1929: Difference between revisions

Early in 1929, the [[Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)|Afghan Civil War]] saw the Afghan leader [[King Amanullah]] lose power to the [[Saqqawists]] under [[Habibullāh Kalakāni]]. Kalakani's rule, however, only lasted nine months. [[Mohammed Nadir Shah|Nadir Shah]] replaced him in October, starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years.<ref>pp. 41–44 {{ISBN|0-8133-4019-5}}</ref> In India, a general strike in Bombay continued throughout the year despite efforts by the British.<ref>Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan. ''Imperial Power and Popular Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. pp. 170–178 {{ISBN|0-521-59692-0}}</ref> On [[December 29]], the [[All India Congress]] in [[Lahore]] declared Indian [[independence]] from Britain, something it had threatened to do if Britain did not grant India dominion status.<ref>Vohra, Ranbir. ''The Making of India.'' Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2001. pp. 147–148 {{ISBN|0-7656-0712-3}}</ref> China and Russia engaged in a [[Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)|minor conflict]] after China seized full control of the [[Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway]]. Russia counterattacked and took the cities of [[Hailar District|Hailar]] and [[ManchouliManzhouli]] after issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated. The Chinese agreed to the terms on [[November 26]]. The Japanese would later see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, leading to their taking control of Manchuria.<ref>Elleman, Bruce. ''Diplomacy and Deception.'' Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1997. pp. 282–283 {{ISBN|0-7656-0143-5}}</ref> The Far East began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as its exports (spice, rubber, and other commodities) were more sensitive to economic problems.<ref>Tarling, Nicholas. ''The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. pp. 182–184 {{ISBN|0-521-66371-7}}</ref> In the Pacific, on [[December 28]] – "[[Mau movement#Black Saturday|Black Saturday]]" in [[Samoa]] – New Zealand colonial police killed 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which led the [[Mau movement]] to demand independence for Samoa.<ref name=Meleisea/>