Benedictines: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Fra Angelico 031.jpg|thumb|left|Saint Benedict of Nursia (c. 480–543). Detail from a [[fresco]] by [[Fra Angelico]] (c. 1400–1455) in the [[Saint Mark's Basilica|Basilica San Marco]], [[Florence]].]] |
[[File:Fra Angelico 031.jpg|thumb|left|Saint Benedict of Nursia (c. 480–543). Detail from a [[fresco]] by [[Fra Angelico]] (c. 1400–1455) in the [[Saint Mark's Basilica|Basilica San Marco]], [[Florence]].]] |
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The monastery at [[Subiaco, Lazio|Subiaco]] in Italy, established by [[Saint Benedict of Nursia]] [[circa]] 529, was the first of the dozen monasteries he founded. There is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. |
The monastery at [[Subiaco, Lazio|Subiaco]] in Italy, established by [[Saint Benedict of Nursia]] [[circa]] 529, was the first of the dozen monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino. There is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order<ref name=Alston>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02443a.htm Alston, George Cyprian. "The Benedictine Order." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 13 Feb. 2015]</ref> and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. When Monte Cassino was sacked by the Lombards about the year 580, the monks fled to Rome, and it seems probable that this constituted an important factor in the diffusion of a knowledge of Benedictine monasticism. |
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It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]], the prior, and his forty companions set forth in 595 on their mission for the evangelization of England. At various stopping places during the journey, the monks left behind them traditions concerning their rule and form of life, and probably also some copies of the Rule. [[Lérins Abbey]], for instance, founded by [[Honoratus]] in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine and his companions in 596.<ref name=Alston/> |
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[[Gregory of Tours]] says that at Ainay, in the sixth century, the monks "followed the rules of Basil, Cassian, Caesarius, and other fathers, taking and using whatever seemed proper to the conditions of time and place", and doubtless the same liberty was taken with the Benedictine Rule when it reached them. In Gaul and Switzerland, it supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by [[Columbanus]] and others. In many monasteries it eventually entirely displaced the earlier codes.<ref name=Alston/> |
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⚫ | By the ninth century, however, the Benedictine had become the standard form of monastic life throughout the whole of Western Europe, excepting Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, where the Celtic observance still prevailed for another century or two. Largely through the work of [[Benedict of Aniane]], it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire.<ref name=Theisen>[http://www.osb.org/gen/benedictines.html Theisen OSB, Jerome. "The Benedictines: An Introduction"]</ref> |
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The capitulary of 789 reads: "Let every monastery and every abbey have its school, in which boys may be taught the Psalms, the system of musical notation, singing, arithmetic and grammar". There can be no doubt that by boys are meant not only the candidates for the monastery and the wards (generally the children of nobles) committed to the care of the monks, but also the children of the village or country district around the monastery, for whom there was usually an external school attached to groups of monastic buildings.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03349c.htm Turner, William. "Carolingian Schools."] The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 11 February 2015</ref> |
The capitulary of 789 reads: "Let every monastery and every abbey have its school, in which boys may be taught the Psalms, the system of musical notation, singing, arithmetic and grammar". There can be no doubt that by boys are meant not only the candidates for the monastery and the wards (generally the children of nobles) committed to the care of the monks, but also the children of the village or country district around the monastery, for whom there was usually an external school attached to groups of monastic buildings.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03349c.htm Turner, William. "Carolingian Schools."] The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 11 February 2015</ref> |
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One of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by [[Romuald]], who founded the [[Camaldolese]] community. |
One of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by [[Romuald]], who founded the [[Camaldolese]] community. |
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===England=== |
===England=== |
