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{{Short description|Hydroelectric power station}}
[[File:Chief Joseph Dam.jpg|thumb|[[Chief Joseph Dam]] near [[Bridgeport, Washington]], USA, is a major run-of-the-river station without a sizeable reservoir.]]
[[File:Chief Joseph Dam.jpg|thumb|[[Chief Joseph Dam]] near [[Bridgeport, Washington]], USA, is a major run-of-the-river station without a sizeable reservoir.]]
[[File:Schwimmenden Strom-Boje.JPG|thumb|A small and floating run-of-the-river power plant in Austria.]]
[[File:Schwimmenden Strom-Boje.JPG|thumb|A small and floating run-of-the-river power plant in Austria.]]


'''Run-of-river hydroelectricity''' ('''ROR''') or '''run-of-the-river hydroelectricity''' is a type of [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] generation plant whereby little or no water storage is provided. Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at all or a limited amount of storage, in which case the storage reservoir is referred to as [[pondage]]. A plant without pondage is subject to seasonal river flows, thus the plant will operate as an [[intermittent energy source]]. Conventional hydro uses [[reservoir]]s, which regulate water for flood control and [[dispatchable generation|dispatchable]] electrical power.
'''Run-of-river hydroelectricity''' ('''ROR''') or '''run-of-the-river hydroelectricity''' is a type of [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] generation plant whereby little or no water storage is provided. Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at all or a limited amount of storage, in which case the storage reservoir is referred to as [[pondage]]. A plant without pondage is subject to seasonal river flows, so the plant will operate as an [[intermittent energy source]]. Conventional hydro uses [[reservoir]]s, which regulate water for [[flood control]], [[dispatchable generation|dispatchable electrical power]], and the provision of [[fresh water]] for [[agriculture]].


== Concept ==
== Concept ==
[[File:Mankalan voimalaitos.jpg|thumb|Mankala Power Station along the [[Kymi (river)|Kymi River]] in [[Iitti]], Finland]]
⚫
Run-of-the-river, or ROR, hydroelectricity is considered ideal for streams or rivers that can sustain a minimum flow or those regulated by a lake or reservoir upstream.<ref name="Dwivedi">{{cite book|last=Dwivedi|first=A.K. Raja, Amit Prakash Srivastava, Manish|title=Power Plant Engineering|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-7kM_VZqxcC&pg=PA354|year=2006|publisher=New Age International|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-224-1831-7|page=354}}</ref><ref name=raghun>{{cite book|last=Raghunath|first=H.M.|title=Hydrology : principles, analysis, and design|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-N1G5VSoRngC&pg=PA288|publisher=New Age International|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-224-1825-5|edition=Rev. 2nd|page=288}}</ref>


⚫
A small dam is usually built to create a headpond ensuring that there is enough water entering the [[penstock]] pipes that lead to the [[turbines]], which are at a lower elevation.<ref name="two"/> Projects with pondage, as opposed to those without pondage, can store water for daily load demands.<ref name="Dwivedi"/> In general, projects divert some or most of a river's flow (up to 95% of mean annual discharge)<ref name="one">Knight Piesold Consulting. [http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/documents/p316/d26174/1210629972391_8e248a8d30d9de771b58862f4ef2acd0a2105751f9de.pdf Plutonic Hydro Inc. Bute Inlet Project. Summary of Project Intake and Turbine Parameters]. Knight Piesold Consulting.</ref> through a pipe and/or tunnel leading to electricity-generating turbines, then return the water back to the river downstream.<ref name="two">Douglas T, Broomhall P, Orr C. (2007). [http://www.watershed-watch.org/publications/files/RoR-CitizensGuide.pdf Run-of-the-River Hydropower in BC: A Citizen's Guide to Understanding Approvals, Impacts and Sustainability of Independent Power Projects]</ref>
⚫
Run-of-the-river or ROR hydroelectricity is considered ideal for streams or rivers that can sustain a minimum flow or those regulated by a lake or reservoir upstream.<ref name="Dwivedi">{{cite book|last=Dwivedi|first=A.K. Raja, Amit Prakash Srivastava, Manish|title=Power Plant Engineering|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-7kM_VZqxcC&pg=PA354|year=2006|publisher=New Age International|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-224-1831-7|page=354}}</ref><ref name=raghun>{{cite book|last=Raghunath|first=H.M.|title=Hydrology : principles, analysis, and design|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-N1G5VSoRngC&pg=PA288|publisher=New Age International|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-224-1825-2|edition=Rev. 2nd|page=288}}</ref>
⚫
A small dam is usually built to create a headpond ensuring that there is enough water entering the [[penstock]] pipes that lead to the [[turbines]] which are at a lower elevation.<ref name="two"/> Projects with pondage, as opposed to those without pondage, can store water for daily load demands.<ref name="Dwivedi"/> In general, projects divert some or most of a river's flow (up to 95% of mean annual discharge)<ref name="one">Knight Piesold Consulting. [http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/documents/p316/d26174/1210629972391_8e248a8d30d9de771b58862f4ef2acd0a2105751f9de.pdf Plutonic Hydro Inc. Bute Inlet Project. Summary of Project Intake and Turbine Parameters]. Knight Piesold Consulting.</ref> through a pipe and/or tunnel leading to electricity-generating turbines, then return the water back to the river downstream.<ref name="two">Douglas T, Broomhall P, Orr C. (2007). [http://www.rivershed.com/documents/Guide_to_RunRiver.pdf Run-of-the-River Hydropower in BC: A Citizen's Guide to Understanding Approvals, Impacts and Sustainability of Independent Power Projects] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828221010/http://www.rivershed.com/documents/Guide_to_RunRiver.pdf |date=2008-08-28 }}. Watershed Watch.</ref>


