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{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
{{speciesbox
| name = Black roughneck monitor lizard
| name = Rough-necked monitor
| image = Varanusrudicollis Baturraden Pj.jpg
| image = 20230521 Varanus rudicollis.jpg
| status =
| status = CITES_A2
| status_system =
| status_system = CITES
| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| status2 = DD
| status2_system = IUCN3.1
| status2_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author1=Phimmachak, S. |author2=Cota, M. |author3=Grismer, L. |author4=Quah, E. |author5=Iskandar, D. |author6=Wogan, G. |author7=Arida, E. |date=2021 |title=''Varanus rudicollis'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T83778529A83778660 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/83778529/83778660 |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Varanus
| genus = Varanus
| parent = Varanus (Empagusia)
| parent = Varanus (Soterosaurus)
| species = rudicollis
| species = rudicollis
| authority = ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1845)<ref name="first">{{citeweb|url=http://www.monitor-lizards.net/species/empagusia/rudicollis.html|title=Monitor-lizards.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519024256/http://www.monitor-lizards.net/species/empagusia/rudicollis.html|archivedate=2010-05-19}}</ref>
| authority = ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1845)<ref name="first">{{cite web|url=http://www.monitor-lizards.net/species/empagusia/rudicollis.html|title=Monitor-lizards.net|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519024256/http://www.monitor-lizards.net/species/empagusia/rudicollis.html|archivedate=2010-05-19}}</ref>
}}
}}
The '''black roughneck monitor lizard''', ''Varanus rudicollis'', is a species of [[monitor lizard]] found in [[Southeast Asia]]n countries of [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], and [[Malaysia]]. It is also found in [[Indonesia]] on [[Sumatra]] and islands of the [[Riau Archipelago]]<ref name="second">{{citeweb|url=http://www.indonesiatraveling.com/National%20Parks%20Indonesia/reptiles_indo/pages/varanus-rudicollis.htm|title=Indonesiatraveling.com}}</ref> It is sometimes known simply as the '''roughneck monitor lizard'''.<ref>[http://jcvi.org/reptiles/species.php?genus=Varanus&species=rudicollis JCVI.org]</ref> In Thailand is called ''h̄èā cĥāng'' ({{lang-th|เห่าช้าง}}; "elephant bark").<ref>{{cite news|title=อ.เจษฎา เร่งแจง เห่าช้าง เป็นสัตว์กลุ่มตะกวด ไม่ใช่งู-ไม่มีพิษ|url=http://hilight.kapook.com/view/121803|date=12 June 2015|accessdate=16 June 2016|work=Kapook.com|language=Thai}}</ref>
The '''black rough-necked monitor''' ('''''Varanus rudicollis''''') is a species of [[monitor lizard]] found in [[Southeast Asia]]n countries of [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], and [[Malaysia]]. It is also found in [[Indonesia]] on [[Sumatra]] and islands of the [[Riau Archipelago]]<ref name="second">{{cite web|url=http://www.indonesiatraveling.com/National%20Parks%20Indonesia/reptiles_indo/pages/varanus-rudicollis.htm|title=Indonesiatraveling.com}}</ref> It is sometimes known simply as the '''roughneck monitor'''.<ref>[http://jcvi.org/reptiles/species.php?genus=Varanus&species=rudicollis JCVI.org]</ref> In Thailand is called ''h̄èā cĥāng'' ({{lang-th|เห่าช้าง}}; "elephant bark").<ref>{{cite news|title=อ.เจษฎา เร่งแจง เห่าช้าง เป็นสัตว์กลุ่มตะกวด ไม่ใช่งู-ไม่มีพิษ|url=http://hilight.kapook.com/view/121803|date=12 June 2015|accessdate=16 June 2016|work=Kapook.com|language=Thai}}</ref>


