Apamea (Phrygia): Difference between revisions

'''Apamea Cibotus''', '''Apamea ad Maeandrum''' (on the [[Maeander]]), '''Apamea''' or '''Apameia''' ({{lang-grc|Ἀπάμεια|Apámeia}}, {{lang-grc| κιβωτός|kibōtós}}) was an ancient city in [[Anatolia]] founded in the 3rd century BC by [[Antiochus I Soter]], who named it after his mother [[Apama]]. It was in Hellenistic [[Phrygia]],<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/858373/Apamea-Cibotus Encyclopædia Britannica, "Apamea Cibotus"]</ref> but became part of the [[Roman province]] of [[Pisidia]].<ref name=Lequien/><ref>Pius Bonifacius Gams, [http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1 ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae''], Leipzig 1931, p.&nbsp;451</ref> It was near, but on lower ground than, [[Celaenae]] (Kelainai).

[[File:Kibotos 1096.jpg|thumb|right|[[Battle of Kibitos]], 13th century manuscript]]Apamea continued to be a prosperous town under the [[Roman Empire]]. Its decline dates from the local disorganization of the empire in the 3rd century; and though a [[Diocese|bishopric]], it was not an important military or commercial center in [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] times. The [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] took it first in 1080, anduntil fromit was reconquered by emperor [[John II Komnenos]] in the lateearly 13th12th century. onwardsApamea itfell wasback alwaysunder Turkish rule in [[Muslim]]the late 13th century, when the Byzantine frontier handscollapsed. For a long period it was one of the greatest cities of [[Asia Minor]], commanding the Maeander road; but when the trade routes were diverted to [[Constantinople]] it rapidly declined, and its ruin was completed by an earthquake.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Apamea Cibotus is enumerated by [[Hierocles (author of Synecdemus)|Hierocles]] among the [[Diocese|episcopal cities]] of the [[Roman province]] of [[Pisidia]]. [[Lequien]] gives the names of nine of its bishops. The first is a Julianus of Apamea at the Maeander who, [[Eusebius]] records, was in about 253 reported by [[Alexander of Hierapolis (Phrygia)]] to have joined others in examining the claims of the [[Montanism|Montanist]] [[Maximilla]]. The list of bishops from Pisidia who participated in the [[First Council of Nicaea]] (325) includes Tharsitius of Apamea. It also gives a Paulus of Apamea, but Lequien considers that in the latter case "Apamea" is a mistake for "Acmonia". A Bishop Theodulus of Apamea (who may, however, have been of Apamea in Bithynia) witnessed a will of [[Gregory of Nazianzus]]. Paulinus took part in the [[Council of Chalcedon]] (451) and was a signatory of the letter from the bishops of Pisidia to Emperor [[Leo I the Thracian]] concerning the killing in 457 of [[Proterius of Alexandria]]. In the early 6th century, Conon abandoned his bishopric of Apamea in Phrygia and became a military leader in a rebellion against [[Emperor Anastasius]]. The acts of the [[Second Council of Constantinople]] (553) were signed by "John by the mercy of God bishop of the city of Apamea in the province of Pisidia". Sisinnius of Apamea was one of the Pisidian bishops at the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] (787). The [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)|Council held at Constantinople in 879–880]] was attended by two bishops of Apamea in Pisidia, one appointed by [[Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople]] the other by [[Photios I of Constantinople]].<ref name=Lequien>Michel Lequien, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0agp0mJFG_sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus''], Paris 1740, Vol. I, coll. 1045-1046</ref>