
| president1 = [[Harry S. Truman]]
| term_start1 = January 27, 1947<ref>{{cite web | title=Eleanor Roosevelt and Harry Truman Correspondence: 1947 |
| term_end1 = January 20, 1953<ref>{{cite web | title=Eleanor Roosevelt and Harry Truman Correspondence: 1953–60|
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Mary Pillsbury Lord]]
| office2 = 1st Chair of the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]]
| term_start2 = April 29, 1946<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/sears.pdf/c300e130-b6e6-4580-8bf1-07b72195b370|title=Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|last=Sears|first=John|date=2008|
| term_end2 = December 30, 1952<ref>{{cite book|last=Fazzi|first=Dario|title=Eleanor Roosevelt and the Anti-Nuclear Movement: The Voice of Conscience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w87BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|date=December 19, 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-32182-0|at=p. 109, Note 61}}</ref>
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Charles Malik]]
| office3 = [[First Lady of the United States]]
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}}
'''Anna Eleanor Roosevelt''' <!--note to editors: please discuss phonetic pronunciation on Talk page before reverting-->({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|l|ᵻ|n|ɔːr|_|ˈ|r|oʊ|z|ə|v|ɛ|l|t}} {{respell|EL|in|or|_|ROH|zə|velt}}; October 11, 1884{{spnd}}November 7, 1962) was an American political figure, diplomat, and activist.<ref name="PBS-20140910">{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Frazier |title=PBS' 'The Roosevelts' portrays an epic threesome |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20140910/us--tv-roosevelts-d4b60e65ce.html |date=September 10, 2014 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=September 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200244/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20140910/us--tv-roosevelts-d4b60e65ce.html |archive-date=September 10, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/11893|title=Eleanor Roosevelt's Peculiar Pacifism: Activism, Pragmatism, and Political Efficacy in Interwar America|first=Dario|last=Fazzi|date=March 7, 2017|journal=European Journal of American Studies|volume=12|issue=1|via=journals.openedition.org|doi=10.4000/ejas.11893|doi-access=free}}</ref> She was the [[First Lady of the United States|first lady of the United States]] from 1933 to 1945, during her husband
Roosevelt was a member of the prominent and wealthy American [[Roosevelt family|Roosevelt]] and [[Livingston family|Livingston]] families and a niece of President [[Theodore Roosevelt]].<ref name=bioER/> She had an unhappy childhood, having suffered the deaths of both parents and one of her brothers at a young age. At 15, she attended [[Allenswood Boarding Academy]] in London and was deeply influenced by its founder and director [[Marie Souvestre]]. Returning to the U.S., she married her fifth cousin once removed, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in 1905. Between 1906 and 1916 she gave birth to six children, one of whom died in infancy. The Roosevelts' marriage became complicated after Eleanor discovered her husband's affair with her social secretary, [[Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd|Lucy Mercer]], in 1918. Due to mediation by her mother-in-law, [[Sara Roosevelt|Sara]], who was a strong financial supporter of the family, the liaison was ended officially.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=
Roosevelt was, in her time, one of the world's most widely admired and powerful women.<ref name=":0" /> Nevertheless, in her early years in the White House she was a controversial first lady for her outspokenness, particularly with respect to her promotion of [[Civil rights movement|civil rights]] for [[African Americans]]. She was the first presidential spouse to hold regular press conferences, write a daily newspaper column, write a monthly magazine column, host a weekly radio show, and speak at a national party convention. On a few occasions, she publicly disagreed with her husband's policies. She launched an experimental community at [[Arthurdale, West Virginia]], for the families of unemployed miners, later widely regarded as a failure. She advocated for expanded roles for women in the workplace, the [[civil rights]] of African Americans and [[Asian Americans]], and the rights of World War II refugees. Following her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt remained active in politics for the remaining 17 years of her life. She pressed the United States to [[History of the United Nations|join and support]] the [[United Nations]] and became its
In 1999,
==Personal life==
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===Other relationships===
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt and Fala at Val,Kill in Hyde Park, New York - NARA - 196181.jpg|thumb|left|Roosevelt with her dog [[Fala (dog)|Fala]] in 1951]]