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The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations. Augustine of Canterbury and his monks established the first English Benedictine monastery at Canterbury soon after their arrival in 597. Other foundations quickly followed. Through the influence of [[Wilfrid]], [[Benedict Biscop]], and [[Dunstan]], the Benedictine Rule spread with extraordinary rapidity, and in the North it was adopted in most of the monasteries that had been founded by the Celtic missionaries from Iona. Many of the episcopal sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines, and no less than nine of the old cathedrals were served by the black monks of the priories attached to them. |
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Germany was evangelized by English Benedictines. [[Willibrord]] and [[Boniface]] preached there in the seventh and eighth centuries and founded several abbeys. |
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In the [[English Reformation]], all [[Dissolution of the monasteries|monasteries were dissolved]] and their lands confiscated by the Crown, forcing their [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] members to flee into exile on the Continent. During the 19th century they were able to return to England, including to [[Selby Abbey]] in [[Yorkshire]], one of the few great monastic churches to survive the Dissolution. |
In the [[English Reformation]], all [[Dissolution of the monasteries|monasteries were dissolved]] and their lands confiscated by the Crown, forcing their [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] members to flee into exile on the Continent. During the 19th century they were able to return to England, including to [[Selby Abbey]] in [[Yorkshire]], one of the few great monastic churches to survive the Dissolution. |
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⚫ | [[Minster-in-Thanet|St. Mildred's Priory]], on the [[Isle of Thanet]], [[Kent]], was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian [[King of Kent]]. Currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns. Four of the most notable English abbeys are the Basilica of St Gregory the Great at Downside, commonly known as [[Downside Abbey]], [[Ealing Abbey]] in Ealing, West London, St. Lawrence's in Yorkshire ([[Ampleforth Abbey]]), and [[Worth Abbey]].<ref>Colin Battell, OSB, "Spirituality on the beach," ''The Tablet'' 2 December 2006, 18-19. The late Cardinal [[Basil Hume]] was Abbot of Ampleforth Abbey before being appointed Archbishop of Westminster.</ref><ref>Christopher Martin ''A Glimpse of Heaven: Catholic Churches in England and Wales'' (London: English Heritage, 2007). Examines the abbeys rebuilt after 1850 (by benefactors among the Catholic aristocracy and recusant squirearchy), mainly Benedictine but including a Cistercian Abbey at Mount St. Bernard (by Pugin) and a Carthusian Charterhouse in Sussex. There is a review of book by Richard Lethbridge "Monuments to Catholic confidence," ''The Tablet'' 10 February 2007, 27.</ref> [[Prinknash Abbey]], used by Henry VIII as a hunting lodge, was officially returned to the Benedictines four hundred years later, in 1928. During the next few years, so-called Prinknash Park was used as a home until it was returned to the order.<ref>http://www.advent.org: Prinknash Abbey.{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref><ref>Mian Ridge "Prinknash monks downsize," ''The Tablet'' 12 November 2005, 34.</ref> |
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⚫ | Since the [[Oxford Movement]], there has also been a modest flourishing of Benedictine monasticism in the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican Church]] and Protestant Churches. Anglican Benedictine Abbots are invited<!---invited, right? Not just "drop by." :)---> guests of the Benedictine Abbot Primate in Rome at Abbatial gatherings at Sant'Anselmo.<ref>{{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Rees |chapter=Anglican Monasticism |title=Encyclopedia of Monasticism |editor-first=William |editor-last=Johnston |location=New York |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publisher |year=2000 |page=29 |isbn=1-57958-090-4 }}</ref> There are an estimated 2,400 celibate Anglican Religious (1,080 men and 1,320 women) in the Anglican Communion as a whole, some of whom have adopted the Rule of St. Benedict.<ref>http://www.thekingdomisours.org.uk/communities.htm</ref> |
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⚫ | [[Minster-in-Thanet|St. Mildred's Priory]], on the [[Isle of Thanet]], [[Kent]], was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian [[King of Kent]]. Currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns. Four of the most notable English abbeys are the Basilica of St Gregory the Great at Downside, commonly known as [[Downside Abbey]], [[Ealing Abbey]] in Ealing, West London, St. Lawrence's in Yorkshire ([[Ampleforth Abbey]]), and [[Worth Abbey]].<ref>Colin Battell, OSB, "Spirituality on the beach," ''The Tablet'' 2 December 2006, 18-19. The late Cardinal [[Basil Hume]] was Abbot of Ampleforth Abbey before being appointed Archbishop of Westminster.</ref><ref>Christopher Martin ''A Glimpse of Heaven: Catholic Churches in England and Wales'' (London: English Heritage, 2007). Examines the abbeys rebuilt after 1850 (by benefactors among the Catholic aristocracy and recusant squirearchy), mainly Benedictine but including a Cistercian Abbey at Mount St. Bernard (by Pugin) and a Carthusian Charterhouse in Sussex. There is a review of book by Richard Lethbridge "Monuments to Catholic confidence," ''The Tablet'' 10 February 2007, 27.</ref> [[Prinknash Abbey]], used by Henry VIII as a hunting lodge, was officially returned to the Benedictines four hundred years later, in 1928. During the next few years, so-called Prinknash Park was used as a home until it was returned to the order.<ref>http://www.advent.org: Prinknash Abbey.</ref><ref>Mian Ridge "Prinknash monks downsize," ''The Tablet'' 12 November 2005, 34.</ref> |
