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[[File:Statute of Rhuddlan.jpg|thumb|upright|Page from [[Peniarth Manuscripts|Peniarth MS]] 41, a 15th-century manuscript of the Statute of Rhuddlan in Welsh]] |
[[File:Statute of Rhuddlan.jpg|thumb|upright|Page from [[Peniarth Manuscripts|Peniarth MS]] 41, a 15th-century manuscript of the Statute of Rhuddlan in Welsh]] |
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The '''Statute of Rhuddlan'''{{#tag:ref|The name ''Statute of Rutland'' has been used erroneously by older authors, including Blackstone's ''[[Commentaries on the Laws of England]]''; that name properly |
The '''Statute of Rhuddlan'''{{#tag:ref|The name ''Statute of Rutland'' has been used erroneously by older authors, including in Blackstone's ''[[Commentaries on the Laws of England]]''; that name properly refers to an unrelated statute made the same year at [[Rutland]] in England.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Compton |first1=C. H. |title=The Ancient Laws and Statutes of Wales |journal=Journal of the British Archaeological Association |date=1878 |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shMpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA452 |publisher=British Archaeological Association. |language=en}}</ref> |group="n"}} ({{lang-cy|Statud Rhuddlan}}), also known as the '''Statutes of Wales''' ({{lang-la|Statuta Valliae}}) or as the '''Statute of Wales''' ({{lang-la|Statutum Valliae|links=no}}), was a royal ordinance by [[Edward I of England]], which gave the constitutional basis for the government of the [[Principality of Wales]] from 1284 until 1536. |
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The statute followed the [[Conquest of Wales by Edward I]] and the killing of the last Welsh prince to rule the whole Principality, [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] in 1282. The statute introduced [[English common law]] to Wales, but also permitted the continuance of Welsh legal practices within the Principality. The statute also introduced the English shire system to the Principality of Wales. Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by [[Cyfraith Hywel|Welsh law]] and the native [[List of rulers of Wales|Princes of Wales]]. |
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| ⚫ | The statute was not an [[act of Parliament]], but rather a royal [[decree|ordinance]] made after careful consideration by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] on 3 March 1284.<ref name="Jones1969">{{cite book|author=Francis Jones |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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The [[English Crown]] already had a means of governing South Wales in the [[Honour (feudal barony)|honours]] of [[Carmarthen]] and [[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]], which went back to 1240. These became counties under the government of the [[Justiciar of South Wales]] (or of West Wales), who was based in Carmarthen. The changes of the period made little difference in the substantial swathe of land from [[Pembrokeshire]] through South Wales to the [[Welsh Borders]] which was already in the hands of the [[marcher lords]].<ref name="Davies">{{Citation |first=R. R. |last=Davies |title=Conquest, Coexistence and Change: Wales 1063–1415 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-19-821732-3 |at=ch. 14 }}.</ref> Nor did they alter the administration of the royal lordships of [[Montgomery, Powys|Montgomery]] and [[Builth]], which retained their existing institutions.{{sfn|Davies|2000|pp=357, 364}} |
The [[English Crown]] already had a means of governing South Wales in the [[Honour (feudal barony)|honours]] of [[Carmarthen]] and [[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]], which went back to 1240. These became counties under the government of the [[Justiciar of South Wales]] (or of West Wales), who was based in Carmarthen. The changes of the period made little difference in the substantial swathe of land from [[Pembrokeshire]] through South Wales to the [[Welsh Borders]] which was already in the hands of the [[marcher lords]].<ref name="Davies">{{Citation |first=R. R. |last=Davies |title=Conquest, Coexistence and Change: Wales 1063–1415 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-19-821732-3 |at=ch. 14 }}.</ref> Nor did they alter the administration of the royal lordships of [[Montgomery, Powys|Montgomery]] and [[Builth]], which retained their existing institutions.{{sfn|Davies|2000|pp=357, 364}} |
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== |
== Statute == |