Eleanor had a close relationship with her aunt, Maude Livingston Hall. The younger sister of Eleanor's mother, Maude was only six years older than Eleanor and the two grew up together in the home of Maude's mother, Eleanor's grandmother. Their relationship was more like sisters than aunt and niece.<ref name="Gray">{{cite journal|title=David Gray, the Aiken Mission, and Irish Neutrality, 1940–41|first=Raymond James|last= Raymond|journal=Diplomatic History|volume=9|number=1|date=Winter 1985|pages=55–71 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.1985.tb00522.x |jstor=24911654 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24911654}}</ref> After Maude divorced her first husband, the champion polo player [[Lawrence Waterbury]], in 1912, she married the playwright and novelist [[David Gray (diplomat)|David Gray]] in 1914 in a small ceremony attended only by Eleanor and the Roosevelt family lawyer, [[John M. Hackett]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/10/14/archives/mrs-waterbury-weds-divorced-wife-of-polo-player-married-to-david.html
In the 1930s, Roosevelt had a very close relationship with aviator [[Amelia Earhart]] (1897–1937). One time, the two snuck out from the White House and went to a party dressed up for the occasion. After flying with Earhart, Roosevelt obtained a student permit but did not further pursue her plans to learn to fly. Franklin was not in favor of his wife becoming a pilot. Nevertheless, the two women communicated frequently throughout their lives.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Glines |first=C.V. |title='Lady Lindy': The Remarkable Life of Amelia Earhart |journal=Aviation History |date=July 1997 |page=47}}</ref>
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In 1937 she began writing her autobiography, all volumes of which were compiled into ''[[The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt]]'' in 1961 ([[Harper & Brothers]], {{ISBN|0-306-80476-X}}).
Since 1982, the [[Siena College Research Institute]] has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, [[intelligence]], value to the country, being their "own women", [[integrity]], accomplishments, [[courage]], [[leadership]], public image, and value to the president. Roosevelt has been ranked by participating historians as the best-regarded first lady in each of the five such surveys to be conducted.<ref name="Siena2014">{{cite web |title=Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute |access-date=May 16, 2022 |date=February 15, 2014}}</ref><ref name="2008Siena">{{cite web |title=Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5th to 4th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf |publisher=Siena Research Institute |access-date=May 16, 2022 |date=December 18, 2008}}</ref> In the 2003 survey, Roosevelt was ranked the highest in nine of the ten criteria (background, value to the country, intelligence, being her "own woman", integrity, accomplishments, courage, leadership, and value to the president). She was ranked the second-highest in the remaining category (public image) behind only [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]].<ref name="2008Siena"/> In the 2008 survey, Roosevelt placed first in eight of the ten criteria (intelligence, courage, value to the country, being her "own woman", integrity, accomplishments, value to the president, and leadership) and second in the two remaining categories (background and public image) behind only Jacqueline Kennedy.<ref name="Sienna1994">{{cite web |title=Eleanor Roosevelt, Hillary Clinton Top First Lady Poll |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Press-Release-1.10.94.pdf |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Sienna College |access-date=October 23, 2022 |date=January 10, 1994}}</ref> In additional questions included in the 2014 survey, Roosevelt was assessed by historians as having been the greatest among 20th and 21st century first ladies in regards to advancing women's issues, being a political asset, being a strong public communicator, public service performed after leaving office, and creating a lasting legacy. She was also found
===American Youth Congress and National Youth Administration===
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[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt and Shirley Temple - NARA - 195615.jpg|thumb|left|Roosevelt with [[Shirley Temple]] in 1938]]