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⚫ | As of 2015, the English Congregation consists of three abbeys of nuns and ten abbeys of monks. Members of the congregation are found in England, Wales, the United States of America, Peru and Zimbabwe.<ref name=English>[http://www.benedictines.org.uk/our-tradition/history/ "History", The English Benedictines]</ref> |
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⚫ | Since the [[Oxford Movement]], there has also been a modest flourishing of Benedictine monasticism in the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican Church]] and Protestant Churches. Anglican Benedictine Abbots are invited<!---invited, right? Not just "drop by." :)---> guests of the Benedictine Abbot Primate in Rome at Abbatial gatherings at Sant'Anselmo.<ref>{{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Rees |chapter=Anglican Monasticism |title=Encyclopedia of Monasticism |editor-first=William |editor-last=Johnston |location=New York |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publisher |year=2000 |page=29 |isbn=1-57958-090-4 }}</ref> There are an estimated 2,400 celibate Anglican Religious (1,080 men and 1,320 women) in the Anglican Communion as a whole, some of whom have adopted the Rule of St. Benedict.<ref>http://www.thekingdomisours.org.uk/communities.htm</ref> |
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===France=== |
===France=== |
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Monasteries were among the institutions of the Catholic Church swept away during the [[French Revolution]]. Monasteries were again allowed to form in the 19th century under the [[Bourbon Restoration]]. Later that century, under the [[Third French Republic]], laws were enacted preventing religious teaching. The original intent was to allow secular schools. Thus in 1880 and 1882, Benedictine teaching monks were effectively exiled; this was not completed until 1901.<ref>[http://www.st-benoit-du-lac.com/histoire1/history1.html] retrieved 29 November 2008.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Wk1KzHS1IagC&pg=PA495&lpg=PA495&dq=-wikipedia+benedictines+expelled+from+france+1901&source=web&ots=7RydgvaUmY&sig=e6nAEj6HiM6GS-WrGt1w1Fp3dpI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result] retrieved 29 November 2008 |
Monasteries were among the institutions of the Catholic Church swept away during the [[French Revolution]]. Monasteries were again allowed to form in the 19th century under the [[Bourbon Restoration]]. Later that century, under the [[Third French Republic]], laws were enacted preventing religious teaching. The original intent was to allow secular schools. Thus in 1880 and 1882, Benedictine teaching monks were effectively exiled; this was not completed until 1901.<ref>[http://www.st-benoit-du-lac.com/histoire1/history1.html] retrieved 29 November 2008.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Wk1KzHS1IagC&pg=PA495&lpg=PA495&dq=-wikipedia+benedictines+expelled+from+france+1901&source=web&ots=7RydgvaUmY&sig=e6nAEj6HiM6GS-WrGt1w1Fp3dpI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result] retrieved 29 November 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.ryde.shalfleet.net/wootton_and_quarr.htm Wootton and Fishbourne]. Ryde.shalfleet.net (4 August 2013). Retrieved on 7 September 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.citeaux.net/assisi2005/delivrance-eng.htm RGM 2005 OCSO]. Citeaux.net (28 February 1947). Retrieved on 7 September 2013.</ref> |
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==Organization== |
==Organization== |
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[[File:Bonifatius-gregorius-aedelbertus-noordwijk.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Saint Boniface]] (c. 680–750), [[Pope Gregory I]] (c. 540–604, pope 590–604), [[Adalbert of Egmond]] (8th century) and priest Jeroen van Noordwijk, depicted in a 1529 painting by Jan Joostsz van Hillegom currently on display at the [[Frans Hals Museum]]]] |
[[File:Bonifatius-gregorius-aedelbertus-noordwijk.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Saint Boniface]] (c. 680–750), [[Pope Gregory I]] (c. 540–604, pope 590–604), [[Adalbert of Egmond]] (8th century) and priest Jeroen van Noordwijk, depicted in a 1529 painting by Jan Joostsz van Hillegom currently on display at the [[Frans Hals Museum]]]] |
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[[File:Ruperthead.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Late Gothic]] sculpture of [[Rupert of Salzburg]] (c. 660–710)]] |
[[File:Ruperthead.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Late Gothic]] sculpture of [[Rupert of Salzburg]] (c. 660–710)]] |