The [[habitat]] of ''Varanus rudicollis'' is limited to primary and secondary [[rainforest]] and [[mangrove swamp]]s.<ref>[http://www.mampam.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=58&Itemid=84 Mampam.com]</ref> In the wild the black roughneck monitor is very rarely seen, but whether this is because of its rarity or its very secretive behavior is uncertain.<ref name="first" /> They are often kept successfully in [[Captivity (animal)|captivity]], but have a shy disposition.<ref name="first" /><ref name="third">{{citeweb|url=http://www.herpcenter.com/roughneck-monitor-caresheet.html|title=Herpcenter.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031114945/http://www.herpcenter.com/roughneck-monitor-caresheet.html|archivedate=2009-10-31}}</ref>
The [[habitat]] of ''Varanus rudicollis'' is limited to primary and secondary [[rainforest]] and [[mangrove swamp]]s.<ref>[http://www.mampam.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=58&Itemid=84 Mampam.com]</ref> In the wild the black rough-necked monitor is very rarely seen, but whether this is because of its rarity or its very secretive behavior is uncertain.<ref name="first" /> They are often kept successfully in [[Captivity (animal)|captivity]], but have a shy disposition.<ref name="first" /><ref name="third">{{cite web|url=http://www.herpcenter.com/roughneck-monitor-caresheet.html|title=Herpcenter.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031114945/http://www.herpcenter.com/roughneck-monitor-caresheet.html|archivedate=2009-10-31}}</ref>

This species is most closely related to its [[sister group]], the water monitor [[species complex]] (e.g., the [[Asian water monitor]]) which are also in the subgenus ''[[Varanus (Soterosaurus)|Soterosaurus]]'', having split from them 14 million years ago in the middle [[Miocene]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Welton |first1=Luke J. |last2=Wood |first2=Perry L. |last3=Oaks |first3=Jamie R. |last4=Siler |first4=Cameron D. |last5=Brown |first5=Rafe M. |date=2014-05-01 |title=Fossil-calibrated phylogeny and historical biogeography of Southeast Asian water monitors (''Varanus salvator'' Complex) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790314000293 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=74 |pages=29–37 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.016 |pmid=24486878 |issn=1055-7903}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Brennan |first1=Ian G. |title=Phylogenomics of monitor lizards and the role of competition in dictating body size disparity |date=2020-02-03 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931188v1 |access-date=2024-05-18 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2020.02.02.931188 |last2=Lemmon |first2=Alan R. |last3=Lemmon |first3=Emily Moriarty |last4=Portik |first4=Daniel M. |last5=Weijola |first5=Valter |last6=Welton |first6=Luke |last7=Donnellan |first7=Stephen C. |last8=Keogh |first8=J. Scott}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Varanus rudicollis 8 days old copy.png|left|thumb|Hatchling]]
The roughneck is a medium to large monitor. It usually reaches an average adult size of 3–4&nbsp;ft. (90–120&nbsp;cm), with a maximum length of {{convert|5|ft|cm}}, reported.<ref name="third" /> The rough-necked monitor can be easily recognized by large pointed scales adorning the necks of adults.<ref name="second" /> They are a thinner, long-bodied lizard with a prominently pointed snout. There are two primary species, simply defined as “black” or “ brown”. The black roughnecks, when young, have various markings to better camouflage amongst leaf litter. As they get older, the colors fade into primarily black or dark gray. They are arboreal, diurnal and feed on mainly insects as well as frogs, small mammals, reptiles and fish. The brown roughneck, also called the Dumeril’s Monitor is a specialized shellfish feeder. They have similar markings to the black roughnecks when young, but when older fade to a brown color, as their name implies. Both black and brown are known for their very calm temperament. They rarely bite or tail whip. When threatened they prefer to escape, urinate or defecate, puff up their throats or “go necrotic” by closing their eyes as if playing dead.
The black roughneck is a medium to large monitor. It usually reaches an average adult size of 3–4&nbsp;ft. (90–120&nbsp;cm), with a maximum length of {{convert|5|ft|cm}}, reported.<ref name="third" /> The black rough-necked monitor can be easily recognized by large pointed scales adorning the necks of adults.<ref name="second" /> They are a gracile, long-bodied lizard with a prominently pointed snout. Black roughnecks are known for their very calm temperament, rarely biting or tail whipping in captivity. When threatened they prefer to escape, urinate or defecate, puff up their throats or “go necrotic” by closing their eyes as if playing dead.