ROR projects are dramatically different in design and appearance from conventional hydroelectric projects. Traditional hydro dams store enormous quantities of water in [[reservoirs]], sometimes flooding large tracts of land. In contrast, run-of-river projects do not have the [[Reservoir#Environmental_impact|disadvantages associated with reservoirs]], which is why they have less environmental impact.<ref name="three">Hydromax Energy Limited. [http://www.hydromaxenergy.com/Green+Power/Green+Power.htm Hydromax Energy Limited website]</ref>
Run-of-the-river projects are dramatically different in design and appearance from conventional hydroelectric projects. Traditional hydroelectric dams store enormous quantities of water in [[reservoirs]], sometimes flooding large tracts of land. In contrast, run-of-river projects do not have the [[Reservoir#Environmental impact|disadvantages associated with reservoirs]] and so cause fewer environmental impacts.<ref name="three">Hydromax Energy Limited. [http://www.hydromaxenergy.com/Green+Power/Green+Power.htm Hydromax Energy Limited website]</ref>


[[File:Edison Sault hydroelectric power plant.JPG|thumb|Saint Marys Falls - run of the river (1902)]]
[[File:Edison Sault hydroelectric power plant.JPG|thumb|Saint Marys Falls – run of the river (1902)]]
The use of the term "run-of-the-river" for power projects varies around the world. Some may consider a project ROR if power is produced with no water storage while limited storage is considered ROR by others. Developers may mislabel a project ROR to soothe public perception about its environmental or social effects. The [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] describes run-of-the-river hydroelectricity as:<ref name=INDDAM/>
The use of the term "run-of-the-river" for power projects varies around the world. Some may consider a project run-of-the-river if power is produced with no water storage, but limited storage is considered run-of-the-river by others. Developers may mislabel a project run-of-the-river to soothe public perception about its environmental or social effects. The [[European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity]] distinguishes ''run-of-the-river and pondage hydropower'' plants, which can hold enough water to allow generation for up to 24 hours (reservoir capacity / generating capacity ≤ 24 hours), from ''reservoir hydropower'' plants, which hold far more than 24 hours of generation without pumps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entsoe.eu/Documents/SDC%20documents/MAF/2019/Hydropower_Modelling_New_database_and_methodology.pdf|title=Hydro modelling description (PDF)|website=www.entsoe.eu|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> The [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] describes run-of-the-river hydroelectricity as:<ref name=INDDAM/>
<blockquote>A power station utilizing the run of the river flows for generation of power with sufficient pondage for supplying water for meeting diurnal or weekly fluctuations of demand. In such stations, the normal course of the river is not materially altered.<ref name=INDDAM>{{cite web|title=Damming Northeast India|first=Neeraj Vagholikar|last=Partha J. Das1|url=http://www.conflicts.indiawaterportal.org/sites/conflicts.indiawaterportal.org/files/Damming%20Northeast%20India,%20Single%20page%20format.pdf|publisher=Kalpavriksh, Aaranyak and ActionAid India|pages=4–5|accessdate=11 July 2011}}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>A power station utilizing the run of the river flows for generation of power with sufficient pondage for supplying water for meeting diurnal or weekly fluctuations of demand. In such stations, the normal course of the river is not materially altered.<ref name=INDDAM>{{cite web|title=Damming Northeast India|first=Neeraj Vagholikar|last=Partha J. Das|url=http://www.conflicts.indiawaterportal.org/sites/conflicts.indiawaterportal.org/files/Damming%20Northeast%20India,%20Single%20page%20format.pdf|publisher=Kalpavriksh, Aaranyak and ActionAid India|pages=4–5|access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref></blockquote>
Many of the larger ROR projects have been designed to a scale and generating capacity rivaling some traditional hydro dams.<ref name="four">Plutonic Power (2008). [http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/050/documents/33401/33401E.pdf Revised Project Description for Bute Inlet Hydroelectric Project Requirements. P1]. Plutonic Power.</ref> For example, the [[Beauharnois Hydroelectric Generating Station]] in Quebec is rated at 1,853 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydroquebec.com/generation/centrale-hydroelectrique.html|title=Hydroelectric generating stations - Hydro-Québec Production|website=www.hydroquebec.com}}</ref> Some run of the river projects are downstream of other dams and reservoirs. The run of the river project didn't build the reservoir, but does take advantage of the water supplied by it. An example would be the 1995 1,436 MW [[La Grande-1 generating station]]. Previous upstream dams and reservoirs are part of the 1980s [[James Bay Project]].
Many of the larger run-of-the-river projects have been designed to a scale and generating capacity rivaling some traditional hydroelectric dams.<ref name="four">Plutonic Power (2008). [http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/050/documents/33401/33401E.pdf Revised Project Description for Bute Inlet Hydroelectric Project Requirements. P1]. Plutonic Power.</ref> For example, the [[Beauharnois Hydroelectric Generating Station]] in Quebec is rated at 1,853 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydroquebec.com/generation/centrale-hydroelectrique.html|title=Hydroelectric generating stations - Hydro-Québec Production|website=www.hydroquebec.com}}</ref> Some run-of-the-river projects are downstream of other dams and reservoirs. The reservoir was not built by the project but takes advantage of the water supplied by it. An example would be the 1995 1,436 MW [[La Grande-1 generating station]]. Previous upstream dams and reservoirs were part of the 1980s [[James Bay Project]].