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The statute also divided Wales into administrations of government via shires which were essentially provinces of the English crown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Watkin |first=Thomas Glyn |title=The Legal History of Wales |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7083-2064-8 |location=Cardiff |pages=101–114 |language=English}}</ref> Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by [[Welsh law]] and the native [[List of rulers of Wales|Princes of Wales]], the last prince to rule the whole Principality being [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]], killed in an ambush by the English in 1282.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| ⚫ | The statute was not an [[act of Parliament]], but rather a royal [[decree|ordinance]] made after careful consideration by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] on 3 March 1284.<ref name="Jones1969">{{cite book |author=Francis Jones |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SWTAAAAIAAJ |title=The Princes and Principality of Wales |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=1969 |isbn=9780900768200}}</ref> It takes its name from [[Rhuddlan Castle]] in [[Denbighshire]] where it was first [[promulgation|promulgated]] on 19 March 1284.<ref name="Barrow1956">{{cite book |author=G. W. S. Barrow |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FlnAAAAMAAJ |title=Feudal Britain: the completion of the medieval kingdoms, 1066–1314 |publisher=E. Arnold |year=1956 |isbn=9787240008980}}</ref> The Statute was superseded by the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542]] when [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] made Wales unequivocally part of the "realm of England".<ref name="LiWA1535">The Laws in Wales Act 1535 ({{lang|la|A.D. 1535 Anno vicesimo septimo Henrici VIII c. 26}})</ref> The statute was formally repealed by the [[Statute Law Revision Act 1887]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statute Law Revision Act 1887, Schedule |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1887/act/59/schedule/1/enacted/en/html |website=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB) |language=en |quote=12 Edw. 1. cc. 1–14 Statuta Wallie (the Statutes of Wales)}}</ref> |
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=== Counties === |
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[[File:Wales after the Statute of Rhuddlan 1284.svg|thumb|Map of [[Wales]] after the Statute of Rhuddlan. |
[[File:Wales after the Statute of Rhuddlan 1284.svg|thumb|Map of [[Wales]] after the Statute of Rhuddlan. |
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{{legend|#87de87|Former [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|principality of Gwynedd]] with counties created by the Statute of Rhuddlan}} |
{{legend|#87de87|Former [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|principality of Gwynedd]] with counties created by the Statute of Rhuddlan}} |
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The Statute of Rhuddlan was issued from [[Rhuddlan Castle]] in North Wales, one of the "iron ring" of fortresses built by Edward I to control his newly conquered lands.{{sfn|Davies|2000|pp=357–360}} It provided the constitutional basis for the government of what was called "The Land of Wales" or "the king's lands of Snowdon and his other lands in Wales", but subsequently called the "Principality of North Wales".{{sfn|Davies|2000|p=356}} The Statute divided the principality into the [[historic counties of Wales|counties]] of [[Isle of Anglesey|Anglesey]], [[Merionethshire]], [[Caernarfonshire]], and [[Flintshire (historic)|Flintshire]], which were created out of the remnants of the [[Kingdom of Gwynedd]] in [[North Wales]].<ref name="Jones1990">{{cite book|author=J. Graham Jones|title=The history of Wales: a pocket guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xA0XAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2 March 2011|year=1990|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0-7083-1076-2|page=32}}</ref> Flintshire was created out of the lordships of [[Tegeingl]], Hopedale, and [[Maelor Saesneg]]. It was administered with the [[County palatine|Palatinate]] of [[Cheshire]] by the [[Justice of Chester|Justiciar of Chester]].{{sfn|Davies|2000|p=364}} |
The Statute of Rhuddlan was issued from [[Rhuddlan Castle]] in North Wales, one of the "iron ring" of fortresses built by Edward I to control his newly conquered lands.{{sfn|Davies|2000|pp=357–360}} It provided the constitutional basis for the government of what was called "The Land of Wales" or "the king's lands of Snowdon and his other lands in Wales", but subsequently called the "Principality of North Wales".{{sfn|Davies|2000|p=356}} The Statute divided the principality into the [[historic counties of Wales|counties]] of [[Isle of Anglesey|Anglesey]], [[Merionethshire]], [[Caernarfonshire]], and [[Flintshire (historic)|Flintshire]], which were created out of the remnants of the [[Kingdom of Gwynedd]] in [[North Wales]].<ref name="Jones1990">{{cite book|author=J. Graham Jones|title=The history of Wales: a pocket guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xA0XAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2 March 2011|year=1990|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0-7083-1076-2|page=32}}</ref> Flintshire was created out of the lordships of [[Tegeingl]], Hopedale, and [[Maelor Saesneg]]. It was administered with the [[County palatine|Palatinate]] of [[Cheshire]] by the [[Justice of Chester|Justiciar of Chester]].{{sfn|Davies|2000|p=364}} |
