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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bhumij
| population = {{circa|1 million}}
| pop = 911,349<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504134725/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html |archive-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>{{bsn|date=May 2023}}<!--India population =869653,<ref name=Stat2013/> Bangladesh aprix=3000 -->▼
| total_year =2011
| total_source =
▲|
| popplace = {{flag|India}}, {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| region2 = [[West Bengal]]
| pop2 = 376,296
|
| region3 = [[Odisha]]
| pop3 = 283,909
|ref3 =<ref name=Stat2013/> | region4 =
| pop4 =
| region5 = [[Jharkhand]]
| pop5 = 209,448
| ref5 =<ref name=Stat2013/> |
| pop7 = 72,003 (1951, {{estimation}})
|pop6=1,567<ref name=BiharCensus11>{{cite web|title= A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42891/download/46559/SC-10-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx |work=Census commission of India |year=2011}}</ref>▼
| ref7 =<ref>{{cite web|title=Estimated Population by Castes, 5. Assam – Census 1951 |year=1954 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30196/download/33377/44094_1951_POP.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India |page=12}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}▼
| region6 =[[Bihar]]
|
▲|
| region8 = [[Tripura]]
| pop8 = 755 (1951, {{estimation}})
|ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Estimated Population by Castes, 7. Tripura – Census 1951 |year=1954 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30195/download/33376/21102_1951_EST.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India |page=11}}</ref>
| pop9 = 9,664 (2021)
| ref9 =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf |title=Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex |year=2021 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |page=33 |language=bn |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813235827/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| languages = [[Mundari language|Mundari]]{{*}} [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]]{{*}}[[#Language|Regional languages]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]{{*}}[[Sarnaism]]
| related = [[Munda people|Munda]] {{•}} [[Kol people|Kol]] {{•}} [[Ho people|Ho]] {{•}} [[Santal]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption = Bhumijs dancing in their traditional attire
}}
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=== Social structure ===
<!-- below clan name are from book Caste and Tribe of Bengal by Risley (p.xlv) [Url -https://archive.org/details/TheTribesAndCastesOfBengal/page/n62/]
: You are requested to update the information from other sources. -->
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A Bhumij refrains from injuring anything represented by the name of the group. But there are no elaborate rituals in honour of clan totems. It may be that the exogamous groups were totemic, but with the progress of time and contact with their Hindu neighbours, the totemic system has turned into prohibitive marriage rules. Besides, lately they have developed a local grouping called the thaks, named after villages. Each of these thaks is also exogamous in the sense that a member of one thak cannot marry a member of the same village even if he or she belongs to a different sept. The rule of exogamy is so strict that a man may not marry a woman of his own sept, nor a woman who comes within the standard formula for reckoning prohibited degrees, calculated to three generations in the descending line, but sometimes extended to five where ''bhaiyadi'' or mutual recognition of kinship has been maintained between the families.<ref name=":0" />
===Genetics===▼
=== Geographic distribution ===▼
According to genetic study conducted on Bhumij population on 2010, it was found that their 70% Y Haplogroups belongs to [[Haplogroup O-K18|O2a-M95]] found among population of [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Austro-Asiatic language]] speaker and rest belongs to Haplogroups found in India. Their mitrocondrial Haplogroups belongs [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)]] found in Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305778265|title=Genetic study of Bhumij Tribe of Jharkhand using mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA markers|author=Smita Kujur|year=2010|access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2023}}▼
The Bhumijs are found in [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Assam]], and [[Bihar]]. They are concentrated in the districts of [[Midnapore]], [[Purulia]], [[Bankura]] and [[24 Parganas]] in [[West Bengal]]. In [[Odisha]], they are thickly concentrated in the districts of [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], [[Sundergarh|Sundargarh]], [[Keonjhar]], and [[Balasore]], and sporadically distributed in other parts. In [[Assam]], where they are very recent immigrants, their greatest concentration occurs in the [[Assam valley]]. In [[Jharkhand]], they are found in the districts of [[Singhbhum]], [[Manbhum]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Ranchi]] and [[Dhanbad]]. Bhumijs are also found sporadically in [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Tripura]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Andaman and Nicobar]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Manipur]], [[Delhi]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].▼
