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{{about|the mountain range|the district in Gujarat|Aravalli district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Aravalli Range
| other_name =
| photo = Aravalli.jpg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| etymology =
| photo_size = 300
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = The Aravali Range in [[Rajasthan]]
| map_image = India Geographic Map.jpg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Topographic map of India showing the range
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| location =
| label =
| label_position =
| elevation =
| elevation_m = 1722
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_ref =
| prominence =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ft =
| prominence_ref =
| isolation =
| isolation_km =
| isolation_mi =
| isolation_ref =
| highest = [[Guru Shikhar]], [[Mount Abu]]
| parent_peak =
| listing =
| translation =
| language =
| pronunciation = {{IPA-hi| əɾaːʋ(ə)li}}
| coordinates = {{coord|24|35|33|N|74|42|30|E|type:mountain_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| range_coordinates = {{coord|25|N|73.5|E|type:mountain_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| length_km = 670
| length_orientation =
| width_km =
| width_orientation =
| area_km2 =
| topo_map =
| mountain_type =
| age = {{enum||[[Precambrian]] <!-- age of rocks -->}}
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
| normal_route =
| access =
| child =
| embedded =
| country = India
| subdivision1_type = States
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}}
The '''Aravalli Range''' (also spelled ''Aravali'') is a mountain range in [[North India|Northern]]-[[Western India]], running approximately {{convert|670|km|abbr=on}} in a south-west direction, starting near [[Delhi]], passing through southern [[Haryana]],<ref name=ara8>{{cite web|url=http://aravalibiodiversitypark.in/?q=node/1 |title=Aravalli Biodiversity Park, Gurgaon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528194722/http://aravalibiodiversitypark.in/?q=node%2F1 |archive-date=28 May 2012}}</ref> [[Rajasthan]], and ending in Ahmedabad [[Gujarat]].<ref name=ara3>{{citation|last=Kohli|first=M.S.|title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA29|year=2004|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-135-1|pages=29–}}</ref><ref name=ara4>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC&q=Aravali&pg=PA92 |chapter=Aravali Range |title=Students' Britannica India |author1=Dale Hoiberg |author2=Indu Ramchandani |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 |pages=92–93}}</ref> The highest peak is [[Guru Shikhar]] on Mount Abu at {{convert|1722|m|abbr=on}}. The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest geological
The Aravalli Range is rich in [[natural resource]]s and serves as check to the growth of the western desert.
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The stratigraphic classification of the Aravalli Range can be divided into the following parts (north to south direction):
* The Archean basement is a banded gneissic complex with [[schists]] (medium grade metamorphic rock), [[gneiss]]es (high grade regional metamorphic rock), [[Peninsular Gneiss|composite gneiss]] and [[quartzite]]s. It forms the basement rock for both the Delhi Supergroup and the Aravalli Supergroup.
* Aravalli Supergroup: The Aravalli supergroup passes through [[Rajasthan]] state, dividing it into two halves, with three-fifths of Rajasthan on the western side towards the [[Thar Desert]] and two-thirds on the eastern side consisting of the catchment area of [[Banas River|Banas]] and [[Chambal River|Chambal]] rivers bordering the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{Clarify |date=September 2020 |reason=Three-fifths and two-thirds add up to more than one.}} [[Guru Shikhar]], the highest peak in the Aravalli Range at {{convert|5650|ft}} in [[Mount Abu]] of Rajasthan, lies near the south-western extremity of the Central Aravalli range, close to the border with [[Gujarat]] state. The southern ''Aravalli Supergroup'' enters the northeast of [[Gujarat]] near [[Modasa]] where it lends its name to the [[Aravalli district]], and ends at the centre of the state at [[Palanpur]] near [[Ahmedabad]].
** Champaner Group is a rectangular outcrop composed of [[greywacke|subgreywacke]], [[Siliceous rocks|siliceous]] [[phyllite]], [[pelite|pelitic]] [[schist]], [[quartzite]] and pertomict [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]].
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Note: remove the points that have been already addressed.