Just before Franklin assumed the presidency in February 1933, Roosevelt published an editorial in the ''Women's Daily News'' that conflicted so sharply with his intended public spending policies that he published a rejoinder in the following issue.{{sfn|Cook|1999|p=11}} On entering the White House, she signed a contract with the magazine ''[[Woman's Home Companion]]'' to provide a monthly column, in which she answered mail sent to her by readers; the feature was canceled in 1936 as another presidential election approached.{{sfn|Beasley|1986|p=71–72}} She continued her articles in other venues, publishing more than sixty articles in national magazines during her tenure as first lady.{{sfn|Beasley|1986|p=72}} Roosevelt also began a syndicated newspaper column, titled "My Day", which appeared six days a week from 1936 to her death in 1962.{{sfn|Cook|1999|p=47}} In the column, she wrote about her daily activities but also her humanitarian concerns.{{sfn|Beasley|1986|p=69}} Hickok and [[George T. Bye]], Roosevelt's [[literary agent]], encouraged her to write the column.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930893,00.html|title=The Press: First Lady's Home Journal|date=March 8, 1937|magazine=Time|access-date=August 23, 2019
Beasley has argued that Roosevelt's publications, which often dealt with women's issues and invited reader responses, represented a conscious attempt to use journalism "to overcome social isolation" for women by making "public communication a two-way channel".{{sfn|Beasley|1986|p=66, 73}}
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Roosevelt supported increased roles for women and African-Americans in the war effort, and began to advocate for women to be given factory jobs a year before it became a widespread practice.<ref>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' pp. 260, 272, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}</ref>{{sfn|Goodwin|1994|p=364}} In 1942, she urged women of all social backgrounds to learn trades, saying: "if I were of a debutante age I would go into a factory–any factory where I could learn a skill and be useful."{{sfn|Goodwin|1994|p=365}} Roosevelt learned of the high rate of absenteeism among working mothers, and she campaigned for government-sponsored day care.{{sfn|Goodwin|1994|p=413–16}} She notably supported the [[Tuskegee Airmen]] in their successful effort to become the first black combat pilots, visiting the [[Tuskegee Army Air Field|Tuskegee Air Corps Advanced Flying School]] in [[Alabama]]. She also flew with African-American chief civilian instructor [[C. Alfred "Chief" Anderson]]. Anderson had been flying since 1929 and was responsible for training thousands of rookie pilots; he took her on a half-hour flight in a Piper J-3 Cub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redtail.org/the-tuskegee-airmen/silver-wings-civil-rights/|title=Mrs. Roosevelt Goes for a Ride – Red Tail Squadron|work=Red Tail Squadron|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917062006/http://www.redtail.org/the-tuskegee-airmen/silver-wings-civil-rights/|archive-date=September 17, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> After landing, she cheerfully announced, "Well, you can fly all right."<ref name="Moye pp. 52–54">Moye, J. Todd. ''Freedom Flyers: The Tuskeegee Airmen of World War II.'' New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-19-538655-4}}</ref> The subsequent brouhaha over the first lady's flight had such an impact it is often mistakenly cited as the start of the [[Civilian Pilot Training Program]] at Tuskegee, even though the program was already five months old. Roosevelt did use her position as a trustee of the [[Julius Rosenwald Fund]] to arrange a loan of $175,000 to help finance the building of [[Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site|Moton Field]].<ref name="Moye pp. 52–54"/>
After the war, Roosevelt was a strong proponent of the [[Morgenthau Plan]] to de-industrialize Germany [[History of Germany#Germany during the Cold War, 1945–1990|in the postwar period]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion Of Freedom |last=Black |first=Conrad | author-link = Conrad Black|year=2005 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |isbn=978-1-58648-282-4 |page=988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYVCi70HaigC&pg=PA988 |access-date=November 23, 2012}}</ref> In 1947 she attended the [[Society for the Prevention of World War III|National Conference on the German Problem]] in New York, which she had helped organize. It issued a statement that "any plans to resurrect the economic and political power of Germany" would be dangerous to international security.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Casey|date=2005|title=The Campaign to Sell a Harsh Peace for Germany to the American Public, 1944–1948|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/736/1/Campaign_Harsh_Peace_History.pdf |journal=History
==Years after the White House==
