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International Paper is the world's largest pulp and paper maker.

Paper mill Mondi in Ružomberok, Slovakia

The pulp and paper industry comprises companies that use wood, specifically pulpwood, as raw material and produce pulp, paper, paperboard, and other cellulose-based products.

Diagram showing the sections of the Fourdrinier machine

Manufacturing process[edit]

In the manufacturing process, pulp is introduced into a paper machine where it is shaped into a paper web and water is extracted through pressing and drying stages.

Pressing involves removing water from the sheet by applying force. This process employs a specialized type of felt, distinct from traditional felt, to absorb the water. In contrast, hand-made paper uses a blotter sheet for this purpose. Drying involves eliminating water from the paper sheets through air or heat. Historically, this was achieved by hanging the sheets to dry, similar to laundry. In modern papermaking, various heated drying mechanisms are employed, with the steam-heated can dryer being the most prevalent on paper machines.^[1]^[2]^[3]^{[citation needed]}

History[edit]

Papermaking as a craft is ancient, and for centuries it used various fibers, mainly grasses (cereal straws and others), or rags from old clothing made from them, in various preindustrial times and places. The commercial planting of domesticated mulberry trees to make pulp for papermaking is attested as early as the 6th century.^[4] Due to advances in printing technology, the Chinese paper industry continued to grow under the Song dynasty to meet the rising demand for printed books. Demand for paper was also stimulated by the Song government, which needed a large supply of paper for printing paper money and exchange certificates.^[5]

An example of an enterprising paper mill during the late phase of the preindustrial era is the mill by William Rittenhouse and sons at what is now preserved as Historic RittenhouseTown in Pennsylvania.

The first mechanised paper machine was installed at Frogmore Paper Mill, Apsley, Hertfordshire in 1803, followed by another in 1804.^[6] The site operates currently as a museum.^[7]

During the 19th and 20th centuries, the paper chemical technologies for making the pulp from wood rather than grasses underwent some major industrial-era upgrades, as first the soda pulping process and then the Kraft process helped reduce the unit cost of paper manufacture. This made paper newly abundant, and along with continual advancements in printing press technologies, as well as in transport technologies (for distribution), during these same centuries, led to greatly increased sales and circulation of newspapers, other periodicals, and books of every kind.

Environmental effects[edit]

The pulp and paper industry has been criticized by environmental groups like the Natural Resources Defense Council for unsustainable deforestation and clearcutting of old-growth forest.^[8] The industry trend is to expand globally to countries like Russia, China and Indonesia with low wages and low environmental oversight.^[9] According to Greenpeace, farmers in Central America illegally rip up vast tracts of native forest for cattle and soybean production without any consequences,^[10] and companies who buy timber from private land owners contribute to massive deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest.^[11] On the other hand, the situation is quite different where forest growth has been on the increase for a number of years. It is estimated for instance that since 1990 forests have grown in Europe by 17 million hectares,^[12] which has been supported through the practice of sustainable forest management by the industry. In Sweden, for every tree that is felled, two are planted.^[13]

The pulp and paper industry consumes a significant amount of water and energy and produces wastewater with a high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), among other contaminants.^[14] Recent studies underline coagulation as an appropriate pre-treatment of pulp and paper industrial wastewater and as a cost-effective solution for the removal of COD and the reduction of pressures on the aquatic environment.^[15]

Current production volumes and sales[edit]

The industry is dominated by North American (United States and Canada), northern European (Finland, Sweden, and North-West Russia) and East Asian countries (such as East Siberian Russia, China, Japan, and South Korea). Australasia and Brazil also have significant pulp and paper enterprises. The industry also has a significant presence in a number of European countries including Germany, Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. The United States had been the world's leading producer of paper until it was overtaken by China in 2009.^[16]

List of main countries by production quantity[edit]

According to data from Statista, China produced 110 million metric tons in 2018 followed by the US with 72 million.^[17]

According to statistic data by RISI, main producing countries of paper and paperboard, not including pulp, in the world are as follows:^[18]

Rank 2011	Country	Production in 2011 (1,000 ton)	Share (2011)	Rank (2010)	Production in 2010 (1,000 ton)
1	China	99,300	24.9%	1	92,599
2	United States	75,083	18.8%	2	75,849
3	Japan	26,627	6.7%	3	27,288
4	Germany	22,698	5.7%	4	23,122
5	Canada	12,112	3.0%	5	12,787
6	South Korea	11,492	2.9%	8	11,120
7	Finland	11,329	2.8%	6	11,789
8	Sweden	11,298	2.8%	7	11,410
9	Brazil	10,159	2.5%	10	9,796
10	Indonesia	10,035	2.5%	9	9,951
	World Total	398,975	100.0%		394,244