There are also small and somewhat-mobile forms of a run-of-the-river power plants. One example is the so-called ''electricity buoy'', a small floating [[hydroelectric power plant]]. Like most buoys, it is anchored to the ground, in this case in a river. The energy within the moving water propels a [[power generator]] and thereby creates electricity. Prototypes by commercial producers are generating power on the [[Middle Rhine]] river in Germany and on the [[Danube]] river in Austria.<ref>ORF News. [https://noe.orf.at/news/stories/2677075/ Strom aus Bojen serienreif]. German. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</ref>

== Major types ==
The advantages and disadvantages of run-of-river dams depends on the type, the following sections generally refer to Dam-Toe unless otherwise stated. These are listed in order of least impact to most impact, as well as (on average) requisite project size.

=== Dam-Toe ===
Dam-toe has no flow regulation and utilizes the natural flow of the river to turn the turbines. [[Electricity generation]] is heavily dependent on river flow.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Kuriqi |first1=Alban |last2=Pinheiro |first2=António N. |last3=Sordo-Ward |first3=Alvaro |last4=Bejarano |first4=María D. |last5=Garrote |first5=Luis |date=2021-05-01 |title=Ecological impacts of run-of-river hydropower plants—Current status and future prospects on the brink of energy transition |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121001271 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=142 |pages=110833 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110833 |issn=1364-0321|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Diversion Weir ===
Diversion Weir has very little flow regulation, which is generally used to cover exclusively short-term peak times electricity demand. Diversion Weir is also heavily dependent on the natural river flow.<ref name=":0" />

=== Pondage ===
Similar to a regular dam, water is stored from lull periods to be used during peak-times. This allows for the pondage dams to provide for the regulation of daily and/or weekly flows depending on location. <ref name=":0" />


== Advantages ==
== Advantages ==


When developed with care to footprint size and location, ROR hydro projects can create sustainable energy minimizing impacts to the surrounding environment and nearby communities.<ref name="two"/> Advantages include:
When developed with care to footprint size and location, run-of-the-river hydro projects can create sustainable energy minimizing impacts to the surrounding environment and nearby communities.<ref name="two"/> Run-of-the-river harnesses the natural potential energy of water by eliminating the need to burn coal or [[natural gas]] to generate the electricity needed by consumers and industry. Advantages include:


=== Cleaner power, fewer greenhouse gases ===
=== Cleaner power and fewer greenhouse gases ===


Like all hydro-electric power, run-of-the-river hydro harnesses the natural potential energy of water, eliminating the need to burn coal or [[natural gas]] to generate the electricity needed by consumers and industry. Moreover, run-of-the-river hydro-electric plants do not have reservoirs thus eliminating the methane and carbon dioxide emissions caused by the decomposition of organic matter in the reservoir of a conventional hydro-electric dam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reservoir Emissions|url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/reservoir-emissions|website=International Rivers|accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref> This is a particular advantage in tropical countries where methane generation can be a problem.
Like all hydro-electric power, run-of-the-river harnesses the natural potential energy of water by eliminating the need to burn coal or [[natural gas]] to generate the electricity needed by consumers and industry. Moreover, run-of-the-river hydroelectric plants do not have reservoirs, thus eliminating the methane and carbon dioxide emissions caused by the decomposition of organic matter in the reservoir of a conventional hydroelectric dam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reservoir Emissions|url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/reservoir-emissions|website=International Rivers|access-date=8 February 2017}}</ref> That is a particular advantage in tropical countries, where methane generation can be a problem.