==Diet habits==
[[File:Adult male Varanus rudicollis.png|thumb|Adult male]]
The dietary habits of black rough-necked monitors have been the subject of various studies. Early research by Schnider (in Werner 1900) found insects in specimen from Sumatra. Mertens (1942) suggested that ants and possibly termites were a significant part of their diet, collected using their tongue. Auffenberg (1988) supported this by discovering termites, large stick insects, and tree centipedes in specimens from Malaysia. Brandenberg (1983) found a stomach full of large cockroaches and grasshoppers in one individual, while another from Surat Thani in Thailand had a stomach full of crabs (Nabhitabhata, pers. comm.). Further research by Losos and Greene (1988) revealed that the diet of ''V. rudicolli''s may include frogs and their eggs, spiders, scorpions, crabs, cockroaches, beetles, and orthopterans.<ref>Daniel Bennett. 1995. A Little Book of Monitor Lizards. Viper Press U.K.</ref>

These monitors may remain active throughout the year, with their presence most noticeable during months of heavy rainfall


== Life cycle ==
== Lifespan ==
The known life cycle of Black Rough-Necked monitor is about 12-20 years.
The known lifespan of black rough-necked monitor is about 10–20 years in captivity.<ref name="third"/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<references/>
* (1992). Reproductive notes on the black roughneck monitor lizard (''Varanus rudicollis'' Gray, 1845). VaraNews 3(2): 3.
* (1992). Reproductive notes on the black roughneck monitor lizard (''Varanus rudicollis'' Gray, 1845). VaraNews 3(2): 3.


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{{Taxonbar|from=Q932191}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q932191}}


[[Category:Monitor lizards]]
[[Category:Varanus]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Indonesia]]
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[[Category:Reptiles of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1845]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1845]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]

Latest revision as of 07:12, 12 June 2024

Rough-necked monitor
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Varanidae
Genus: Varanus
Subgenus: Soterosaurus
Species:
V. rudicollis
Binomial name
Varanus rudicollis
(Gray, 1845)[3]

The black rough-necked monitor (Varanus rudicollis) is a species of monitor lizard found in Southeast Asian countries of Thailand, Burma, and Malaysia. It is also found in Indonesia on Sumatra and islands of the Riau Archipelago[4] It is sometimes known simply as the roughneck monitor.[5] In Thailand is called h̄èā cĥāng (Thai: เห่าช้าง; "elephant bark").[6]

The habitat of Varanus rudicollis is limited to primary and secondary rainforest and mangrove swamps.[7] In the wild the black rough-necked monitor is very rarely seen, but whether this is because of its rarity or its very secretive behavior is uncertain.[3] They are often kept successfully in captivity, but have a shy disposition.[3][8]

This species is most closely related to its sister group, the water monitor species complex (e.g., the Asian water monitor) which are also in the subgenus Soterosaurus, having split from them 14 million years ago in the middle Miocene.[9][10]

Description[edit]

Hatchling

The black roughneck is a medium to large monitor. It usually reaches an average adult size of 3–4 ft. (90–120 cm), with a maximum length of 5 feet (150 cm), reported.[8] The black rough-necked monitor can be easily recognized by large pointed scales adorning the necks of adults.[4] They are a gracile, long-bodied lizard with a prominently pointed snout. Black roughnecks are known for their very calm temperament, rarely biting or tail whipping in captivity. When threatened they prefer to escape, urinate or defecate, puff up their throats or “go necrotic” by closing their eyes as if playing dead.

Diet habits[edit]

Adult male

The dietary habits of black rough-necked monitors have been the subject of various studies. Early research by Schnider (in Werner 1900) found insects in specimen from Sumatra. Mertens (1942) suggested that ants and possibly termites were a significant part of their diet, collected using their tongue. Auffenberg (1988) supported this by discovering termites, large stick insects, and tree centipedes in specimens from Malaysia. Brandenberg (1983) found a stomach full of large cockroaches and grasshoppers in one individual, while another from Surat Thani in Thailand had a stomach full of crabs (Nabhitabhata, pers. comm.). Further research by Losos and Greene (1988) revealed that the diet of V. rudicollis may include frogs and their eggs, spiders, scorpions, crabs, cockroaches, beetles, and orthopterans.[11]

These monitors may remain active throughout the year, with their presence most noticeable during months of heavy rainfall