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The Aravalli Range has been site of three broad stages of human history, early Stone Age saw the use of flint stones; mid-Stone Age starting from 20,000 BP saw the domestication of cattle for agriculture; and post Stone Age starting from 10,000 BP saw the development of the [[Kalibangan]] civilisation, 4,000
<!-- The three stone age cultures as traceable in Rajasthan are (1) Early Stone Age, (2) Mid-Stone Age and (3) Post Stone Age.(1) Early Stone Age: In this stage of human civilisation man was in the habit of using many type of tools made of stone. This culture flourished on
A large region was covered under the famous Indus Valley Civilisation. The remains of Pilibanga, Kalibanga, Rangmahal, etc. as discovered in Rajasthan indicate that Indus Valley Civilisation.
Kalibanga Civilisation: The excavation of Kalibanga was done under the supervision of Sri B.K. Thapar and Sri B.B. Lal. Kalibanga Civilisation developed and flourished near the river Saraswati. River Saraswati used to flow in Ganganagar district formerly but has now altogether vanished. Most archaeologists fully agree with the view that the prehistoric remains of Mohanjodaro period are scattered over Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaipur districts. Saindhava script was used by the people of this period which was written from right to left. Aahar Civilisation: The excavation work of Aahar civilisation was done under the direction of Dr. H.D. Sankalia. About 4000 years old Aahar civilisation was spread all over the near vicinity of river Aahar in Udaipur district. This civilisation flourished on the banks of rivers Banas and Bairach in Udaipur, Gambhiri, and Wagan in Chittorgrah, Khari and Kothari in Bhilwara up to Ajmer. Copper was largely used in Aahar civilisation as also utensils of black brown and red colours were in common use. Rice was known to the people of this civilisation whose economy was chiefly based upon domestication of cattles. The house were made of pucca bricks.
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===
The [[Tosham Hill range#Tosham Hill range Indus Valley Civilisation mines and smelters|Tosham hills]] have several [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites in and around the hill range as the area falls under copper-bearing zone of Southwest Haryana and Northeast Rajasthan of Aravalli hill range.<ref name=law3>{{cite journal |first1=N. |last1=Kochhar |first2=R. |last2=Kochhar |first3=D. K. |last3=Chakrabarti |year=1999 |title=A New Source of Primary Tin Ore in the Indus Civilisation |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=115–118 |doi=10.1080/02666030.1999.9628571 }}</ref><ref name=law4>{{cite book |first=D. K. |last=Chakrabarti |year=2014 |chapter=Distribution and Features of the Harappan Settlements |title=History of India II : Protohistoric Foundation |publisher=[[Vivekananda International Foundation]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7305-481-5 |pages=97–143 }}</ref>
Investigation of IVC network of mineral ore needs for
Ravindra Nath Singh and his team of [[Banaras Hindu University]] carried out [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]-financed excavations of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] site on the grounds of the Government School in Khanak, during 2014 and 2016. They found [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation|early to mature Harappan phase IVC]] materials, pottery, semiprecious beads of [[lapis lazuli]], [[carnelian]] and others. They also found evidence of metallurgical activities, such as [[crucible]]s (used for pouring molten metal), furnace lining, burnt floor, ash and ore slugs. [[Ceramic petrography]], [[metallography]], [[scanning electron microscope]] (SEM, non-destructive, surface images of nanoscale resolution), [[energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy]] (EDXA and EDXMA non-destructive, qualitative and quantitative elemental composition) and [[transmission electron microscopy]] (TEM, destructive method) scientific studies of the material found prove that the Khanak site was inhabited by the IVC metal-workers who used the locally mined [[polymetal]]lic [[tin]], and they were also familiar with metallurgical work with [[copper]] and [[bronze]]. The lowest level of site dates back as far the pre-Harappan era to [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi-Siswal culture]] (
=== Ganeshwar Sunari Cultural Complex ===
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Three major rivers and their tributaries flow from the Aravalli, namely Banas and Sahibi rivers which are tributaries of [[Yamuna]], as well as Luni River which flows into the [[Rann of Kutch]].
* North-to-south flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of the Aravalli range in Rajasthan, pass through the southeastern portion of the [[Thar Desert]], and end into Gujarat.
** [[Luni River]], originates in the [[Pushkar]] valley near Ajmer, ends in the marshy lands of [[Rann of Kutch]]. It used to be one of the channel of the [[Saraswati River]], as a result its banks have several [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites including [[Lothal]].
