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{{Short description|Imperial Russian Admiral and Minister of the Navy}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
|name= Fyodor Karlovich Avelan
|name= Theodor Kristian Avellan
|native_name= Федор Карлович Авелан
|native_name=
|native_name_lang= rus
|native_name_lang=
|birth_date={{Birth date|1839|09|12}}
|birth_date={{Birth date|1839|09|12}}
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1916|09|30|1839|09|12}}
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1916|09|30|1839|09|12}}
|birth_place= [[Loviisa]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]]
|birth_place= [[Loviisa]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], [[Russian Empire]]
|death_place=[[Petrograd]], Russia
|death_place=[[Petrograd]], [[Russian Empire]]
|image=Avelan.jpg
|image=Fyodor Avelan (1900).jpg
|image_size=200
|image_size=200
|caption= Admiral Fyodor Karlovich Avelan in 1904
|caption= Admiral Theodor Avellan in 1904
|nickname=
|nickname=
|allegiance = {{flag|Russian Empire}}
|allegiance = {{flag|Russian Empire}}
|branch = {{navy|Russian Empire}}
|branch = {{navy|Russian Empire}}
|serviceyears= 1855-1905
|serviceyears= 1855-1905
|rank=[[ Admiral]]
|rank=[[Admiral]]
|commands=
|commands=
|battles=[[Russo Japanese War]]
|battles=[[Russo Japanese War]]
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}}
}}
''' Fyodor Karlovich Avelan''' ({{Lang-ru| Федор Карлович Авелан}}, (12 September 1839 &ndash; 30 September 1916) was an admiral in the [[Imperial Russian Navy]], noted for his role in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904-1905. Although castigated by the Russian government for the defeat of Russia in that war, he subsequently served on the Board of Admiralty and was member of the State Council (1914).
'''Theodor Kristian Avellan''' ({{Lang-ru|Фёдор Карлович Авелан}}, Fyodor Karlovich Avelan; 12 September 1839 &ndash; 30 September 1916) was a [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Finland-Swedish]] admiral in the [[Imperial Russian Navy]], noted for his role in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905. Although castigated by the Russian government for the defeat of Russia in that war, he subsequently served on the Board of Admiralty and was member of the State Council (1914).


==Biography==
==Biography==
Avelan was born to a noble family in [[Loviisa]] in the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]]. He graduated from the [[Sea Cadet Corps (Russia)|Sea Cadets Corps]] in 1855, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1857, and was assigned to the [[Baltic Fleet]], and was promoted to lieutenant in 1872. In 1878, he took part in a naval expedition to the coasts of North America and was subsequently given command of the cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Asia|1878|2}}. Between 1879-1889 he made two world tours, commanding a number of different vessels. In 1889 he was promoted to Chief-of-Staff of [[Kronstadt]] naval base. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1891.
Avellan was born in [[Loviisa]] in the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]]. He graduated from the [[Sea Cadet Corps (Russia)|Sea Cadets Corps]] in 1855, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1857, and was assigned to the [[Baltic Fleet]], and was promoted to lieutenant in 1872. In 1878, he took part in a naval expedition to the coasts of North America and was subsequently given command of the cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Asia|1878|2}}. Between 1879-1889 he made two world tours, commanding a number of different vessels. In 1889 he was promoted to Chief-of-Staff of [[Kronstadt]] naval base. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1891.
From 1893-1894, Avelan commanded the Russian squadron in the Mediterranean, and from 1895-1897 he served as Deputy Chief-of-Staff of the Imperial Russian Navy. He then became Chief-of-Staff and was raised in rank the [[Adjutant-General]] in 1903. He served as Minister of the Navy from 10 March 1903 to 29 June 1905. Following the massive defeat of the Imperial Russian Navy at the [[Battle of Tsushima]], he was held responsible for the disaster due to his underestimation of the Japanese and was stripped of his rank. Although he presented his resignation to [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]], his resignation was rejected. In 1914, he was allowed to have a seat in the [[State Council (Russian Empire)|Council of State]]. He died on 30 September 1916 in [[Petrograd]].
From 1893–1894, Avellan commanded the Russian squadron in the Mediterranean, and visited the French Navy in [[Toulon]] (October 1893) to reinforce the [[Franco-Russian Alliance]].<ref>''[[L'Illustration]]'', n° 2642 , October 14, 1893</ref> From 1895-1897 he served as Deputy Chief-of-Staff of the Imperial Russian Navy. He then became Chief-of-Staff and was raised in rank the [[Adjutant-General]] in 1903. He served as Minister of the Navy from 10 March 1903 to 29 June 1905. Following the massive defeat of the Imperial Russian Navy at the [[Battle of Tsushima]], he was held responsible for the disaster due to his underestimation of the Japanese and was stripped of his rank. Although he presented his resignation to [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]], his resignation was rejected. In 1914, he was allowed to have a seat in the [[State Council (Russian Empire)|Council of State]]. He died on 30 September 1916 in [[Petrograd]].