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The other three counties were overseen by a [[Justiciar of North Wales]] and a provincial exchequer at [[Caernarfon]], run by the [[Chamberlain of North Wales]], who accounted to the [[Exchequer]] at [[Westminster]] for the revenues he collected. Under them were royal officials such as [[sheriff]]s, [[coroner]]s, and [[bailiff]]s to collect taxes and administer justice.<ref name="BlakeleyCollins1993">{{cite book|author1=Brian L. Blakeley|author2=Jacquelin Collins|title=Documents in British History: Early times to 1714|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cIAQAAMAAJ|access-date=2 March 2011|year=1993|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-005701-2|page=74}}</ref>{{sfn|Davies|2000|pp=364–365}} The king had ordered an inquiry into the rents and other dues to which the princes had been entitled, and these were enforced by the new officials. At the local level, [[commote]]s became [[Hundred (county division)|hundreds]], but their customs, boundaries and offices remained largely unchanged. |
The other three counties were overseen by a [[Justiciar of North Wales]] and a provincial exchequer at [[Caernarfon]], run by the [[Chamberlain of North Wales]], who accounted to the [[Exchequer]] at [[Westminster]] for the revenues he collected. Under them were royal officials such as [[sheriff]]s, [[coroner]]s, and [[bailiff]]s to collect taxes and administer justice.<ref name="BlakeleyCollins1993">{{cite book|author1=Brian L. Blakeley|author2=Jacquelin Collins|title=Documents in British History: Early times to 1714|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cIAQAAMAAJ|access-date=2 March 2011|year=1993|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-005701-2|page=74}}</ref>{{sfn|Davies|2000|pp=364–365}} The king had ordered an inquiry into the rents and other dues to which the princes had been entitled, and these were enforced by the new officials. At the local level, [[commote]]s became [[Hundred (county division)|hundreds]], but their customs, boundaries and offices remained largely unchanged.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} |
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==Law |
=== Law === |
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The Statute introduced the [[English common law]] system to Wales,<ref name="Barnett2004">{{cite book|first=Hilaire|last=Barnett|title=Constitutional and Administrative Law |edition=5th |year=2004 |publisher=Cavendish |page=59}}</ref> but the law administered was not precisely the same as in England. The criminal law was much the same, with felonies such as [[murder]], [[larceny]] and [[robbery]] prosecuted before the justiciar, as in England. The English writs and forms of action, such as [[novel disseisin]], [[debt]] and [[dower]], operated, but with oversight from Caernarfon, rather than the distant Westminster. However, the Welsh practice of settling disputes by arbitration was retained. The procedure for debt was in advance of that in England, in that a default judgment could be obtained. In land law, the Welsh practice of [[partible inheritance]] continued, but in accordance with English practice: |
The Statute introduced the [[English common law]] system to Wales,<ref name="Barnett2004">{{cite book|first=Hilaire|last=Barnett|title=Constitutional and Administrative Law |edition=5th |year=2004 |publisher=Cavendish |page=59}}</ref> but the law administered was not precisely the same as in England. The criminal law was much the same, with felonies such as [[murder]], [[larceny]] and [[robbery]] prosecuted before the justiciar, as in England. The English writs and forms of action, such as [[novel disseisin]], [[debt]] and [[dower]], operated, but with oversight from Caernarfon, rather than the distant Westminster. However, the Welsh practice of settling disputes by arbitration was retained. The procedure for debt was in advance of that in England, in that a default judgment could be obtained. In land law, the Welsh practice of [[partible inheritance]] continued, but in accordance with English practice: |
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*Daughters could inherit their father's lands if there was no son. |
*Daughters could inherit their father's lands if there was no son. |
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Latest revision as of 14:33, 3 March 2024
The Statute of Rhuddlan[n 1] (Welsh: Statud Rhuddlan), also known as the Statutes of Wales (Latin: Statuta Valliae) or as the Statute of Wales (Latin: Statutum Valliae), was a royal ordinance by Edward I of England, which gave the constitutional basis for the government of the Principality of Wales from 1284 until 1536.