** [[Sakhi River]], ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch.
** [[Sabarmati River]], originates on the western slopes of Aravalli range of the [[Udaipur district]], end into the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] of the [[Arabian Sea]].
* West to north-west flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of the Aravalli range in Rajasthan, flow through semi-arid historical [[Shekhawati]] region and drain into southern Haryana. Several [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] sites, also identified as late Harappan phase of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] culture,<ref name=IVCOCP>{{Citation | editor-last = Gupta | editor-first = S.P. | title = The 'Lost' Sarasvati and the Indus Civilisation | place = Jodhpur | publisher = Kusumanjali Prakashan | year = 1995}}</ref> have been found along the banks of these rivers.
** [[Sahibi River]], originates near [[Manoharpur]] in [[Sikar district]] flows through Haryana and meets its confluence with the Yamuna in Delhi where it is called [[Najafgarh drain]], along with its following tributaries:<ref name=culture1>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0391023586 Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume, Vijai Shankar Śrivastava, 1981]. {{ISBN|0391023586}}</ref><ref name="Sahibi1">[http://www.indiamapped.in/revers-in-india/haryana/sahibi-river Sahibi river]</ref><ref name=AKjain>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1PjJD61h8Q0C&dq=sahibi+river&pg=PA41 Google Books: Page 41, 42, 43, 44, 47 (b) Sahibi Nadi (River), River Pollution, By A.k.jain]</ref><ref name=Dariba>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=812460049X Minerals and Metals in Ancient India: Archaeological evidence], Arun Kumar Biswas, Sulekha Biswas, University of Michigan. 1996. {{ISBN|812460049X}}.</ref> [[Masani barrage]], is an important wildlife area.
*** [[Dohan river]], tributary of the Sahibi River, originates near [[Neem Ka Thana]] in Sikar district).
*** [[Sota River, India|Sota River]], tributary of the Sahibi River with which it merges at [[Behror]] in Alwar district.
*** [[Krishnavati river]], former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near [[Dariba, Rajasthan|Dariba]] copper mines in [[Rajsamand district]] of Rajasthan, flows through [[Patan, Rajasthan|Patan]] in [[Dausa district]] and Mothooka in [[Alwar district]], then disappears in [[Mahendragarh district]] in [[Haryana]] much before reaching Sahibi River. It previously was a tributary to the Sahibi and part of its present canalised channel is called the ''Outfall Drain No. 8''. Many important wetlands lie in its paleochannel, including [[Matanhail]], [[Chhuchhakwas|Chhuchhakwas-Godhari]], [[Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Sarbashirpur]], [[Sultanpur National Park]], [[Basai]] and The Lost Lake (Gurugram).
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===Wildlife corridors===
▲==== The Great Green wall of India ====
{{anchor| Green wall | Great wall of Aravalli | Great wall | Wall }}
{{See also | Inland_Customs_Line#Great_Hedge|l1=The Great Hedge of India}}
'''"The Great Green Wall of Aravalli"''' is a proposed 1,600 km long and 5 km wide green ecological corridor along Aravalli range from Gujarat to Delhi, it will be connected to [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]] hill range and 1.35 billion (135 crore) new native trees will be planted over 10 years to rehabilitate the forest cover in this area. To be implemented on a concept similar to the [[Great Green Wall (Africa)|Great Green Wall]] of [[Sahara]] in Africa, it will act as a buffer against pollution, 51% of which is caused by the industrial pollution, 27% by vehicles, 8% by [[Stubble burning#Stubble burning in India|crop burning]] and 5% by [[Diwali|diwali fireworks]].<ref name=wall1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/want-govt-to-build-1600-km-green-wall-along-aravalli-says-activist-vijaypal-baghel-6182069/ Want govt to build 1600 km green wall along Aravalli], Indian Express, 24 December 2019.</ref> It was proposed several times form the 1990s, but as of 2024 the project is still in the planning stage.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g59CelQPX74</ref>
==== Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor ====
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** [[Bandhwari]] forest
** [[Mangar Bani forest]]
** [[The Lost Lake]] (Gurugram)
* Rajasthan
** [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]]
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