==Decorations==
==Decorations==
*1869 : [[File:Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG|30px|link=Order of St. Stanislav]] [[Order of St. Stanislaus]] 3rd degree
*1869 : [[File:Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG|30px|link=Order of St. Stanislav]] [[Order of St. Stanislaus]] 3rd degree
*1872: [[File:Order of Saint Anne Ribbon.PNG|30px|link=Order of St. Anna]] [[Order of St. Anna|Order of St. Anne]] 3rd degree
*1872: [[File:Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg|30px|link=Order of St. Anna]] [[Order of St. Anna|Order of St. Anne]] 3rd degree
*1875 : [[File: Cavaliere SSML BAR.svg |30px|link= Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], 4th class (Italy)
*1875 : [[File:Cavaliere SSML BAR.svg|30px|link= Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], 4th class (Italy)
*1875: [[File:Saint vladimir (bande).png|30px|link=Order of St. Vladimir]] [[Order of St Vladimir]] 4th degree
*1875: [[File:Saint vladimir (bande).png|30px|link=Order of St. Vladimir]] [[Order of St Vladimir]] 4th degree
*1876 : [[File:Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG|30px|link=Order of St. Stanislav]] [[Order of St. Stanislaus]] 3rd degree
*1876 : [[File:Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG|30px|link=Order of St. Stanislav]] [[Order of St. Stanislaus]] 3rd degree
*1879: [[File:Order of Saint Anne Ribbon.PNG|30px|link=Order of St. Anna]] [[Order of St. Anna|Order of St. Anne]] 2nd degree
*1879: [[File:Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg|30px|link=Order of St. Anna]] [[Order of St. Anna|Order of St. Anne]] 2nd degree
*1883 : [[File: Royal Order of Kapi'olani. Officer.gif|30px|link= Royal Order of Kapiolani]] [[Royal Order of Kapiolani]], Commanders Cross (Hawaii)
*1883 : [[File:Royal Order of Kapi'olani. Officer.gif|30px|link= Royal Order of Kapiolani]] [[Royal Order of Kapiolani]], Commanders Cross (Hawaii)
*1884 : [[File: GRE Order Redeemer 2Class.png|30px|link= Order of the Redeemer]] [[Order of the Redeemer]], 2nd class (Greece)
*1884 : [[File:GRE Order Redeemer 2Class.svg|30px|link= Order of the Redeemer]] [[Order of the Redeemer]], 2nd class (Greece)
*1890 : [[File:Saint vladimir (bande).png|30px|link=Order of St. Vladimir]] [[Order of St Vladimir]] 3rd degree
*1890 : [[File:Saint vladimir (bande).png|30px|link=Order of St. Vladimir]] [[Order of St Vladimir]] 3rd degree
*1891 : [[File: Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|30px|link= Legion of Honor]] [[Legion of Honor]], Commanders Cross, (France)
*1891 : [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|30px|link= Legion of Honor]] [[Legion of Honor]], Commanders Cross, (France)
*1893 : [[File: Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|30px|link= Legion of Honor]] [[Legion of Honor]], 2nd class, (France)
*1893 : [[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|30px|link= Legion of Honor]] [[Legion of Honor]], 2nd class, (France)
*1894 : [[File: Order of the Medjidie lenta.png|30px|link= Order of the Medjidie]] [[Order of the Medjidie]], 2nd class, (Ottoman Empire)
*1894 : [[File:Order of the Medjidie lenta.png|30px|link= Order of the Medjidie]] [[Order of the Medjidie]], 2nd class, (Ottoman Empire)
*1896: [[File:Order of Saint Anne Ribbon.PNG|30px|link=Order of St. Anna]] [[Order of St. Anna|Order of St. Anne]] 1st degree
*1896: [[File:Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg|30px|link=Order of St. Anna]] [[Order of St. Anna|Order of St. Anne]] 1st degree
*1897 : [[File: GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.png |30px|link= Order of the Redeemer]] [[Order of the Redeemer]], Grand Cross (Greece)
*1897 : [[File:GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.png|30px|link= Order of the Redeemer]] [[Order of the Redeemer]], Grand Cross (Greece)
*1897 : [[File: DNK Order of Danebrog Commander BAR.png|30px|link= Order of the Dannebrog]] [[Order of the Dannebrog]], Knight Commander 2nd class (Denmark)
*1897 : [[File:DNK Order of Danebrog Commander BAR.png|30px|link= Order of the Dannebrog]] [[Order of the Dannebrog]], Knight Commander 2nd class (Denmark)
*1899 : [[File:Saint vladimir (bande).png|30px|link=Order of St. Vladimir]] [[Order of St Vladimir]] 2nd degree
*1899 : [[File:Saint vladimir (bande).png|30px|link=Order of St. Vladimir]] [[Order of St Vladimir]] 2nd degree
*1891 : [[File:Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG|30px|link=Order of St. Stanislav]] [[Order of St. Stanislaus]] 1st degree
*1891 : [[File:Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG|30px|link=Order of St. Stanislav]] [[Order of St. Stanislaus]] 1st degree
*1897 : [[File: Ord.Franz.Joseph-GC.png|30px|link= Order of Franz Joseph]] [[Order of Franz Joseph]], Grand Cross (Austria-Hungary)
*1897 : [[File:Ord.Franz.Joseph-GC.png|30px|link= Order of Franz Joseph]] [[Order of Franz Joseph]], Grand Cross (Austria-Hungary)