▲=== Geographic distribution ===
[[File:Bhumij people distribution.svg|thumb|Distribution of Bhumij people, 2011 census]]
▲The Bhumijs are
In [[Bangladesh]], the Bhumij people came to the [[Sylhet region]] from [[Bihar]] as tea-labourers. They can be found in [[Sreemangal Upazila|Srimangal]] with a population of 3000. The Bhumijs lives in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]], [[Khulna Division|Khulna]], [[Sreemangal Upazila|Srimangal]], [[Dhaka]] and [[Chittagong]] regions. They are divided into many clans (''killi'') such as Kaitra, Garur, Kasim, Bhugal, Baundra, Ban, Nag, Shona, Shar, Tresha, etc. Their Bhumij dialect is less and less spoken and Bengali is more widely spoken among the community.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite book|last=Jengcham|first=Subhash|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|chapter=Bhumij|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bhumij}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.silbangladesh.org/sites/ban/files/story_of_an_ancestors_belief.pdf |website=silbangladesh |title=STORY OF AN ANCESTOR'S BELIEF |date=2022}}</ref>
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[[File:Firkal slowly decaying martial dance of ChotaNagpur of Jharkhand IMG 1069 01.jpg|thumb|Firkal slowly decaying martial dance of ChotaNagpur of Jharkhand]]
{{Main article|Bhumij language}}
{{Pie chart
|caption= Mother tongue of Bhumij people in West Bengal, Odisha and Jharkhand (2011 census)<ref name=Census2011lang/>
|value1 = 58.1
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value2 = 17.6
|label2 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|value3 = 12.5
|label3 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
|value4 = 3.6
|label4 = Bhumijali{{efn|Bhumijali is a [[sociolect]] spoken by the (11.1 percent) Bhumij tribe of Odisha, which is a variety of the Odia language that incorporates Bhumij words and is distinct from the Mundari variety. Thus, in the census, it is categorized under the Odia language family. Similarly, Munda, Mundari, and Bhumj are often considered the same language, though they may also be distinct in certain contexts.}}
|value5 = 1.8
|label5 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
|value6 = 1.3
|label6 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]]
|value7 = 1.3
|label7 = [[Ho language|Ho]]
|value8 = 1
|label8 = [[Munda language|Munda]]
|value9 = 1
|label9 = [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]]
|other = yes
|other-color = orange
|footer=
}}
Bhumij is the language of the Munda subfamily of the [[Austroasiatic languages]], related to Ho, Mundari and Santali, spoken mainly in the Indian states [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. According to the 2011 census, the Bhumij people total {{formatnum:869653}} in those three Scheduled States.<ref name=Census2011lang>{{multiref2|{{cite web|title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}|{{cite web|title=ST-15: Scheduled tribe by mother tongue (for each tribe separately) (State/UT level), West Bengal - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12551/download/15664/ST-19-00-15-DDW-2011.XLSX}} |{{cite web|title=ST-15: Scheduled tribe by mother tongue (for each tribe separately) (State/UT level), Odisha - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12553/download/15666/ST-21-00-15-DDW-2011.XLSX}}|{{cite web|title=ST-15: Scheduled tribe by mother tongue (for each tribe separately) (State/UT level), Jharkhand - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12552/download/15665/ST-20-00-15-DDW-2011.XLSX}}}} </ref> Among them, 58.1% speak Bengali, 17.6% speak Odia, 12.5% speak Mundari, 3.6% speak {{Not a typo|Bhumijali}}, 1.8% speak Santali, 1.3% speak Sadri, 1.3% speak Ho, 1% Munda, 1% Bhumij and 3.8% speak other local languages.<ref name=Census2011lang/> Bhumij living in other states and neighboring country Bangladesh primarily speak Bengali and Sadri. Across India, 27,506 people speak Bhumij as their mother tongue, with 24,164 (87.84%) from those three states. Within this group, 36.9% are spoken by the Bhumij tribe itself, 12.8% by other Scheduled Tribes, and the remaining 43.4% by Scheduled Castes, Other Backward Castes, and Non-Scheduled Communities.<ref name=Census2011lang/> However, it is claimed that Bhumij language spoken by around 100,000 people in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhumij language and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/bhumij.htm |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref>
In January 2019, Bhumij was accorded the status of second language in the state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=The Avenue Mail |date=5 January 2019}}</ref>