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Roosevelt also served as the first [[United States Representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/02/18/87505662.pdf | title=Mrs. Roosevelt Sees U.S. Uncertain on U.N. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 18, 1947}} {{subscription required}}</ref> and stayed on at that position until 1953, even after stepping down as chair of the commission in 1951.<ref name="er-hrc">{{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/human-rights-commission.htm | title=Human Rights Commission | publisher=[[Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site]] | year=2003| access-date=November 17, 2010}}</ref> The UN posthumously awarded her one of its first [[United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights|Human Rights Prize]]s in 1968 in recognition of her work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Press/previous_recipients.pdf |title=The United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=December 7, 2012 |archive-date=September 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930095122/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Press/previous_recipients.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the 1940s, Roosevelt was among the first people to support the creation of a UN agency specialized in the issues of food and nutrition.<ref name="UN">{{Cite
At that time, Frederick L. McDougall, an Australian nutritionist, wrote the "Draft memorandum on a United Nations Programme for Freedom from Want of Food". McDougall strongly believed that international cooperation was key to address the issue of hunger in the world.<ref name="Ruxin" />
Roosevelt learned about the memorandum and arranged a meeting between McDougall and her husband, the president of the United States of America. Following the discussion, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ([[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]) was created on October 16, 1945.<ref name="Ruxin">{{Cite book|last=Ruxin|first=Joshua|title=Hunger, Science, and Politics: FAO, WHO, and Unicef Nutrition Policies,
In 1955, Eleanor Roosevelt and McDougall visited the new [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] headquarters in Rome and pushed the United Nations Programme into creating the Food from Hunger campaign,<ref name="UN" /> which ultimately saw the light in 1960 after a series of negotiations.<ref name="UN" />
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Funeral services were held two days later in Hyde Park, where she was interred next to her husband in the Rose Garden at [[Springwood Estate]], the Roosevelt family home. Attendees included President Kennedy, Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and former presidents Truman and Eisenhower, who honored Roosevelt.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/fifty-years-after-her-death-eleanor-roosevelts-admirers-will-celebrate-her-life/ |title=50 Years After Her Death, Eleanor Roosevelt's Admirers Will Celebrate Her Life |author=Dunlap, David W. |date=November 7, 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=November 28, 2012 |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108155829/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/fifty-years-after-her-death-eleanor-roosevelts-admirers-will-celebrate-her-life/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
After her death, Eleanor's retreat at Val-Kill near Hyde Park was eventually preserved as the [[Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site]]. Her family deeded the family vacation home on Campobello Island to the governments of the U.S. and Canada, and in 1964 they created the {{convert|2800|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[Roosevelt Campobello International Park]].<ref>Stephen O. Muskie (1982). ''Campobello: Roosevelt's Beloved Island''.</ref> The [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial]] on the [[National Mall]] is the only [[United States presidential memorial]] to depict a First Lady; the statue of Eleanor is displayed with a likeness of the United Nations seal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=
==Published books==
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* ''Christmas, 1940''. New York: St. Martin's. 1940.
* ''The Moral Basis of Democracy''. New York: Howell, Soskin, 1940.
* [[This
* ''If You Ask Me''. New York: Appleton-Century, 1946.
* ''This I Remember''. New York: Harper, 1949.
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* ''Eleanor Roosevelt's Book of Common Sense Etiquette''. New York: Macmillan, 1962 (with the assistance of [[Robert O. Ballou]]).
* ''Eleanor Roosevelt's Christmas Book''. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1963.
* ''Tomorrow Is Now''. New York: Harper, 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://erpapers.columbian.gwu.edu/works-eleanor-roosevelt|title=Works by Eleanor Roosevelt {{!}} Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project {{!}} The George Washington University|website=erpapers.columbian.gwu.edu
==Posthumous recognition==
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[[File:Eleanor-Roosevelt-WH-Portrait.jpg|thumb|This 1949 portrait of Roosevelt by [[Douglas Chandor]] was purchased by the White House in 1966.]]