List of main company groups by production quantity[edit]

The world's main paper and paperboard company groups are as follows. (Some figures are estimates.):^[19]

Rank	Company group	Country	Production in 2015 (1,000 ton)	Rank by sales
1	International Paper	United States	23,315	1
2	Nine Dragon Paper Holdings	China	12,630	2
3	WestRock	United States	12,487	4
4	UPM	Finland	9,771	5
5	Stora Enso	Finland	9,188	8
6	Oji Paper Company	Japan	9,115	3
7	Sappi	South Africa	7,306	15
8	Smurfit Kappa	Ireland	7,000	9
9	DS Smith	United Kingdom	6,802	13
10	Nippon Paper	Japan	6,542	11

List by net sales[edit]

In 2008, the top 10 forest, paper and packaging products companies were, according to a report by PricewaterhouseCoopers:^[20]

Rank	Company	Country	2008 net sales (US$M)	2008 net income (loss) (US$M)
1	International Paper	United States	24,829	(1,282)
2	Kimberly-Clark	United States	19,415	1,690
3	SCA	Sweden	16,965 (SEK)	857
4	Stora Enso	Finland	16,227	(991)
5	UPM	Finland	13,920	(263)
6	Oji Paper	Japan	12,788	114
7	Nippon Unipac	Japan	11,753	55
8	Smurfit Kappa	Ireland	10,390	(73)
9	Metsä Group	Finland	9,335	(313)
10	Mondi Group	UK/ South Africa	9,466	(310)

Manufacturers and suppliers for the industry[edit]

Pulp & Paper Building, in Japan. It hosts many organizations in the pulp and paper industry.

Leading manufacturers of capital equipment with over $1 billion in annual revenue for the pulp and paper industry include:

References[edit]

^ "Fourdrinier - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
^ Clapperton, R. H. (2014-06-28). The Paper-making Machine: Its Invention, Evolution, and Development. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4832-7960-2.
^ Sindall, Robert Walter (1906). Paper Technology: An Elementary Manual on the Manufacture, Physical Qualities and Chemical Constituents of Paper and of Paper-making Fibres. C. Griffin, limited.
^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. 5 Part 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 58
^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. 5 Part 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 48
^ Hills, Richard, "Papermaking in Britain 1488–1988", Athlone Press, 1988.
^ "The Paper Trail at Frogmore Mill". Apsley Paper Trail charity. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
^ "NRDC: Paper Industry Laying Waste to North American Forests". www.nrdc.org. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
^ "A crumpling paper industry". Oregon Local News. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
^ "Amazon draught speeds up destruction The WE News Archives". www.thewe.cc. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
^ Phillips, Tom (20 May 2011). "Brazil forms 'crisis cabinet' following unexpected deforestation surge". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
^ "Forests — European Environment Agency". www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
^ "Will the EU turn the tide on forest growth and torpedo its bioeconomy agenda?". euractiv.com. 15 June 2017.
^ Auer, Matthew R. (2018-12-18). "Toxic releases from an industry in decline: Environmental trends in Maine's pulp and paper sector". Environmental Quality Management. 28 (2): 31–38. doi:10.1002/tqem.21594. S2CID 116422861.
^ Boguniewicz-Zablocka, Joanna; Klosok-Bazan, Iwona; Naddeo, Vincenzo; Mozejko, Clara A. (2019-09-26). "Cost-effective removal of COD in the pre-treatment of wastewater from the paper industry". Water Science and Technology. 81 (7): 1345–1353. doi:10.2166/wst.2019.328. hdl:11336/127959. ISSN 0273-1223. PMID 32616687.
^ De Sisti, Mike (12 December 2012). "China's Paper Operation". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
^ "Paper and cardboard production worldwide".
^ "Japan in the World (according to the figure in Annual Review of Global Pulp and Paper Statistics by RISI)" (in Japanese). Japan Paper Association. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "The PPI Top 100". RISI. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
^ "Global Forest, Paper & Packaging Industry Survey: 2009 Edition - Survey of 2008 Results" (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers. p. 12. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

External links[edit]

[1] "Fourdrinier - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2024-05-20.

[2] Clapperton, R. H. (2014-06-28). The Paper-making Machine: Its Invention, Evolution, and Development. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4832-7960-2.