=== Less flooding/reservoirs ===
=== Less flooding ===
Without a reservoir, flooding of the upper part of the river does not take place. As a result, people remain living at or near the river and existing habitats are not flooded. Any pre-existing pattern of flooding will continue unaltered, presenting a flood risk to the facility and downstream areas.
Without a reservoir, flooding of the upper part of the river does not take place. As a result, people remain living at or near the river and existing habitats are not flooded. Any pre-existing pattern of flooding will continue unaltered, which presents a flood risk to the facility and downstream areas.

=== Low-Impact Implementation ===
Due to their low impact, run-of-the-river dams can be implemented in existing irrigation dams with little to no change in the local fluvial ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Skoulikaris |first=Charalampos |date=January 2021 |title=Run-Of-River Small Hydropower Plants as Hydro-Resilience Assets against Climate Change |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=24 |pages=14001 |doi=10.3390/su132414001 |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}</ref>


== Disadvantages ==
== Disadvantages ==
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=== "Unfirm" power ===
=== "Unfirm" power ===


Run-of-the-River power is considered an "unfirm" source of power: a run-of-the-river project has little or no capacity for energy storage<ref name="six">Douglas, T. (2007). [http://www.watershed-watch.org/publications/files/Run-of-River-long.pdf "Green" Hydro Power: Understanding Impacts, Approvals, and Sustainability of Run-of River Independent Power Projects in British Columbia]. Watershed Watch.</ref> and hence can't co-ordinate the output of electricity generation to match consumer demand. It thus generates much more power during times when seasonal river flows are high (i.e., spring freshet),<ref name="five">Wilderness Committee. [http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/050/documents/33144/33144E.pdf Wilderness Committee Comments on the Draft Terms of Reference, Bute Inlet Hydroelectric Private Power Project. Letter to Kathy Eichenberger, Project Assistant Director. P1]. Wilderness Committee.</ref> and depending on location, much less during drier summer months or frozen winter months.
Run-of-the-river power is considered an "unfirm" source of power: a run-of-the-river project has little or no capacity for energy storage<ref name="six">Douglas, T. (2007). [http://www.watershed-watch.org/publications/files/Run-of-River-long.pdf "Green" Hydro Power: Understanding Impacts, Approvals, and Sustainability of Run-of River Independent Power Projects in British Columbia]. Watershed Watch.</ref> and so cannot co-ordinate the output of electricity generation to match consumer demand. It thus generates much more power when seasonal river flows are high (spring [[freshet]]),<ref name="five">Wilderness Committee. [http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/050/documents/33144/33144E.pdf Wilderness Committee Comments on the Draft Terms of Reference, Bute Inlet Hydroelectric Private Power Project. Letter to Kathy Eichenberger, Project Assistant Director. P1]. Wilderness Committee.</ref> and depending on location, much less during drier summer months or frozen winter months.

Depending on location and type, the plant will most likely have a lower [[hydraulic head|head of water]] than from a dam, and will thus generate less power.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Michels-Brito |first1=Adriane |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Daniel Andrés |last3=Cruz Junior |first3=Wellington Luís |last4=Nildo de Souza Vianna |first4=João |date=2021-09-01 |title=The climate change potential effects on the run-of-river plant and the environmental and economic dimensions of sustainability |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121005256 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=147 |pages=111238 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111238 |issn=1364-0321}}</ref>


=== Availability of sites ===
=== Availability of sites ===
[[File:Raquette (1).jpg|thumb|Rapids can provide enough hydraulic head]]
[[File:Raquette (1).jpg|thumb|Rapids can provide enough hydraulic head]]
The potential power at a site is a result of the [[Hydraulic head|head]] and flow of water. By damming a river, the head is available to generate power at the face of the dam. Where a dam may create a reservoir hundreds of kilometres long, in run of the river the head is usually delivered by a canal, pipe or tunnel constructed upstream of the power house. Due to the cost of upstream construction, a steep drop is desirable, such as falls or rapids.
The potential power at a site is a result of the [[hydraulic head|head]] and flow of water. By damming a river, the head is available to generate power at the face of the dam. A dam may create a reservoir hundreds of kilometres long, but in run-of-the-river the head is usually delivered by a canal, pipe or tunnel constructed upstream of the power house. The cost of upstream construction makes a steep drop desirable, such as falls or rapids.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zaidi |first1=Arjumand Z. |last2=Khan |first2=Majid |date=20 November 2016 |title=Identifying high potential locations for run-of-the-river hydroelectric power plants using GIS and digital elevation models |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032118300522 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |language=en |volume=89 |pages=106–116 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.025}}</ref>


=== Environmental impacts ===
=== Environmental impacts ===
⚫
Small, well-sited run-of-the-river projects can be developed with minimal environmental impacts.<ref name="two"/> Larger projects have more environmental concerns. For fish-bearing rivers, a ladder may be required, and dissolved gases downstream may affect fish.