[[File:2023 Eleanor Roosevelt Womens Quarter.jpg|thumb|In 2023 Roosevelt was one of the honorees in the [[American Women quarters]] series]]
1n 1941, [[Freedom House]] was founded; Eleanor Roosevelt was its first honorary co-chair.<ref>https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/2007.pdf</ref> Freedom House is a non-profit organization based in [[Washington, D.C.]], best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of [[democracy]], [[Freedom (political)|political freedom]], and [[human rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-fidel2006-08-03-voa38/399709.html |title=Cuba After Fidel – What Next? |date=October 31, 2009 |publisher=Voice of America |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150507/http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-fidel2006-08-03-voa38/399709.html |access-date=October 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref>
In 1946 she was made an honorary member of the Women's Press Club of London.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 5, 1946 |newspaper=Bradford Observer |title=Mrs Roosevelt praises UNO plain speaking |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003150/19460205/009/0001 |page=1}}</ref>
In 1966, the [[White House Historical Association]] purchased [[Douglas Chandor]]'s portrait of Eleanor Roosevelt; the portrait had been commissioned by the Roosevelt family in 1949. The painting was presented at a White House reception on February 4, 1966, that was hosted by [[Lady Bird Johnson]] and attended by more than 250 invited guests. The portrait hangs in the [[Vermeil Room]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/eleanor-roosevelts-white-house-portrait-session |title=Eleanor Roosevelt's White House Portrait Session|date=February 4, 2011 |publisher=[[White House Historical Association]] |access-date=December 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1949&_f=md001464 |title=My Day |last=Roosevelt |first=Eleanor |date=December 16, 1949 |website=The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Digital Edition |publisher=Department of History, [[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=December 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/inside-white-house/rooms |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |title=Public Tour by Room; Vermeil Room |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |access-date=December 8, 2016}}</ref>
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''[[Sunrise at Campobello (play)|Sunrise at Campobello]],'' a 1958 Broadway play by [[Dore Schary]], dramatized Franklin's attack of and eventual recovery from polio, in which [[Mary Fickett]] starred as Eleanor. The 1960 [[Sunrise at Campobello|film of the same name]], which was based on the play, starred [[Greer Garson]] as Eleanor.
''[[The Eleanor Roosevelt Story]]'', a 1965 American biographical documentary film directed by Richard Kaplan, won the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]].<ref name="NY Times">{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/15536/The-Eleanor-Roosevelt-Story/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124083109/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/15536/The-Eleanor-Roosevelt-Story/overview |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 24, 2007 |title=The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965) |access-date=November 9, 2008 |first=Bosley |department=Movies & TV Dept. |
Roosevelt was the subject of the 1976 [[Arlene Stadd]] historical play ''Eleanor''.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Remembering Martin Luther King|author=Goodman, Walter|date=April 11, 1976|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/11/archives/remembering-martin-luther-king-king.html}}</ref>
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In 1976, [[Talent Associates]] released the American [[Miniseries|television miniseries]] ''[[Eleanor and Franklin (miniseries)|Eleanor and Franklin]]'', starring [[Edward Herrmann]] and [[Jane Alexander]] as Franklin and Eleanor; it was broadcast on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] on January 11 and 12, 1976 and was based on [[Joseph P. Lash]]'s biography from 1971, ''[[Eleanor and Franklin (book)|Eleanor and Franklin]]'', based on their correspondence and recently opened archives. The film won many awards, including 11 [[Primetime Emmy Award]]s, a [[Golden Globe Award]], and a [[Peabody Award]]. Director [[Daniel Petrie]] won a Primetime Emmy for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Director of the Year – Special]]. In 1977 they released a sequel, ''[[Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years]]'', with the same stars. It won 7 [[Primetime Emmy Award]]s, including Outstanding Special of the Year. [[Daniel Petrie]] again won a Primetime Emmy for the second film. Both films were acclaimed and noted for historical accuracy.
In 1979, [[NBC]] televised the miniseries ''[[Backstairs at the White House]]'' based on the 1961 book ''[[My Thirty Years Backstairs at the White House]]'' by [[Lillian Rogers Parks]]. The series portrayed the lives of the Presidents, their families, and the White House staff who served them from the administrations of [[William Howard Taft]] (1909–1913) through [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (1953–1961). Much of the book was based on notes by
In 1996, ''Washington Post'' writer [[Bob Woodward]] reported that [[Hillary Clinton]] had been having "imaginary discussions" with Eleanor Roosevelt from the start of Clinton's time as first lady.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/25/us/mrs-clinton-calls-sessions-intellectual-not-spiritual.html |title=Mrs. Clinton Calls Sessions Intellectual, Not Spiritual |work=The New York Times |date=June 25, 1996 |last=Clines |first=Francis X.}}</ref> Following the Democrats' loss of congressional control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the services of [[Human Potential Movement]] proponent [[Jean Houston]]. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roosevelt connection, and while no psychic techniques were used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding [[séance]]s with Roosevelt. The White House stated that this was merely a [[brainstorming]] exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/Columnists/Column/0,5673,347240,00.html |author=Wheen, Francis | title=Never mind the pollsters |work=The Guardian |date=July 26, 2000 | location=Manchester |author-link=Francis Wheen}}</ref> In her 2003 autobiography ''[[Living History (book)|Living History]]'', Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations [is] actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt was ideal."<ref>Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2003). ''Living History''. New York: Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|0-7432-2224-5}}, pp. 258–59</ref>
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|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aPy28_WYQMUC&pg=PA74 }}</ref>
''[[The Golden Age (Vidal novel)|The Golden Age]]'', a historical novel published in 2000 by [[Gore Vidal]], the seventh and final novel in his ''[[Narratives of Empire]]'' series, features Eleanor Roosevelt as a character. An often repeated theme in it is the reference to Roosevelt as "Emperor of the World", to Eleanor Roosevelt as "The Empress", and so on.