[3] Sindall, Robert Walter (1906). Paper Technology: An Elementary Manual on the Manufacture, Physical Qualities and Chemical Constituents of Paper and of Paper-making Fibres. C. Griffin, limited.

[Tsien58-4] Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. 5 Part 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 58

[Tsien48-5] Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. 5 Part 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 48

[6] Hills, Richard, "Papermaking in Britain 1488–1988", Athlone Press, 1988.

[7] "The Paper Trail at Frogmore Mill". Apsley Paper Trail charity. Retrieved 2 February 2017.

[8] "NRDC: Paper Industry Laying Waste to North American Forests". www.nrdc.org. Retrieved 19 February 2016.

[9] "A crumpling paper industry". Oregon Local News. Retrieved 19 February 2016.

[10] "Amazon draught speeds up destruction The WE News Archives". www.thewe.cc. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.

[11] Phillips, Tom (20 May 2011). "Brazil forms 'crisis cabinet' following unexpected deforestation surge". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 February 2016.

[12] "Forests — European Environment Agency". www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-09-11.

[13] "Will the EU turn the tide on forest growth and torpedo its bioeconomy agenda?". euractiv.com. 15 June 2017.

[14] Auer, Matthew R. (2018-12-18). "Toxic releases from an industry in decline: Environmental trends in Maine's pulp and paper sector". Environmental Quality Management. 28 (2): 31–38. doi:10.1002/tqem.21594. S2CID 116422861.

[15] Boguniewicz-Zablocka, Joanna; Klosok-Bazan, Iwona; Naddeo, Vincenzo; Mozejko, Clara A. (2019-09-26). "Cost-effective removal of COD in the pre-treatment of wastewater from the paper industry". Water Science and Technology. 81 (7): 1345–1353. doi:10.2166/wst.2019.328. hdl:11336/127959. ISSN 0273-1223. PMID 32616687.

[Pulitzer-16] De Sisti, Mike (12 December 2012). "China's Paper Operation". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Retrieved 13 April 2013.

[17] "Paper and cardboard production worldwide".

[18] "Japan in the World (according to the figure in Annual Review of Global Pulp and Paper Statistics by RISI)" (in Japanese). Japan Paper Association. Retrieved 15 November 2012.

[19] "The PPI Top 100". RISI. Retrieved 2 February 2017.