⚫
In [[British Columbia]], the mountainous terrain and wealth of big rivers have made it a global testing ground for [[Independent power producers in British Columbia|10–50 MW run-of-river technology]]. As of March 2010, there were 628 applications pending for new water licences solely for power generation, representing more than 750 potential points of river diversion.<ref name="eight">IPPwatch.com website. [http://www.ippwatch.info/w/ IPPwatch.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113212256/http://www.ippwatch.info/w/ |date=2011-01-13 }}.</ref>
⚫
Small, well-sited ROR projects can be developed with minimal environmental impacts.<ref name="two"/> Larger projects have more environmental concerns. In the case of fish-bearing rivers a ladder may be required and dissolved gases downstream may affect fish.


⚫
In undeveloped areas, new access roads and transmission lines can cause [[habitat fragmentation]], allowing the introduction of invasive species.<ref name=":2" />
⚫
In British Columbia the mountainous terrain and wealth of big rivers have made it a global testing ground for [[Independent power producers in British Columbia|10–50 MW run-of-river technology]]. As of March 2010, there were 628 applications pending for new water licences solely for the purposes of power generation – representing more than 750 potential points of river diversion.<ref name="eight">IPPwatch.com website. [http://www.ippwatch.info/w/ IPPwatch.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113212256/http://www.ippwatch.info/w/ |date=2011-01-13 }}.</ref>


=== Vulnerable to climate change ===
==Concerns==
Run-of-the-river projects strongly depend on the consistent flow of water, as they lack reservoirs and depend on the natural flow of rivers. Consequently, these projects are more vulnerable to climate change compared to storage-based projects. Short-term climate anomalies such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/enso/] can significantly disrupt the flow and can have a profound impact on the operation of these projects. Thus, incorporating climate change considerations into the initial design and location selection of run-of-the-river projects can help mitigate the vulnerability of these projects to climate-related disruptions.<ref name=":1" />

* Diverting large amounts of river water reduces river flows, affecting water velocity and depth, reducing habitat quality for fish and aquatic organisms; reduced flows can lead to excessively warm water for salmon and other fish in summer.<ref name="two"/>
⚫
* In undeveloped areas, new access roads and transmission lines can cause [[habitat fragmentation]], allowing the introduction of invasive species.<ref name="two"/>
* The lack of reservoir storage may result in intermittent operation, reducing the project's viability.


== Major examples ==
== Major examples ==
⚫
{{Main|List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations}}

