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Alternatives to conventional fossil-based aviation fuels, new fuels made via the [[biomass to liquid]] method (like [[sustainable aviation fuel]]) and [[Aviation biofuel|certain straight vegetable oils]] can also be used.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc = 5801801|year = 2018|last1 = Wang|first1 = M.|title = Highly efficient conversion of plant oil to bio-aviation fuel and valuable chemicals by combination of enzymatic transesterification, olefin cross-metathesis, and hydrotreating|journal = Biotechnology for Biofuels|volume = 11|pages = 30|last2 = Chen|first2 = M.|last3 = Fang|first3 = Y.|last4 = Tan|first4 = T.|pmid = 29445419|doi = 10.1186/s13068-018-1020-4 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
Fuels such as sustainable aviation fuel have the advantage that few or no modifications are necessary on the aircraft itself, provided that the fuel characteristics meet specifications for lubricity and density as well as adequately swelling elastomer seals in current aircraft fuel systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corporan |first1=Edwin |display-authors=et al |title=Chemical, Thermal Stability, Seal Swell, and Emissions Studies of Alternative Jet Fuels|journal=Energy & Fuels |date=2011 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=955–966 |doi=10.1021/ef101520v}}</ref> Sustainable aviation fuel and blends of fossil and sustainably-sourced alternative fuels yield lower emissions of particles<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=R. H.|display-authors=et al|title=Biofuel blending reduces particle emissions from aircraft engines at cruise conditions|journal=Nature|date=2017|volume=543|issue=7645|pages=411–415|doi=10.1038/nature21420|pmid=28300096|pmc=8025803|bibcode=2017Natur.543..411M|url=https://elib.dlr.de/112943/1/Moore_et_al_Nature_2017.pdf}}</ref> and GHGs. They are, however, not being used heavily, because they still face political, technological, and economic barriers, such as currently being more expensive than conventionally produced aviation fuels by a wide margin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kic-innoenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RREB_Biofuels_in_Aviation_Draft_Final.pdf|title=RREB report|website=kic-innoenergy.com|access-date=7 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914130724/http://www.kic-innoenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RREB_Biofuels_in_Aviation_Draft_Final.pdf|archive-date=14 September 2016}}</ref><ref>IATA 2014 Report on Alternative Fuels</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sqconsult.com/content/newsletter_html/mrt_14_SQ_Consult_Bringing_biojet_fuels_to_the_market.html|title=Bringing biojet fuels to the market|access-date=2016-12-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105204547/http://www.sqconsult.com/content/newsletter_html/mrt_14_SQ_Consult_Bringing_biojet_fuels_to_the_market.html|archive-date=2016-11-05}}</ref> Currently, [[sustainable aviation fuel]] is blended with traditional [[jet fuel]] similar to how ethanol is blended with gasoline.
==== Compressed natural gas and liquified natural gas ====
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