[20] "Global Forest, Paper & Packaging Industry Survey: 2009 Edition - Survey of 2008 Results" (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers. p. 12. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Industry involved in the manufacture of paper and paperboard}}
 [[Image:InternationalPaper6413.jpg|right|frame|[[International Paper]] is the world's largest pulp and paper maker.]]
-[[File:Mondi SCP.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Paper mill [[Mondi]] in [[Ružomberok]], [[Slovakia]].]]
+[[File:Mondi SCP.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Paper mill [[Mondi]] in [[Ružomberok]], [[Slovakia]]]]
-The '''pulp and paper industry''' comprises companies that use [[wood]] as raw material and produce [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]], [[paper]], [[paperboard]] and other cellulose-based products.[[File:Fourdrinier.svg|thumb|Diagram showing the sections of the Fourdrinier machine.]]
+The '''pulp and paper industry''' comprises companies that use [[wood]], specifically [[pulpwood]], as raw material and produce [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]], [[paper]], [[paperboard]], and other cellulose-based products. [[File:Fourdrinier.svg|thumb|Diagram showing the sections of the Fourdrinier machine]]
 == Manufacturing process ==
-{{See also|Paper machine|Papermaking}}The [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] is fed to a paper machine where it is formed as a paper web and the water is removed from it by pressing and drying.
+{{See also|Paper machine|Papermaking}}In the manufacturing process, pulp is introduced into a paper machine where it is shaped into a paper web and water is extracted through pressing and drying stages.
+Pressing involves removing water from the sheet by applying force. This process employs a specialized type of felt, distinct from traditional felt, to absorb the water. In contrast, hand-made paper uses a blotter sheet for this purpose.
+Drying involves eliminating water from the paper sheets through air or heat. Historically, this was achieved by hanging the sheets to dry, similar to laundry. In modern papermaking, various heated drying mechanisms are employed, with the steam-heated can dryer being the most prevalent on paper machines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fourdrinier - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fourdrinier |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clapperton |first=R. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3E-AwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Paper-making Machine: Its Invention, Evolution, and Development |date=2014-06-28 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4832-7960-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sindall |first=Robert Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaVAAAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=fourdrinier+machine&hl=en |title=Paper Technology: An Elementary Manual on the Manufacture, Physical Qualities and Chemical Constituents of Paper and of Paper-making Fibres |date=1906 |publisher=C. Griffin, limited |language=en}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
+==History==
-Pressing the sheet removes the water by force. Once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water. Whereas, when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead.
+[[Papermaking]] as a [[craft]] is ancient, and for centuries it used various fibers, mainly [[grass]]es (cereal [[straw]]s and others), or [[textile|rag]]s from old clothing made from them, in various preindustrial times and places. The [[commerce|commercial]] planting of domesticated mulberry trees to make pulp for papermaking is attested as early as the 6th century.<ref name="Tsien58">{{Citation |last=Tsien |first=Tsuen-Hsuin |author-link=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|series=Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology |volume=5 Part 1|title=Paper and Printing|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=58|year=1985}}</ref> Due to advances in printing technology, the Chinese paper industry continued to grow under the [[Song dynasty]] to meet the rising demand for printed books. Demand for paper was also stimulated by the Song government, which needed a large supply of paper for printing [[paper money]] and exchange certificates.<ref name="Tsien48">{{Citation |last=Tsien |first=Tsuen-Hsuin |author-link=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|series=Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology |volume=5 Part 1|title=Paper and Printing|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=48|year=1985}}</ref>
+An example of an enterprising [[paper mill]] during the late phase of the preindustrial era is the mill by [[William Rittenhouse]] and sons at what is now preserved as [[Historic RittenhouseTown]] in Pennsylvania.
-Drying involves using air or heat to remove water from the paper sheets. In the earliest days of paper making, this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry. In more modern times, various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine, the most common is the steam heated can dryer.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
+The first [[mechanization|mechanised]] paper machine was installed at [[Frogmore Paper Mill]], [[Apsley, Hertfordshire]] in 1803, followed by another in 1804.<ref>Hills, Richard, "Papermaking in Britain 1488–1988", Athlone Press, 1988.</ref> The site operates currently as a museum.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thepapertrail.org.uk/|title= The Paper Trail at Frogmore Mill |publisher= Apsley Paper Trail charity|access-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref>
-==History of the paper industry==
-The commercial planting of domesticated mulberry trees to make pulp for papermaking is attested as early as the 6th century.<ref name="Tsien58">{{Citation |last=Tsien |first=Tsuen-Hsuin |author-link=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|series=Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology |volume=Vol. 5 Part 1|title=Paper and Printing|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=58|year=1985}}</ref> Due to advances in printing technology, the Chinese paper industry continued to grow under the [[Song dynasty]] to meet the rising demand for printed books. Demand for paper was also stimulated by the Song government, which needed a large supply of paper for printing [[paper money]] and exchange certificates.<ref name="Tsien48">{{Citation |last=Tsien |first=Tsuen-Hsuin |author-link=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|series=Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology |volume=Vol. 5 Part 1|title=Paper and Printing|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=48|year=1985}}</ref>
+During the 19th and 20th centuries, the [[paper chemical]] technologies for making the [[pulp (paper)|pulp]] from [[wood]] rather than grasses underwent some major [[Industrial Revolution|industrial-era]] upgrades, as first the [[soda pulping]] process and then the [[Kraft process]] helped reduce the [[unit cost]] of paper manufacture. This made paper newly abundant, and along with continual advancements in [[printing press]] technologies, as well as in [[transport]] technologies (for distribution), during these same centuries, led to greatly increased sales and [[print circulation|circulation]] of newspapers, other periodicals, and books of every kind.