*1897 : [[File: Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown - ribbon bar.png|30px|link= Order of the Crown (Prussia)]] [[Order of the Crown (Prussia)|Order of the Crown]], 1st class (Prussia)
*1897 : [[File:Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown - ribbon bar.png|30px|link= Order of the Crown (Prussia)]] [[Order of the Crown (Prussia)|Order of the Crown]], 1st class (Prussia)
*1897 : [[File: Order of the Crown of Thailand - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.png|30px|link=Order of the Crown of ThailandSun]] [[Order of the Crown of Thailand|Order of the Crown of Siam]], 1st class (Siam)
*1897 : [[File:Order of the Crown of Thailand - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|30px|link=Order of the Crown of ThailandSun]] [[Order of the Crown of Thailand|Order of the Crown of Siam]], 1st class (Siam)
*1898 : [[File:Bg1osa.gif|30px]] [[Order of St Alexander]] 1st Class (Bulgaria)
*1898 : [[File:Bg1osa.gif|30px]] [[Order of St Alexander]] 1st Class (Bulgaria)
*1899 : [[File: Star of Romania Ribbon.PNG|30px|link=Order of the Star of Romania]] Knight Grand Cross [[Order of the Star of Romania]], 1st class (Romania)
*1899 : [[File:Order of the Star of Romania - Ribbon bar.svg|30px|link=Order of the Star of Romania]] Knight Grand Cross [[Order of the Star of Romania]], 1st class (Romania)
*1900 : [[File: JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|30px|link=Order of the Rising Sun]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 1st class (Japan)
*1900 : [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|30px|link=Order of the Rising Sun]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 1st class (Japan)
*1900 : [[File:Saint vladimir (bande).png|30px|link=Order of St. Vladimir]] [[Order of St Vladimir]] 1st degree
*1900 : [[File:Saint vladimir (bande).png|30px|link=Order of St. Vladimir]] [[Order of St Vladimir]] 1st degree
*1902 : [[File: Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg|30px|link= Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], 1st class (Italy)
*1902 : [[File:Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg|30px|link= Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], 1st class (Italy)
*1902 : [[File: RUS Order White Eagle BAR.png|30px|link= Order of the White Eagle]] [[Order of the White Eagle]]
*1902 : [[File:RUS Order White Eagle BAR.png|30px|link=Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)]] [[Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)|Order of the White Eagle]]
*1902 : [[File: Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png |30px|link= Order of the Red Eagle]] [[Order of the Red Eagle]], 1st class (Prussia)
*1902 : [[File:Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png|30px|link= Order of the Red Eagle]] [[Order of the Red Eagle]], 1st class (Prussia)
*1902 : [[File: SWE Royal Order of the Sword - Commander Grand Cross BAR.png |30px|link= Order of the Sword]] [[Order of the Sword]], 1st class (Sweden)
*1902 : [[File:SWE Royal Order of the Sword - Commander Grand Cross BAR.png|30px|link= Order of the Sword]] [[Order of the Sword]], 1st class (Sweden)
*1907 : [[File:Band to Order St Alexander Nevsky.png|30px|link= Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]] [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]]
*1907 : [[File:Band to Order St Alexander Nevsky.png|30px|link= Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]] [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]]
*1912 : [[File:Band to Order St Alexander Nevsky.png|30px|link= Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]] [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]], with diamonds
*1912 : [[File:Band to Order St Alexander Nevsky.png|30px|link= Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]] [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]], with diamonds
Line 60: Line 61:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Connaughton, R.M (1988). ''The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5'', London, ISBN 0-415-00906-5.
*{{cite book | last = Kowner| first = Rotem| coauthors = | year = 2006 | title = Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War| publisher = The Scarecrow Press | location = ISBN 0-8108-4927-5 | id = }}
* Connaughton, R.M (1988). ''The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5'', London, {{ISBN|0-415-00906-5}}.
* Warner, Denis & Peggy. ''The Tide at Sunrise, A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905''. (1975). ISBN 0-7146-5256-3.
*{{cite book | last = Kowner| first = Rotem|author-link=Rotem Kowner| year = 2006 | title = Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War| publisher = The Scarecrow Press | ISBN=0-8108-4927-5 }}
* Warner, Denis & Peggy. ''The Tide at Sunrise, A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905''. (1975). {{ISBN|0-7146-5256-3}}.