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[[File:Bernhard von Clairvaux (Initiale-B).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bernard of Clairvaux]] (1090–1153) featured in a 13th-century illuminated manuscript]] |
[[File:Bernhard von Clairvaux (Initiale-B).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bernard of Clairvaux]] (1090–1153) featured in a 13th-century illuminated manuscript]] |
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[[File:Raban-Maur Alcuin Otgar.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Carolingian art|Carolingian manuscript]], c. 840, depicting [[Rabanus Maurus]] (left), supported by [[Alcuin]] (middle), presenting his work to [[Odgar|Otgar of Mainz]]]] |
[[File:Raban-Maur Alcuin Otgar.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Carolingian art|Carolingian manuscript]], c. 840, depicting [[Rabanus Maurus]] (left), supported by [[Alcuin]] (middle), presenting his work to [[Odgar|Otgar of Mainz]]]] |
Revision as of 03:27, 14 February 2015
Ordo Sancti Benedicti | |
Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal | |
Abbreviation | OSB |
---|---|
Formation | c. AD 529 |
Founder | Benedict of Nursia |
Type | Catholic religious order |
Headquarters | Church of Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino, Rome |
Notker Wolf O.S.B., | |
Main organ | Benedictine Confederation |
Website | osb |
The Order of Saint Benedict (OSB; Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti), also known – in reference to the colour of its members' habits – as the Black Monks, is a Roman Catholic religious order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict. Each community (monastery, priory or abbey) within the order maintains its own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. The terms "Order of Saint Benedict" and "Benedictine Order" are, however, also used to refer to Benedictine communities in toto, sometimes giving the incorrect impression that there exists a generalate or motherhouse with jurisdiction over them.
Internationally, the order is governed by the Benedictine Confederation, a body, established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIII's Brief Summum semper, whose head is known as the Abbot Primate. Individuals whose communities are members of the order generally add the initials "OSB" after their names.
Historical development
The monastery at Subiaco in Italy, established by Saint Benedict of Nursia circa 529, was the first of the dozen monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino. There is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order[1] and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. When Monte Cassino was sacked by the Lombards about the year 580, the monks fled to Rome, and it seems probable that this constituted an important factor in the diffusion of a knowledge of Benedictine monasticism.
It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that Augustine, the prior, and his forty companions set forth in 595 on their mission for the evangelization of England. At various stopping places during the journey, the monks left behind them traditions concerning their rule and form of life, and probably also some copies of the Rule. Lérins Abbey, for instance, founded by Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine and his companions in 596.[1]
Gregory of Tours says that at Ainay, in the sixth century, the monks "followed the rules of Basil, Cassian, Caesarius, and other fathers, taking and using whatever seemed proper to the conditions of time and place", and doubtless the same liberty was taken with the Benedictine Rule when it reached them. In Gaul and Switzerland, it supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually entirely displaced the earlier codes.[1]
By the ninth century, however, the Benedictine had become the standard form of monastic life throughout the whole of Western Europe, excepting Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, where the Celtic observance still prevailed for another century or two. Largely through the work of Benedict of Aniane, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire.[2]
The capitulary of 789 reads: "Let every monastery and every abbey have its school, in which boys may be taught the Psalms, the system of musical notation, singing, arithmetic and grammar". There can be no doubt that by boys are meant not only the candidates for the monastery and the wards (generally the children of nobles) committed to the care of the monks, but also the children of the village or country district around the monastery, for whom there was usually an external school attached to groups of monastic buildings.[3]
Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium. As a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole active work. An anonymous writer of the ninth or tenth century speaks of six hours a day as the usual task of a scribe, which would absorb almost all the time available for active work in the day of a medieval monk. [4]
In the Middle Ages monasteries were often founded by the nobility. Cluny Abbey was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910. The abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, through appointed priors.[2]
One of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by Romuald, who founded the Camaldolese community.