Lifespan[edit]

The known lifespan of black rough-necked monitor is about 10–20 years in captivity.[8]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  2. ^ Phimmachak, S.; Cota, M.; Grismer, L.; Quah, E.; Iskandar, D.; Wogan, G.; Arida, E. (2021). "Varanus rudicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T83778529A83778660. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c "Monitor-lizards.net". Archived from the original on 2010-05-19.
  4. ^ a b "Indonesiatraveling.com".
  5. ^ JCVI.org
  6. ^ "อ.เจษฎา เร่งแจง เห่าช้าง เป็นสัตว์กลุ่มตะกวด ไม่ใช่งู-ไม่มีพิษ". Kapook.com (in Thai). 12 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  7. ^ Mampam.com
  8. ^ a b c "Herpcenter.com". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
  9. ^ Welton, Luke J.; Wood, Perry L.; Oaks, Jamie R.; Siler, Cameron D.; Brown, Rafe M. (2014-05-01). "Fossil-calibrated phylogeny and historical biogeography of Southeast Asian water monitors (Varanus salvator Complex)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 74: 29–37. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.016. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 24486878.
  10. ^ Brennan, Ian G.; Lemmon, Alan R.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Portik, Daniel M.; Weijola, Valter; Welton, Luke; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Keogh, J. Scott (2020-02-03), Phylogenomics of monitor lizards and the role of competition in dictating body size disparity, doi:10.1101/2020.02.02.931188, retrieved 2024-05-18
  11. ^ Daniel Bennett. 1995. A Little Book of Monitor Lizards. Viper Press U.K.
  • (1992). Reproductive notes on the black roughneck monitor lizard (Varanus rudicollis Gray, 1845). VaraNews 3(2): 3.

Further reading[edit]

  • Photos at Redtailboa.net
  • Photos at Museumstuff.com
  • Amer, Sayed A. M. and Yoshinori Kumazawa 2008. Timing of a mtDNA gene rearrangement and intercontinental dispersal of varanid lizards. Genes Genet. Syst. 83: 275–280
  • Auliya, M. (2006). Taxonomy, Life History, and conservation of giant reptiles in west Kalimantan. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 432 pp.
  • Ávalos, J. de & Martínez Carrión, P. (1997). Warane Reptilia (Münster) 2 (5): 16-21
  • Barbour, Thomas (1932). A new Bornean monitor Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club 13: 1-2
  • Bayless, Mark K. 1997. The rough-neck Monitor lizard (Varanus rudicollis) Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 32 (12): 250-252
  • Bennett, Daniel 1993. A review of some literature concerning the rough-necked monitor lizard Varanus rudicollis Reptilian 1 (9): 7-10
  • Bennett, Daniel; Liat, Lim Boo 1995. A note on the distribution of Varanus dumerilii and V. rudicollis in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 49(2):113-116.
  • Bong Heang, Kiew 1987. An annotated checklist of the herpetofauna of Ulu Endau, Johore, Malaysia Malayan Nature J. 41(2-3): 413-423.
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2, Second edition. London, xiii+497 pp.
  • De Rooij, N. de 1915. The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. I. Lacertilia, Chelonia, Emydosauria. Leiden (E. J. Brill), xiv + 384 pp.
  • Gaulke, Maren 1991. Systematic relationships of the Philippine water monitors as compared with Varanus s. salvator, with a discussion of dispersal routes Mertensiella 2: 154-167
  • Gray, J. E. 1845. Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of die British Museum/Edward Newman, London: xxvii + 289 pp.
  • Horn,H.G. & Peters,G. 1982. Beiträge zur Biologie des Rauhnackenwarans, Varanus (Dendrovaranus) rudicollis Gray. Salamandra 18 (1/2): 29-40
  • MANGILI (1962). Giard. zool. Roma, 4: 30
  • Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. (1997). Amphibien & Reptilien Südostasiens. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 512 pp.
  • Taylor, E.H. 1963. The lizards of Thailand. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 44: 687-1077.
  • Werner, F. 1900. Reptilien und Batrachier aus Sumatra, gesammelt Herrn. Gustav Schneider jr., im Jahre 1897-1898. Zool.Jahrb. (syst) 13:479-508
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