<!-- ONLY LIST THE TOP 10. Others should be added to main list article. -->
⚫
{{Main article|List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations}}
* [[Belo Monte Dam]], {{convert|11233|MW}}, [[Pará]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Jirau Dam]], [[Rondônia]], [[Brazil]] 3750 MW
* [[Chief Joseph Dam]], {{convert|2620|MW}}
* [[Santo Antônio Dam]], [[Rondônia]], [[Brazil]] 3580 MW
* [[Chief Joseph Dam]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]] 2620 MW
⚫
* [[Beauharnois Hydroelectric Power Station]], {{convert|1903|MW}}<ref name="HQP">{{citation|author=Hydro-Québec Production|url=http://www.hydroquebec.com/generation/centrale-hydroelectrique.html |publisher=Hydro-Québec |title= Hydroelectric Generating Stations (as of December 31, 2010) |year=2012 |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* [[John Day Dam]], [[Oregon]]/Washington, [[United States]] 2160 MW
* [[Bonneville Dam]], {{convert|1092|MW}}
⚫
* [[Beauharnois Hydroelectric Power Station]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], 1903 MW<ref name="HQP">{{citation|author=Hydro-Québec Production|url=http://www.hydroquebec.com/generation/centrale-hydroelectrique.html |publisher=Hydro-Québec |title= Hydroelectric Generating Stations (as of December 31, 2010) |year=2012 |access-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Nathpa Jhakri Dam|Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd]], [[Sutlej|Satluj River]], Shimla, India, {{convert|1500|MW}}
* [[The Dalles Dam]], Oregon/Washington, United States 1878 MW
* [[Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project]] on [[River Indus]] in [[Pakistan]], {{convert|1450|MW}}
* [[Teles Pires Dam]], Brazil 1820 MW
* [[La Grande-1 generating station]], {{convert|1436|MW}}
* [[Inga Dams]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 1775 MW
* [[Kohala Hydropower Project]], [[Jhelum River]], [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Pakistan]], {{convert|1100|MW}}
* [[Nathpa Jhakri Dam|Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd]], [[Sutlej|Satluj River]], [[Shimla]], [[India]], 1500 MW<ref>{{cite web|title=Nathpa - Jhakri Hydroelectric Project, Himachal Pradesh, India|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/cs_nathpajhakri_hep.pdf|publisher=Geological Survey of India|access-date=7 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002202512/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/cs_nathpajhakri_hep.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant]], [[Jhelum River]], [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]], {{convert|969|MW}}
* [[Baglihar Dam|Baglihar Hydroelectric Power Project]]on [[Chenab River]] in India, {{convert|900|MW}}
* [[Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]] 1450 MW
* [[Gezhouba Dam]], [[Yichang]], [[Hubei]], China 2715 MW<ref>{{Citation|publisher= Power Technology |date=Nov 2021 |title=Gezhouba, China |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/gezhouba-china/|access-date=2022-09-12 }}</ref>
* [[Carillon Generating Station]], Quebec, Canada, {{convert|752|MW}}
* [[Upper Tamakoshi Project]], Nepal, 456&nbsp;MW
* [[Nyagak Hydroelectric Power Station]] on [[Nyagak River]] in [[Zombo District]], [[Uganda]], {{convert|3.5|MW}}
* [[Toba River (British Columbia)#Toba Montrose|East Toba/Montrose Hydro Project]], British Columbia, Canada, {{convert|196|MW}}
* Forrest Kerr Hydro Project, British Columbia, Canada, {{convert|195|MW}}
* [[Patrind Hydropower Plant]], [[Kunhar River]], [[Pakistan]], {{convert|150|MW}}
* [[Alterra Power#Upper Toba Valley|Upper Toba Valley]], British Columbia, Canada, {{convert|123|MW}}
* [[Upper Kotmale Hydropower Project]] (UKHP), Talawakele, Sri Lanka, {{convert|150|MW}}
* [[Kukule Ganga Power Station]] (KGPS), Kelinkanda, Sri Lanka, {{convert|75|MW}}
* Sechelt Creek Generating Station, British Columbia, Canada, {{convert|16|MW}}
[[File:Kootenay_Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Kootenay Canal]] and penstocks, drop river water 84 meters to a powerhouse beside the river]]


==See also==
==See also==

{{Portal|Sustainable development}}
*[[Environmental concerns with electricity generation]]
*[[Environmental impact of electricity generation]]
*[[Reservoir#Environmental_impactEnvironmental impacts of reservoirs|Environmental impacts of reservoirs]]
*[[Reservoir#Environmental impact|Environmental impacts of reservoirs]]
*[[Hydropower]]
*[[Hydropower]]
*[[Small hydro]]
*[[Small hydro]]
Line 85: Line 94:


==Notes==
==Notes==
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==References==
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{{Hydropower}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Run-Of-The-River Hydroelectricity}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Run-Of-The-River Hydroelectricity}}

Latest revision as of 07:31, 26 June 2024

Chief Joseph Dam near Bridgeport, Washington, USA, is a major run-of-the-river station without a sizeable reservoir.
A small and floating run-of-the-river power plant in Austria.

Run-of-river hydroelectricity (ROR) or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric generation plant whereby little or no water storage is provided. Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at all or a limited amount of storage, in which case the storage reservoir is referred to as pondage. A plant without pondage is subject to seasonal river flows, so the plant will operate as an intermittent energy source. Conventional hydro uses reservoirs, which regulate water for flood control, dispatchable electrical power, and the provision of fresh water for agriculture.

Concept[edit]

Mankala Power Station along the Kymi River in Iitti, Finland

Run-of-the-river, or ROR, hydroelectricity is considered ideal for streams or rivers that can sustain a minimum flow or those regulated by a lake or reservoir upstream.[1][2]

A small dam is usually built to create a headpond ensuring that there is enough water entering the penstock pipes that lead to the turbines, which are at a lower elevation.[3] Projects with pondage, as opposed to those without pondage, can store water for daily load demands.[1] In general, projects divert some or most of a river's flow (up to 95% of mean annual discharge)[4] through a pipe and/or tunnel leading to electricity-generating turbines, then return the water back to the river downstream.[3]

Run-of-the-river projects are dramatically different in design and appearance from conventional hydroelectric projects. Traditional hydroelectric dams store enormous quantities of water in reservoirs, sometimes flooding large tracts of land. In contrast, run-of-river projects do not have the disadvantages associated with reservoirs and so cause fewer environmental impacts.[5]

Saint Marys Falls – run of the river (1902)