England
The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations. Augustine of Canterbury and his monks established the first English Benedictine monastery at Canterbury soon after their arrival in 597. Other foundations quickly followed. Through the influence of Wilfrid, Benedict Biscop, and Dunstan, the Benedictine Rule spread with extraordinary rapidity, and in the North it was adopted in most of the monasteries that had been founded by the Celtic missionaries from Iona. Many of the episcopal sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines, and no less than nine of the old cathedrals were served by the black monks of the priories attached to them.
Germany was evangelized by English Benedictines. Willibrord and Boniface preached there in the seventh and eighth centuries and founded several abbeys.
In the English Reformation, all monasteries were dissolved and their lands confiscated by the Crown, forcing their Catholic members to flee into exile on the Continent. During the 19th century they were able to return to England, including to Selby Abbey in Yorkshire, one of the few great monastic churches to survive the Dissolution.
St. Mildred's Priory, on the Isle of Thanet, Kent, was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian King of Kent. Currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns. Four of the most notable English abbeys are the Basilica of St Gregory the Great at Downside, commonly known as Downside Abbey, Ealing Abbey in Ealing, West London, St. Lawrence's in Yorkshire (Ampleforth Abbey), and Worth Abbey.[5][6] Prinknash Abbey, used by Henry VIII as a hunting lodge, was officially returned to the Benedictines four hundred years later, in 1928. During the next few years, so-called Prinknash Park was used as a home until it was returned to the order.[7][8]
Since the Oxford Movement, there has also been a modest flourishing of Benedictine monasticism in the Anglican Church and Protestant Churches. Anglican Benedictine Abbots are invited guests of the Benedictine Abbot Primate in Rome at Abbatial gatherings at Sant'Anselmo.[9] There are an estimated 2,400 celibate Anglican Religious (1,080 men and 1,320 women) in the Anglican Communion as a whole, some of whom have adopted the Rule of St. Benedict.[10]
As of 2015, the English Congregation consists of three abbeys of nuns and ten abbeys of monks. Members of the congregation are found in England, Wales, the United States of America, Peru and Zimbabwe.[11]
France
Monasteries were among the institutions of the Catholic Church swept away during the French Revolution. Monasteries were again allowed to form in the 19th century under the Bourbon Restoration. Later that century, under the Third French Republic, laws were enacted preventing religious teaching. The original intent was to allow secular schools. Thus in 1880 and 1882, Benedictine teaching monks were effectively exiled; this was not completed until 1901.[12][13][14][15]
Organization
Today, Benedictine monasticism is fundamentally different from other Western religious orders insofar as its individual communities are not part of a religious order with "Generalates" and "Superiors General". Rather, in modern times, the various autonomous houses have formed themselves loosely into congregations (for example, Cassinese, English, Solesmes, Subiaco, Camaldolese, Sylvestrines) that in turn are represented in the Benedictine Confederation that came into existence through Pope Leo XIII's Apostolic Brief "Summum semper" on 12 July 1883. This organization facilitates dialogue of Benedictine communities with each other and the relationship between Benedictine communities and other religious orders and the church at large.
The Rule of Saint Benedict is also used by a number of religious orders that began as reforms of the Benedictine tradition such as the Cistercians and Trappists although none of these groups are part of the Benedictine Confederation.
The largest number of Benedictines are Roman Catholics, but there are also some within the Anglican Communion and occasionally within other Christian denominations as well, for example, within the Lutheran Church.