{{authority control}}


⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Avellan, Theodor}}
{{Persondata
| NAME = Fyodor Karlovich Avelan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Федор Карлович Авелан (Russian)
⚫
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =Imperial Russian Navy Minister
| DATE OF BIRTH =12 September 1839
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Loviisa]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =30 September 1916
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Petrograd]], Russia
}}

⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Avelan, Fyodor}}
[[Category:Imperial Russian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Loviisa]]
[[Category:People from Loviisa]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)]]
⚫
[[Category:Imperial Russian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War]]
[[Category:Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War]]
[[Category:Members of the State Council of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)]]
[[Category: Recipients of the Order of the Crown of Italy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class]]
[[Category:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category: Recipients of the Order of the Redeemer]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category: Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)]]
[[Category:Swedish-speaking Finns]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russian)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Eagle]]
[[Category:Naval Cadet Corps alumni]]
[[Category:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky recipients]]

[[ru:Авелан, Фёдор Карлович]]

Latest revision as of 08:26, 29 August 2023

Theodor Kristian Avellan
Admiral Theodor Avellan in 1904
Born(1839-09-12)September 12, 1839
Loviisa, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire
DiedSeptember 30, 1916(1916-09-30) (aged 77)
Petrograd, Russian Empire
Allegiance Russian Empire
Service/branch Imperial Russian Navy
Years of service1855-1905
RankAdmiral
Battles/warsRusso Japanese War
Other workMinister of the Navy

Theodor Kristian Avellan (Russian: Фёдор Карлович Авелан, Fyodor Karlovich Avelan; 12 September 1839 – 30 September 1916) was a Finland-Swedish admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy, noted for his role in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. Although castigated by the Russian government for the defeat of Russia in that war, he subsequently served on the Board of Admiralty and was member of the State Council (1914).

Biography[edit]

Avellan was born in Loviisa in the Grand Duchy of Finland. He graduated from the Sea Cadets Corps in 1855, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1857, and was assigned to the Baltic Fleet, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1872. In 1878, he took part in a naval expedition to the coasts of North America and was subsequently given command of the cruiser Asia. Between 1879-1889 he made two world tours, commanding a number of different vessels. In 1889 he was promoted to Chief-of-Staff of Kronstadt naval base. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1891. From 1893–1894, Avellan commanded the Russian squadron in the Mediterranean, and visited the French Navy in Toulon (October 1893) to reinforce the Franco-Russian Alliance.[1] From 1895-1897 he served as Deputy Chief-of-Staff of the Imperial Russian Navy. He then became Chief-of-Staff and was raised in rank the Adjutant-General in 1903. He served as Minister of the Navy from 10 March 1903 to 29 June 1905. Following the massive defeat of the Imperial Russian Navy at the Battle of Tsushima, he was held responsible for the disaster due to his underestimation of the Japanese and was stripped of his rank. Although he presented his resignation to Tsar Nicholas II, his resignation was rejected. In 1914, he was allowed to have a seat in the Council of State. He died on 30 September 1916 in Petrograd.

Decorations[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ L'Illustration, n° 2642 , October 14, 1893
  • Connaughton, R.M (1988). The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5, London, ISBN 0-415-00906-5.
  • Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.
  • Warner, Denis & Peggy. The Tide at Sunrise, A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905. (1975). ISBN 0-7146-5256-3.
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