The statute followed the Conquest of Wales by Edward I and the killing of the last Welsh prince to rule the whole Principality, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282. The statute introduced English common law to Wales, but also permitted the continuance of Welsh legal practices within the Principality. The statute also introduced the English shire system to the Principality of Wales. Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by Welsh law and the native Princes of Wales.
Background[edit]
The Prince of Gwynedd had been recognised by the English Crown as Prince of Wales in 1267, holding his lands with the king of England as his feudal overlord. It was thus that the English interpreted the title of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Lord of Aberffraw, which was briefly held after his death by his successor Dafydd ap Gruffudd. This meant that when Llywelyn rebelled, the English interpreted it as an act of treason. Accordingly, his lands escheated to the king of England, and Edward I took possession of the Principality of Wales by military conquest from 1282 to 1283. By this means the principality became "united and annexed" to the Crown of England.[2][page needed]
Following his conquest Edward I erected four new marcher lordships in northeast Wales: Chirk (Chirkland), Bromfield and Yale (Powys Fadog), Ruthin (Dyffryn Clwyd) and Denbigh (Lordship of Denbigh); and one in South Wales, Cantref Bychan.[3] He restored the principality of Powys Wenwynwyn to Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn who had suffered at the hands of Llewelyn, and he and his successor Owen de la Pole held it as a marcher lordship. Rhys ap Maredudd of Dryslwyn would have been in a similar position in Cantref Mawr, having adhered to the king during Llewelyn's rebellion, but he forfeited his lands by rebelling in 1287. A few other minor Welsh nobles submitted in time to retain their lands, but became little more than gentry.[4]
The English Crown already had a means of governing South Wales in the honours of Carmarthen and Cardigan, which went back to 1240. These became counties under the government of the Justiciar of South Wales (or of West Wales), who was based in Carmarthen. The changes of the period made little difference in the substantial swathe of land from Pembrokeshire through South Wales to the Welsh Borders which was already in the hands of the marcher lords.[5] Nor did they alter the administration of the royal lordships of Montgomery and Builth, which retained their existing institutions.[6]
Statute[edit]
The statute also divided Wales into administrations of government via shires which were essentially provinces of the English crown.[7] Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by Welsh law and the native Princes of Wales, the last prince to rule the whole Principality being Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, killed in an ambush by the English in 1282.[7]
The statute was not an act of Parliament, but rather a royal ordinance made after careful consideration by Edward I on 3 March 1284.[8] It takes its name from Rhuddlan Castle in Denbighshire where it was first promulgated on 19 March 1284.[9] The Statute was superseded by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 when Henry VIII made Wales unequivocally part of the "realm of England".[10] The statute was formally repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1887.[11]
Counties[edit]
The Statute of Rhuddlan was issued from Rhuddlan Castle in North Wales, one of the "iron ring" of fortresses built by Edward I to control his newly conquered lands.[12] It provided the constitutional basis for the government of what was called "The Land of Wales" or "the king's lands of Snowdon and his other lands in Wales", but subsequently called the "Principality of North Wales".[13] The Statute divided the principality into the counties of Anglesey, Merionethshire, Caernarfonshire, and Flintshire, which were created out of the remnants of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in North Wales.[14] Flintshire was created out of the lordships of Tegeingl, Hopedale, and Maelor Saesneg. It was administered with the Palatinate of Cheshire by the Justiciar of Chester.[15]
The other three counties were overseen by a Justiciar of North Wales and a provincial exchequer at Caernarfon, run by the Chamberlain of North Wales, who accounted to the Exchequer at Westminster for the revenues he collected. Under them were royal officials such as sheriffs, coroners, and bailiffs to collect taxes and administer justice.[16][17] The king had ordered an inquiry into the rents and other dues to which the princes had been entitled, and these were enforced by the new officials. At the local level, commotes became hundreds, but their customs, boundaries and offices remained largely unchanged.[citation needed]
Law[edit]
The Statute introduced the English common law system to Wales,[18] but the law administered was not precisely the same as in England. The criminal law was much the same, with felonies such as murder, larceny and robbery prosecuted before the justiciar, as in England. The English writs and forms of action, such as novel disseisin, debt and dower, operated, but with oversight from Caernarfon, rather than the distant Westminster. However, the Welsh practice of settling disputes by arbitration was retained. The procedure for debt was in advance of that in England, in that a default judgment could be obtained. In land law, the Welsh practice of partible inheritance continued, but in accordance with English practice:
- Daughters could inherit their father's lands if there was no son.