Benedictine vow and life
Section 17 in chapter 58 of the Rule of Saint Benedict states the solemn promise candidates for reception into a Benedictine community are required to make: a promise of stability (i.e. to remain in the same community), conversatio morum (an idiomatic Latin phrase suggesting "conversion of manners"; see below) and obedience (to the community's superior, seen as holding the place of Christ within it). This solemn commitment tends to be referred to as the "Benedictine vow" and is the Benedictine antecedent and equivalent of the evangelical counsels professed by candidates for reception into a religious order.
Much scholarship over the last fifty years has been dedicated to the translation and interpretation of "conversatio morum". The older translation "conversion of life" has generally been replaced with phrases such as "[conversion to] a monastic manner of life", drawing from the Vulgate's use of conversatio as a translation of "citizenship" or "homeland" in Philippians 3:20. Some scholars have claimed that the vow formula of the Rule is best translated as "to live in this place as a monk, in obedience to its rule and abbot."
Benedictine abbots and abbesses have full jurisdiction of their abbey and thus absolute authority over the monks or nuns who are resident. This authority includes the power to assign duties, to decide which books may or may not be read, to regulate comings and goings, and to punish and to excommunicate, in the sense of an enforced isolation from the monastic community.
A tight communal timetable – the horarium – is meant to ensure that the time given by God is not wasted but used in God's service, whether for prayer, work, meals, spiritual reading or sleep.
Although Benedictines do not take a vow of silence, hours of strict silence are set, and at other time silence is maintained as much as is practically possible. Social conversations tend to be limited to communal recreation times. But such details, like the many other details of the daily routine of a Benedictine house that the Rule of St Benedict leaves to the discretion of the superior, are set out in its customary.[clarification needed]
In the Roman Catholic Church, according to the norms of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, a Benedictine abbey is a "religious institute" and its members are therefore members of the consecrated life. While Canon Law 588 §1 explains that Benedictine monks are "neither clerical nor lay", they can, however, be ordained. Benedictine Oblates endeavor to embrace the spirit of the Benedictine vow in their own life in the world.[16]
Famous Benedictines
Monks
Popes
- Pope Gregory I (c. 540–604, r. 590–604)
- Pope Sylvester II (c. 946–1003, r. 999–1003)
- Pope Gregory VII (c. 1020–85, r. 1073–85)
- Pope Victor III (c. 1026–87, r. 1086–87)
- Pope Paschal II (d. 1118, r. 1099–1118)
- Pope Gelasius II (d. 1119, r. 1118–19)
- Pope Celestine V (1215–96, r. 1294)
- Pope Clement VI (1291–1352, r. 1342–52)
- Pope Urban V (1310–70, r. 1362–70)
- Pope Pius VII (1742–1823, r. 1800–23)
- Pope Gregory XVI (1765–1846, r. 1831–46)
Apostles and missionaries
- Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604)
- Saint Boniface (c. 680–755)
- Willibrord (c. 658–739)
- Suitbert of Kaiserwerdt (d. 713)
- Rupert of Salzburg (c. 660–710)
- Saint Sturm (c. 705–79)
- Ansgar (801–65)
- Wolfgang of Regensburg (934–994)
- Adalbert of Prague (c. 956–97)
- Gerard Sagredo (c. 980–1046)
Founders of abbeys and congregations and prominent reformers
- Earconwald (c. 630–93)
- Benedict Biscop (c. 628–90)
- Leudwinus (c. 665–713)