The use of the term "run-of-the-river" for power projects varies around the world. Some may consider a project run-of-the-river if power is produced with no water storage, but limited storage is considered run-of-the-river by others. Developers may mislabel a project run-of-the-river to soothe public perception about its environmental or social effects. The European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity distinguishes run-of-the-river and pondage hydropower plants, which can hold enough water to allow generation for up to 24 hours (reservoir capacity / generating capacity ≤ 24 hours), from reservoir hydropower plants, which hold far more than 24 hours of generation without pumps.[6] The Bureau of Indian Standards describes run-of-the-river hydroelectricity as:[7]

A power station utilizing the run of the river flows for generation of power with sufficient pondage for supplying water for meeting diurnal or weekly fluctuations of demand. In such stations, the normal course of the river is not materially altered.[7]

Many of the larger run-of-the-river projects have been designed to a scale and generating capacity rivaling some traditional hydroelectric dams.[8] For example, the Beauharnois Hydroelectric Generating Station in Quebec is rated at 1,853 MW.[9] Some run-of-the-river projects are downstream of other dams and reservoirs. The reservoir was not built by the project but takes advantage of the water supplied by it. An example would be the 1995 1,436 MW La Grande-1 generating station. Previous upstream dams and reservoirs were part of the 1980s James Bay Project.

There are also small and somewhat-mobile forms of a run-of-the-river power plants. One example is the so-called electricity buoy, a small floating hydroelectric power plant. Like most buoys, it is anchored to the ground, in this case in a river. The energy within the moving water propels a power generator and thereby creates electricity. Prototypes by commercial producers are generating power on the Middle Rhine river in Germany and on the Danube river in Austria.[10]

Major types[edit]

The advantages and disadvantages of run-of-river dams depends on the type, the following sections generally refer to Dam-Toe unless otherwise stated. These are listed in order of least impact to most impact, as well as (on average) requisite project size.

Dam-Toe[edit]

Dam-toe has no flow regulation and utilizes the natural flow of the river to turn the turbines. Electricity generation is heavily dependent on river flow.[11]

Diversion Weir[edit]

Diversion Weir has very little flow regulation, which is generally used to cover exclusively short-term peak times electricity demand. Diversion Weir is also heavily dependent on the natural river flow.[11]

Pondage[edit]

Similar to a regular dam, water is stored from lull periods to be used during peak-times. This allows for the pondage dams to provide for the regulation of daily and/or weekly flows depending on location. [11]

Advantages[edit]

When developed with care to footprint size and location, run-of-the-river hydro projects can create sustainable energy minimizing impacts to the surrounding environment and nearby communities.[3] Run-of-the-river harnesses the natural potential energy of water by eliminating the need to burn coal or natural gas to generate the electricity needed by consumers and industry. Advantages include:

Cleaner power and fewer greenhouse gases[edit]

Like all hydro-electric power, run-of-the-river harnesses the natural potential energy of water by eliminating the need to burn coal or natural gas to generate the electricity needed by consumers and industry. Moreover, run-of-the-river hydroelectric plants do not have reservoirs, thus eliminating the methane and carbon dioxide emissions caused by the decomposition of organic matter in the reservoir of a conventional hydroelectric dam.[12] That is a particular advantage in tropical countries, where methane generation can be a problem.

Less flooding[edit]

Without a reservoir, flooding of the upper part of the river does not take place. As a result, people remain living at or near the river and existing habitats are not flooded. Any pre-existing pattern of flooding will continue unaltered, which presents a flood risk to the facility and downstream areas.

Low-Impact Implementation[edit]

Due to their low impact, run-of-the-river dams can be implemented in existing irrigation dams with little to no change in the local fluvial ecosystem.[13]

Disadvantages[edit]

"Unfirm" power[edit]

Run-of-the-river power is considered an "unfirm" source of power: a run-of-the-river project has little or no capacity for energy storage[14] and so cannot co-ordinate the output of electricity generation to match consumer demand. It thus generates much more power when seasonal river flows are high (spring freshet),[15] and depending on location, much less during drier summer months or frozen winter months.

Depending on location and type, the plant will most likely have a lower head of water than from a dam, and will thus generate less power.[13][16]

Availability of sites[edit]

Rapids can provide enough hydraulic head

The potential power at a site is a result of the head and flow of water. By damming a river, the head is available to generate power at the face of the dam. A dam may create a reservoir hundreds of kilometres long, but in run-of-the-river the head is usually delivered by a canal, pipe or tunnel constructed upstream of the power house. The cost of upstream construction makes a steep drop desirable, such as falls or rapids.[17]

Environmental impacts[edit]

Small, well-sited run-of-the-river projects can be developed with minimal environmental impacts.[3] Larger projects have more environmental concerns. For fish-bearing rivers, a ladder may be required, and dissolved gases downstream may affect fish.