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The followers of [[Sarnaism]] among the Bhumij have been organising protests and petitions to have their religion recognised by the government of India in census forms.<ref>SANTOSH K. KIRO. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140104034353/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130819/jsp/jharkhand/story_17245599.jsp Delhi demo for Sarna identity]. The Telegraph, 2013</ref><ref>[[Pranab Mukherjee]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002175305/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-30/ranchi/38144883_1_census-format-separate-sarna-religion-code-rally Tribals to rally for inclusion of Sarna religion in census]. Times of India, 2013.</ref>
▲==Genetics==
==Official classification==
▲According to genetic study conducted on Bhumij population on 2010, it was found that their 70% Y Haplogroups belongs to [[Haplogroup O-K18|O2a-M95]] found among population of [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Austro-Asiatic language]] speaker and rest belongs to Haplogroups found in India. Their mitrocondrial Haplogroups belongs [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)]] found in Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305778265|title=Genetic study of Bhumij Tribe of Jharkhand using mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA markers|author=Smita Kujur|year=2010|access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2023}}
Bhumijas have been designated as [[Scheduled Tribes]] in only three states—[[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|Odisha]], [[Tribes of Jharkhand|Jharkhand]], and [[Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal|West Bengal]]—by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Scheduled Tribes|url=http://www.tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf |website=tribal.nic.in }}</ref> {{sic|In [[Bihar]], they are recognized as [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]]}},<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Scheduled Castes State wise / UT wise list of Scheduled Castes updated up to 05-01-2023 |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/common/76750 |website=socialjustice.gov.in |access-date=May 21, 2023}} [https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0003.jpg Direct URL]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=203 castes in Bihar to choose from as 2nd leg of survey begins April 15 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/203-castes-in-bihar-to-choose-from-as-2nd-leg-of-survey-begins-april-15-101679588703223.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and in Tripura and Assam (as the [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Ex-tea garden community]]), they fall under the category of [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Classes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvdd7KihswbYVoTSx7XDi4wmRFbGxg+5XKv5f0QbHfa+6IJiXsS0CcD |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.ncbc.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF ASSAM |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/assam.pdf |website=ncbc.nic.in}}</ref> Those residing in other states and countries are considered part of the [[Forward caste|general population]]. However, the Bhumij were classified as [[Scheduled Castes]] before the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order of 1956. Until 2024, the Tamudia segment of the Bhumij tribe was designated as Scheduled Caste in Odisha, but it was subsequently recognized as Scheduled Tribes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes the Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Bill 2024 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2004918 |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Odisha ST list gets two new entrants and offers relief to at least 50 sub-tribes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-st-list-gets-two-new-entrants-and-offers-relief-to-at-least-50-subtribes-101707490394584.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
== Notable people ==
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==References==
===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}
===Sources===
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Das |first=Tarakchandra |url=https://
* {{Cite thesis |last=Kujur |first=Smita |date=2010 |title=Genetic study of Bhumij Tribe of Jharkhand using mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA markers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305778265 |journal= |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.1456.9200 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=Soma |title=
|pages=241–256 |editor-last=Chatterjee |editor-first=Uday |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-91603-5.00019-1 |isbn=978-0-323-91603-5 |access-date=2022-08-21 |editor2-last=Kashyap |editor2-first=Anil |editor3-last=Everard |editor3-first=Mark |editor4-last=Panda |editor4-first=Gopal Krishna}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=
*
* {{Cite journal |last=Sinha |first=Surajit |title= The media and nature of Hindu-Bhumij interactions|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98853/page/n47/ |journal=Journal Of The Asiatic Society Letters And Science |volume= 23 |issue= 1-2 |date=1959|pages=23–37}}
==External links==
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