- Benedict of Aniane (747–821)
- Dunstan (909–88)
- Berno of Cluny (c. 850–927)
- Odo of Cluny (c. 878–942)
- Majolus of Cluny (c. 906–94)
- Odilo of Cluny (c. 962–c. 1048)
- Bernard of Cluny (d. 1109)
- Peter the Venerable (c. 1092–1156)
- Romuald (c. 956–c. 1026)
- Robert of Molesme (c. 1028–1111)
- Alberic of Cîteaux (d. 1109)
- Stephen Harding (d. 1134)
- Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153)
- William of Hirsau (c. 1030–91)
- John Gualbert (995–1073)
- Stephen of Obazine (1084–1154)
- Robert of Arbrissel (c. 1045–1116)
- William of Montevergine (1085–1142)
- Sylvester Gozzolini (1177–1267)
- Bernardo Tolomei (1272–1348)
- Laurent Bénard (1573–1620)
- Prosper Guéranger (1805–1875)
- Jean-Baptiste Muard (1809–1854)
- Boniface Wimmer (1809–1887)
- Maurus Wolter (1825–1890)
- Martin Marty (1834–96)
- Andreas Amrhein (1844–1927)
- Lambert Beauduin (1873–1960)
- Sr. Margit Slachta,SSS (or Schlachta,1884–1974)
Scholars, historians, and spiritual writers
- Jonas of Bobbio (600-659)
- Bede (673–735)
- Aldhelm (c. 639–709)
- Alcuin (d. 804)
- Rabanus Maurus (c. 780–856)
- Paschasius Radbertus (785–865)
- Ratramnus (d. 866)
- Walafrid Strabo (c. 808–49)
- Notker Labeo (c. 950–1022)
- Guido of Arezzo (991–1050)
- Hermann of Reichenau (1013–54)
- Paul the Deacon (c. 720–99)
- Hincmar (806–82)
- Saint Maurus of Pécs (c. 1000–c. 1075)
- Peter Damian (c. 1007–72)
- Lanfranc (c 1005–89)
- Anselm of Canterbury (c 1033–1109)
- Eadmer (c 1060–c1126)
- Florence of Worcester (d. 1118)
- Symeon of Durham (d. 1130)
- Jocelyn de Brakelond (d. 1211)
- Matthew Paris (c. 1200–59)
- William of Malmesbury (c. 1095–c. 1143)
- Gervase of Canterbury (c. 1141–c. 1210)
- Roger of Wendover (d. 1236)
- Peter the Deacon (d. 1140)
- Adam Easton (d. 1397)
- Honoré Bonet (c. 1340–c1410)
- John Lydgate (c. 1370–c. 1451)
- John Whethamstede (d. 1465)
- Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516)
- Louis de Blois (1506–66)
- Benedict van Haeften (1588–1648)
- Augustine Baker (1575–1641)
- Jean Mabillon (1632-1707)
- Antoine Augustin Calmet (1672–1757)
- Magnoald Ziegelbauer (1689–1750)
- Marquard Herrgott (1694–1762)
- Luigi Tosti (1811–97)
- Jean Baptiste François Pitra (1812–89)
- Suitbert Bäumer (1845–94)
- Francis Aidan Gasquet (1846–1929)
- Fernand Cabrol (1855–1937)
- Germain Morin (1861–1946)
- John Chapman (1865–1933)
- Cuthbert Butler (1858–1934)
Maurists
- Nicolas-Hugues Ménard (1585–1644)
- Luc d'Achery (1609–85)
- Antoine-Joseph Mège (1625–91)
- Thierry Ruinart (1657–1709)
- François Lamy (1636–1711)
- Pierre Coustant (1654–1721)
- Edmond Martène (1654–1739)
- Ursin Durand (1682–1771)
- Bernard de Montfaucon (1655–1741)
- René-Prosper Tassin (1697–1777)
Bishops and martyrs
- Laurence of Canterbury (d. 619)
- Mellitus (d. 624)
- Justus (d. 627)
- Paulinus of York (d. 644)
- Leudwinus (c. 665–713)
- Oda of Canterbury (d. 958)
- Bertin (c. 615–c. 709)
- Wilfrid (c. 633–c. 709)
- Cuthbert (c. 634–87)
- John of Beverley (d. 721)
- Swithun (d. 862)
- Æthelwold of Winchester (d. 984)
- Edmund Rich (1175–1240)
- Abbot Suger (c. 1081–1151)
- John Beche (d. 1539)
- Richard Whiting (d. 1539)
- Hugh Cook Faringdon (d. 1539)
- Sigebert Buckley (c. 1520–c. 1610)
- John Roberts (1577-1610)
- Gabriel Gifford (1554–1629)
- Alban Roe (1583-1642)
- Philip Michael Ellis (1652–1726)
- Charles Walmesley (1722–97)
- William Placid Morris (1794–1872)
- John Polding (1794–1877)
- William Bernard Ullathorne (1806–89)
- Roger Vaughan (1834–83)
- Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavilla (1834–97)
- Joseph Pothier (1835–1923)
- John Cuthbert Hedley (1837–1915)