- Widows were entitled to dower in a third of their late husband's lands.
- Bastards were excluded from inheriting.[19]
Building[edit]
The Parliament House of Edward III in Rhuddlan where it was thought that the Statute of Rhuddlan was promulgated. Thomas Pennant remarks in 1778, "A piece of antient building called the Parlement is still to be seen in Rhuddlan: probably where the king sat in council."[20] Pennant was to get John Ingleby to provide a watercolour of the building.[21] Today the building still partially stands in Parliament Street, with a late 13th-century doorway and a 14th-century cusped ogee door head.[22]
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ The name Statute of Rutland has been used erroneously by older authors, including in Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England; that name properly refers to an unrelated statute made the same year at Rutland in England.[1]
Citations[edit]
- ^ Compton, C. H. (1878). "The Ancient Laws and Statutes of Wales". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. British Archaeological Association.: 452.
- ^ Davies 2000.
- ^ Davies 2000, p. 363.
- ^ Davies 2000, p. 361.
- ^ Davies, R. R. (1987), Conquest, Coexistence and Change: Wales 1063–1415, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 14, ISBN 0-19-821732-3.
- ^ Davies 2000, pp. 357, 364.
- ^ a b Watkin, Thomas Glyn (2007). The Legal History of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 101–114. ISBN 978-0-7083-2064-8.
- ^ Francis Jones (1969). The Princes and Principality of Wales. University of Wales Press. ISBN 9780900768200.
- ^ G. W. S. Barrow (1956). Feudal Britain: the completion of the medieval kingdoms, 1066–1314. E. Arnold. ISBN 9787240008980.
- ^ The Laws in Wales Act 1535 (A.D. 1535 Anno vicesimo septimo Henrici VIII c. 26)
- ^ "Statute Law Revision Act 1887, Schedule". electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB).
12 Edw. 1. cc. 1–14 Statuta Wallie (the Statutes of Wales)
- ^ Davies 2000, pp. 357–360.
- ^ Davies 2000, p. 356.
- ^ J. Graham Jones (1990). The history of Wales: a pocket guide. University of Wales Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7083-1076-2. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
- ^ Davies 2000, p. 364.
- ^ Brian L. Blakeley; Jacquelin Collins (1993). Documents in British History: Early times to 1714. McGraw-Hill. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-07-005701-2. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
- ^ Davies 2000, pp. 364–365.
- ^ Barnett, Hilaire (2004). Constitutional and Administrative Law (5th ed.). Cavendish. p. 59.
- ^ Davies 2000, pp. 367–370.
- ^ Pennant T. (1778–84) A Tour in Wales, pp. 15–16
- ^ "A Tour in Wales, Volume 6 (PD09872) – National Library of Wales". llgc.org.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
- ^ Hubbard (1985), p. 426
Sources[edit]
Primary
- Bowen, Ivor (1908). The statutes of Wales. London: T. Fisher Unwin. pp. 2–27
- Ruffhead, Owen, ed. (1765). "Statutum Wallie". The Statutes at Large (in Latin). Vol. 9. London: Mark Basket; Henry Woodfall & William Stratham. Appendix pp. 3–12.
Secondary
- Bowen 1908, pp. xxviii–xl
- Davies, R. R. (2000). "14: Settlement". The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820878-2.
Constitutional law of Wales | |
|---|---|
| Welsh pre-parliamentary legislation | |
| Welsh pre-parliamentary Treaties | |
| English pre-parliamentary legislation | |
| Acts of English Parliament | |
| UK Acts of Parliament | |
| Acts of the Senedd | |