In 2014, the American documentary series ''[[The Roosevelts: An Intimate History]]'' was released. Produced and directed by [[Ken Burns]], the series focuses on the lives of Theodore, Franklin, and Eleanor Roosevelt. The series premiered to positive reviews and was nominated for three [[Primetime Emmy Awards]], winning the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator|Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator]] for [[Peter Coyote]]'s narration of the first episode.<ref name="TW-20150912">{{cite web |last=Ge |first=Linda |title=Creative Arts Emmys: The Complete Winners List |url=https://thewrap.com/creative-arts-emmys-complete-winners-list-updating-live/ |date=September 12, 2015 |work=[[The Wrap]] |access-date=September 13, 2015 }}</ref> In September 2014, ''The Roosevelts'' became the most streamed documentary on the [[PBS]] website to date.<ref name="DL-20140922">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Ken Burns' 'The Roosevelts' Docu His Most Streamed to Date |url=https://deadline.com/2014/09/the-roosevelts-ken-burns-streamed-pbs-838756/ |date=September 22, 2014 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=September 23, 2014 }}</ref>▼
''[[FDR: American Badass!]]'' is a 2012 American comedy film spoofing the life and presidency of Franklin Roosevelt.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kehrberg|first=Amanda|date=April 9, 2012|title=FDR: American Badass is an Instant Cult Classic...But is That a Good Thing?|url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/fdr-american-badass-is-an-instant-cult-classicbut-is-that-a-good-thing-6561340|access-date=July 19, 2020|newspaper=Phoenix New Times}}</ref> In this version of his life, FDR's polio is caused by [[werewolves]]. Werewolves are also behind the [[Axis Powers]], and it is up to President Roosevelt to stop them and their plans for world domination. The film features [[Lin Shaye]] as Eleanor Roosevelt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fdr_american_badass|title=FDR: American Badass! (2012)|publisher=|accessdate=29 May 2020|via=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Entertainment|first=Dead|title=The Only Thing to Fear is FDR: American Badass!|url=https://deadentertainment.com/2018/02/19/the-only-thing-to-fear-is-fdr-american-badass/|access-date=July 19, 2020|website=Dead Entertainment}}</ref>
▲In 2014, the American documentary series ''[[The Roosevelts: An Intimate History]]'' was released. Produced and directed by [[Ken Burns]], the series focuses on the lives of Theodore, Franklin, and Eleanor Roosevelt. The series premiered to positive reviews and was nominated for three [[Primetime Emmy Awards]], winning the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator|Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator]] for [[Peter Coyote]]'s narration of the first episode.<ref name="TW-20150912">{{cite
''[[Clinton: The Musical]]'' played [[Off-Broadway]] in the spring of 2015 after playing in various festivals; in it [[Hillary Clinton]] is visited by a vision of Eleanor Roosevelt, who tries to convince her to stay with the two sides of [[Bill Clinton]], Billy and WJ, but Hillary misinterprets Eleanor and instead decides that she's going to run for president ("Brew It for Your Country").