- Domenico Serafini (1852–1918)
Twentieth century
- Lambert Beauduin (1873–1960)
- Bl. Alfredo Schuster (1880–1954)
- Bede Griffiths (1906–1993)
- Paul Augustin Mayer (1911–2010)
- Hans Hermann Groër (1919–2003)
- Basil Hume (1923–1999)
- Rembert Weakland (1927–)
- Anselm Grün (1945–)
Nuns
- Scholastica (c. 480–547)
- Æthelthryth (c. 636–79)
- Hilda of Whitby (c. 614–80)
- Werburh (d. 699)
- Mildrith (d. early 7th century)
- Saint Walpurga (c. 710–79)
- Wulfthryth of Wilton (c. 937–1000)
- Saint Edith of Wilton (c. 961–984)
- Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179)
- Gertrude the Great (1256–c. 1302)
- Teresa Forcades (1966–)
Oblates
- Emperor Henry II (972–1024)
- Frances of Rome (1384–1440)
- Joris-Karl Huysmans (1848–1907)
- Romano Guardini (1885–1968)
- Dorothy Day (1897–1980)
- Walker Percy (1916–1990)
See also
- Ampleforth Abbey
- Catholic religious order
- Cistercians
- Linton Hall School
- Melk Abbey
- Missionary Benedictines
- Olivetans
- Saint Anselm Abbey
- St. Benedict Abbey (Still River, MA)
- Saint John's Abbey
- St. Vincent Archabbey
- Sisters of Social Service
- Subiaco Abbey and Academy
- Sylvestrines
- Trappists
- Westminster Abbey
References
- ^ a b c Alston, George Cyprian. "The Benedictine Order." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 13 Feb. 2015
- ^ a b Theisen OSB, Jerome. "The Benedictines: An Introduction"
- ^ Turner, William. "Carolingian Schools." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 11 February 2015
- ^ Huddleston, Gilbert. "Scriptorium." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 11 February 2015
- ^ Colin Battell, OSB, "Spirituality on the beach," The Tablet 2 December 2006, 18-19. The late Cardinal Basil Hume was Abbot of Ampleforth Abbey before being appointed Archbishop of Westminster.
- ^ Christopher Martin A Glimpse of Heaven: Catholic Churches in England and Wales (London: English Heritage, 2007). Examines the abbeys rebuilt after 1850 (by benefactors among the Catholic aristocracy and recusant squirearchy), mainly Benedictine but including a Cistercian Abbey at Mount St. Bernard (by Pugin) and a Carthusian Charterhouse in Sussex. There is a review of book by Richard Lethbridge "Monuments to Catholic confidence," The Tablet 10 February 2007, 27.
- ^ http://www.advent.org: Prinknash Abbey.[dead link]
- ^ Mian Ridge "Prinknash monks downsize," The Tablet 12 November 2005, 34.
- ^ Rees, Daniel (2000). "Anglican Monasticism". In Johnston, William (ed.). Encyclopedia of Monasticism. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn Publisher. p. 29. ISBN 1-57958-090-4.
- ^ http://www.thekingdomisours.org.uk/communities.htm
- ^ "History", The English Benedictines
- ^ [1] retrieved 29 November 2008.
- ^ [2] retrieved 29 November 2008.
- ^ Wootton and Fishbourne. Ryde.shalfleet.net (4 August 2013). Retrieved on 7 September 2013.
- ^ RGM 2005 OCSO. Citeaux.net (28 February 1947). Retrieved on 7 September 2013.
- ^ "928". Catechism of the Catholic Church. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ^ "Based on List from Catholic Encyclopedia". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Benedictine Order". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Further reading
- Dom Columba Marmion OSB, Christ the Ideal of the Monk – Spiritual Conferences on the Monastic and Religious Life (Engl. edition London 1926, trsl. from the French by a nun of Tyburn Convent).
- Mariano Dell'Omo, Storia del monachesimo occidentale dal medioevo all'età contemporanea. Il carisma di san Benedetto tra VI e XX secolo. Jaca Book, Milano 2011. ISBN 978-88-16-30493-2