Aravalli Range: Difference between revisions

The [[Tosham Hill range#Tosham Hill range Indus Valley Civilization mines & smelters|Tosham hills]] have several [[Indus Valley Civilizationcivilization]] sites in and around the hill range as the area falls under copper-bearing zone of Southwest Haryana and Northeast Rajasthan of Aravalli hill range.<ref name=law3>N Kochhar, R Kochhar, And D.K. Chakrabarti, 1999, "A New Source of Primary Tin Ore in the Indus Civilisation", South Asian Studies, vol 15, pp 115–118.</ref><ref name=law4>D.K. Chakrabarti, 2014, "Distribution and Features of the Harappan Settlements, in History of India-Protohistoric Foundation", [[Vivekananda International Foundation]], New Delhi.</ref>

Ravindra Nath Singh and his team of [[Banaras Hindu University]] carried out [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]-financed excavations of [[Indus Valley Civilizationcivilization]] site on the grounds of the Government School in Khanak, during 2014 and 2016. They found [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|early to mature Harappan phase IVC]] materials, pottery, semiprecious beads of [[lapis lazuli]], [[carnelian]] and others. They also found evidence of matallurgical activities, such as [[crucible]]s (used for pouring molten metal), furnace lining, burnt floor, ash and ore slugs. [[Ceramic petrography]], [[metallography]], [[scanning electron microscope]] (SEM, non-destructive, surface images of nanoscale resolution), [[energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy]] (EDXA and EDXMA non-destructive, qualitative and quantitative elemental composition) and [[transmission electron microscopy]] (TEM, destructive method) scientific studies of the material found prove that the Khanak site was inhabited by the IVC metal-workers who used the locally mined [[polymetal]]ic [[tin]], and they were also familiar with metallurgical work with [[copper]] and [[bronze]]. The lowest level of site dates back as far the pre-Harappan era to [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi-Siswal culture]] (4600 BCE or 6600 BP) tentatively.<ref name=sciexp1>{{citation|doi=10.1134/S1063774516060183|title=Electron microscopy methods in studies of cultural heritage sites|journal=Crystallography Reports|volume=61|issue=6|pages=873–885|year=2016|last1=Vasiliev|first1=A. L.|last2=Kovalchuk|first2=M. V.|last3=Yatsishina|first3=E. B.|bibcode=2016CryRp..61..873V|s2cid=99544227}}</ref>

"The GSCC is east of the Harappan culture, to the north-east of [[Ahar-Banas culture|Ahar-Banas Complex]], north/north west to the Kayatha Culture and at a later date, west of the OCP-Copper Hoard sites ([[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]]-[[Copper Hoard Cultureculture]]). Located within the regions of the Aravalli Hill Range, primarily along the Kantli, Sabi, Sota, Dohan and Bondi rivers, the GJCC is the largest copper producing community in third millennium BCE South Asia, with 385 sites documented. Archaeological indicators of the GSCC were documented primarily in Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, and Sikar districts of Rajasthan, India ..."<ref name=ara11>Uzma Z. Rizvi (2010) [http://www.networkedheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Indices-of-interactions-Rizvi-2010.pdf Indices of Interaction: Comparisons between the Ahar-Banas and Ganeshwar Jodhpura Cultural Complex] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509152542/http://www.networkedheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Indices-of-interactions-Rizvi-2010.pdf |date=9 May 2016 }}, in EASAA 2007: Special Session on Gilund Excavations, edited by T. Raczek and V. Shinde, pp. 51–61. British Archaeological Reports: ArchaeoPress</ref>

**[[Luni River]], originates in the [[Pushkar]] valley near Ajmer, ends in the marshy lands of [[Rann of Kutch]]. It used to be one of the channel of the [[Saraswati River]], as a result its banks have several [[Indus Valley Civilisationcivilisation]] sites including [[Lothal]].

* West to north-west flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of the Aravalli range in Rajasthan, flow through semi-arid historical [[Shekhawati]] region and drain into southern Haryana. Several [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] sites, also identified as late Harappan phase of [[Indus Valley Civilisationcivilisation]] culture,<ref name=IVCOCP>{{Citation | editor-last = Gupta | editor-first = S.P. | title = The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilization | place = Jodhpur | publisher = Kusumanjali Prakashan | year = 1995}}</ref> have been found along the banks of these rivers.