''[[Dear Eleanor]]'' is a 2016 American film about two best friends traveling across the U.S. in 1962 to meet their childhood hero, Eleanor Roosevelt.<ref name="deadline-5-23">{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2013 |title=Isabelle Fuhrman Joins Kevin Connolly-Helmed 'Dear Eleanor' |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://www.deadline.com/2013/05/isabelle-furhrman-dear-eleanor-movie-casting-kevin-connolly/ |accessdate=June 6, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Ed |last=Sealover |date=February 14, 2013 |title=Hollywood comes to Colorado: 3 films to be made here under incentives program |newspaper=[[Denver Business Journal]] |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2013/02/14/hollywood-comes-to-colorado-3-films.html |accessdate=June 11, 2013 }}</ref>
Eleanor Roosevelt's life and time as First Lady are featured in the series ''[[The First Lady (American TV series)|The First Lady]]'' (2022). She is played by [[Gillian Anderson]], and by [[Eliza Scanlen]] as young Eleanor.
''[[FDR (miniseries)|FDR]]'' is a 2023 miniseries that chronicles the life of Franklin D. Roosevelt and premiered on May 29, 2023, on [[History (American TV network)|History]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/shows/fdr|title=FDR New Documentary Event Memorial Day at 8/7c; Stream Next Day|website=HISTORY}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aenetworks.com/article/bradley-cooper-and-doris-kearns-goodwin-to-produce-three-night-documentary-event-fdr|title=Bradley Cooper and Doris Kearns Goodwin to produce three-night documentary event FDR|work=[[A&E Networks]]|first=A&E|last=Networks|date=March 8, 2023|access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.abcaudio.com/news/history-channel-collaborating-kevin-costner-morgan-freeman-and-bradley-cooper-documentary|title=History Channel collaborating with Kevin Costner, Morgan Freeman and Bradley Cooper for documentary projects|work=[[ABC Audio]]|first=Stephen|last=Iervolino|date=March 8, 2023|access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/history-channel-documentaries-kevin-costner-morgan-freeman/|title=History Channel Picks Up Documentaries Backed by Kevin Costner, Morgan Freeman & More|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|first=Britta|last=DeVore|date=March 8, 2023|access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/kevin-costner-bradley-cooper-dan-akroyd-history-channel-documentaries-1235282129/|title=Kevin Costner, Bradley Cooper, Morgan Freeman, Michael Imperioli & Dan Aykroyd Line Up Docs For The History Channel|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Peter|last=White|date=March 8, 2023|access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/kevin-costner-janet-jackson-bradley-cooper-shows-ae-networks-1235342891/|title=Shows From Kevin Costner, Bradley Cooper, and Janet Jackson in the Works at A+E Networks, as Company Leans Into Talent Partnerships in Upfront Push|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Alex|last=Weprin|date=March 8, 2023|access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/history-channel-kevin-costner-bradley-cooper-morgan-freeman-1235546825/|title=History Channel Greenlights New Projects From Kevin Costner, Bradley Cooper, Morgan Freeman|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Joe|last=Otterson|date=March 8, 2023|access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ae-networks-history-kevin-costner-morgan-freeman-bradley-cooper/|title=A&E Networks Lands History Series From Kevin Costner, Morgan Freeman, Bradley Cooper|work=[[TheWrap]]|first=Aarohi|last=Sheth|date=March 8, 2023|access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref> in it Alice Bounsall plays Eleanor Roosevelt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.primetimer.com/reviews/history-franklin-delano-roosevelt-bradley-cooper-doris-kearns-goodwin|title=History's FDR Docuseries Lacks the 32nd President's Ability to Tell a Riveting Story|first=Tara Moses Friday 5/26/2023 at 4:00PM|last=EDT|date=May 26, 2023|website=primetimer.com}}</ref>
==See also==
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* [[List of women's rights activists]]
{{-}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
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==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=yes|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|s=no|wikt=no|m=no|mw=no|f=no|species=no|c=Category:Eleanor Roosevelt}}
{{Toomanylinks|date=May 2024}}
* [https://erpapers.columbian.gwu.edu/ The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project (including over 8000 of her "My Day" newspaper columns, as well as other documents and audio clips)]
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/26roosevelt/26roosevelt.htm ''First Lady of the World: Eleanor Roosevelt at Val-Kill,'' a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan]
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{{Eleanor Roosevelt|state=expanded}}
{{US First Ladies}}
{{Gandhi Peace Award laureates}}
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[[Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Activists from New York City]]
[[Category:American Christian Zionists]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
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[[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:Nansen Refugee Award laureates]]
[[Category:Member of the Women's Press Club, London]]
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