In British Columbia, the mountainous terrain and wealth of big rivers have made it a global testing ground for 10–50 MW run-of-river technology. As of March 2010, there were 628 applications pending for new water licences solely for power generation, representing more than 750 potential points of river diversion.[18]

In undeveloped areas, new access roads and transmission lines can cause habitat fragmentation, allowing the introduction of invasive species.[16]

Vulnerable to climate change[edit]

Run-of-the-river projects strongly depend on the consistent flow of water, as they lack reservoirs and depend on the natural flow of rivers. Consequently, these projects are more vulnerable to climate change compared to storage-based projects. Short-term climate anomalies such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)[1] can significantly disrupt the flow and can have a profound impact on the operation of these projects. Thus, incorporating climate change considerations into the initial design and location selection of run-of-the-river projects can help mitigate the vulnerability of these projects to climate-related disruptions.[13]

Major examples[edit]

Main article: List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Dwivedi, A.K. Raja, Amit Prakash Srivastava, Manish (2006). Power Plant Engineering. New Delhi: New Age International. p. 354. ISBN 81-224-1831-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Raghunath, H.M. (2009). Hydrology : principles, analysis, and design (Rev. 2nd ed.). New Delhi: New Age International. p. 288. ISBN 978-81-224-1825-5.
  3. ^ a b c d Douglas T, Broomhall P, Orr C. (2007). Run-of-the-River Hydropower in BC: A Citizen's Guide to Understanding Approvals, Impacts and Sustainability of Independent Power Projects
  4. ^ Knight Piesold Consulting. Plutonic Hydro Inc. Bute Inlet Project. Summary of Project Intake and Turbine Parameters. Knight Piesold Consulting.
  5. ^ Hydromax Energy Limited. Hydromax Energy Limited website
  6. ^ "Hydro modelling description (PDF)" (PDF). www.entsoe.eu. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  7. ^ a b Partha J. Das, Neeraj Vagholikar. "Damming Northeast India" (PDF). Kalpavriksh, Aaranyak and ActionAid India. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  8. ^ Plutonic Power (2008). Revised Project Description for Bute Inlet Hydroelectric Project Requirements. P1. Plutonic Power.
  9. ^ "Hydroelectric generating stations - Hydro-Québec Production". www.hydroquebec.com.
  10. ^ ORF News. Strom aus Bojen serienreif. German. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  11. ^ a b c Kuriqi, Alban; Pinheiro, António N.; Sordo-Ward, Alvaro; Bejarano, María D.; Garrote, Luis (2021-05-01). "Ecological impacts of run-of-river hydropower plants—Current status and future prospects on the brink of energy transition". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 142: 110833. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110833. ISSN 1364-0321.
  12. ^ "Reservoir Emissions". International Rivers. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  13. ^ a b c Skoulikaris, Charalampos (January 2021). "Run-Of-River Small Hydropower Plants as Hydro-Resilience Assets against Climate Change". Sustainability. 13 (24): 14001. doi:10.3390/su132414001. ISSN 2071-1050.
  14. ^ Douglas, T. (2007). "Green" Hydro Power: Understanding Impacts, Approvals, and Sustainability of Run-of River Independent Power Projects in British Columbia. Watershed Watch.
  15. ^ Wilderness Committee. Wilderness Committee Comments on the Draft Terms of Reference, Bute Inlet Hydroelectric Private Power Project. Letter to Kathy Eichenberger, Project Assistant Director. P1. Wilderness Committee.
  16. ^ a b Michels-Brito, Adriane; Rodriguez, Daniel Andrés; Cruz Junior, Wellington Luís; Nildo de Souza Vianna, João (2021-09-01). "The climate change potential effects on the run-of-river plant and the environmental and economic dimensions of sustainability". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 147: 111238. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111238. ISSN 1364-0321.
  17. ^ Zaidi, Arjumand Z.; Khan, Majid (20 November 2016). "Identifying high potential locations for run-of-the-river hydroelectric power plants using GIS and digital elevation models". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 89: 106–116. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.025.
  18. ^ IPPwatch.com website. IPPwatch.com Archived 2011-01-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ^ Hydro-Québec Production (2012), Hydroelectric Generating Stations (as of December 31, 2010), Hydro-Québec, retrieved 2011-05-17
  20. ^ "Nathpa - Jhakri Hydroelectric Project, Himachal Pradesh, India" (PDF). Geological Survey of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  21. ^ Gezhouba, China, Power Technology, Nov 2021, retrieved 2022-09-12

References[edit]

  • Freedman, B., 2007, Environmental Science: a Canadian Perspective; 4th edition, Pearson Education Canada, Toronto, pp 226,394.
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