-The first mechanised paper machine was installed at [[Frogmore Paper Mill]], [[Apsley, Hertfordshire]] in 1803, followed by another in 1804.<ref>Hills, Richard, "Papermaking in Britain 1488–1988", Athlone Press, 1988.</ref> The site operates currently as a museum.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thepapertrail.org.uk/|title= The Paper Trail at Frogmore Mill |publisher= Apsley Paper Trail charity|access-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref>
 ==Environmental effects==
 {{Main|Environmental impact of paper}}
-The pulp and paper industry has been criticized by environmental groups like the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] for unsustainable [[deforestation]] and [[clearcutting]] of [[old-growth forest]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = NRDC: Paper Industry Laying Waste to North American Forests|url = http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/tissue.asp|website = www.nrdc.org|access-date = 19 February 2016}}</ref> The industry trend is to expand globally to countries like [[Russia]], [[China]] and [[Indonesia]] with low wages and low environmental oversight.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A crumpling paper industry|url = http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=4568|website = Oregon Local News|access-date = 19 February 2016|language = en-US}}</ref> According to [[Greenpeace]], farmers in [[Deforestation in Central America|Central America]] illegally rip up vast tracts of native forest for cattle and [[soybean]] production without any consequences,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Amazon draught speeds up destruction The WE News Archives|url = http://www.thewe.cc/weplanet/news/forests/amazon_destruction_speeds_up.htm|website = www.thewe.cc|access-date = 19 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161225182546/http://thewe.cc/weplanet/news/forests/amazon_destruction_speeds_up.htm|archive-date = 25 December 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> and companies who buy timber from private land owners contribute to massive [[deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Brazil forms 'crisis cabinet' following unexpected deforestation surge|url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/may/20/brazil-crisis-cabinet-amazon-deforestation|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 20 May 2011|access-date = 19 February 2016|issn = 0261-3077|language = en-GB|first = Tom|last = Phillips}}</ref> On the other hand, the situation is quite different where forest growth has been on the increase for a number of years. It is estimated for instance that since 1990 forests have grown in Europe by a [https://twitter.com/CEPI_Paper/status/844106331019759617 size equivalent to that of Switzerland (44,160 KM)] which has been supported through the practice of sustainable forest management by the industry. In Sweden, for every tree that is felled, two are planted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/opinion/lulucf-will-the-eu-turn-the-tide-on-forest-growth-in-europe-and-torpedo-its-bioeconomy-agenda/|title=Will the EU turn the tide on forest growth and torpedo its bioeconomy agenda?|work=euractiv.com}}</ref>
+The pulp and paper industry has been criticized by environmental groups like the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] for unsustainable [[deforestation]] and [[clearcutting]] of [[old-growth forest]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = NRDC: Paper Industry Laying Waste to North American Forests|url = http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/tissue.asp|website = www.nrdc.org|access-date = 19 February 2016}}</ref> The industry trend is to expand globally to countries like [[Russia]], [[China]] and [[Indonesia]] with low wages and low environmental oversight.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A crumpling paper industry|url = http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=4568|website = Oregon Local News|access-date = 19 February 2016|language = en-US}}</ref> According to [[Greenpeace]], farmers in [[Deforestation in Central America|Central America]] illegally rip up vast tracts of native forest for cattle and [[soybean]] production without any consequences,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Amazon draught speeds up destruction The WE News Archives|url = http://www.thewe.cc/weplanet/news/forests/amazon_destruction_speeds_up.htm|website = www.thewe.cc|access-date = 19 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161225182546/http://thewe.cc/weplanet/news/forests/amazon_destruction_speeds_up.htm|archive-date = 25 December 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> and companies who buy timber from private land owners contribute to massive [[deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Brazil forms 'crisis cabinet' following unexpected deforestation surge|url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/may/20/brazil-crisis-cabinet-amazon-deforestation|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 20 May 2011|access-date = 19 February 2016|issn = 0261-3077|language = en-GB|first = Tom|last = Phillips}}</ref> On the other hand, the situation is quite different where forest growth has been on the increase for a number of years. It is estimated for instance that since 1990 forests have grown in Europe by 17 million hectares,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forests — European Environment Agency|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/2015/europe/forests|access-date=2021-09-11|website=www.eea.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> which has been supported through the practice of sustainable forest management by the industry. In Sweden, for every tree that is felled, two are planted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/opinion/lulucf-will-the-eu-turn-the-tide-on-forest-growth-in-europe-and-torpedo-its-bioeconomy-agenda/|title=Will the EU turn the tide on forest growth and torpedo its bioeconomy agenda?|work=euractiv.com|date=15 June 2017}}</ref>
-The pulp and paper industry consumes a significant amount of water and energy and produces wastewater with a high concentration of [[chemical oxygen demand|chemical oxygen demand (COD)]], among other contaminants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Auer|first=Matthew R.|date=2018-12-18|title=Toxic releases from an industry in decline: Environmental trends in Maine's pulp and paper sector|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/tqem.21594|journal=Environmental Quality Management|volume=28|issue=2|language=en|pages = 31–38|doi=10.1002/tqem.21594}}</ref> Recent studies underline coagulation as an appropriate pre-treatment of pulp and paper industrial wastewater and as a cost-effective solution for the removal of COD and the reduction of pressures on the aquatic environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boguniewicz-Zablocka|first1=Joanna|last2=Klosok-Bazan|first2=Iwona|last3=Naddeo|first3=Vincenzo|last4=Mozejko|first4=Clara A.|date=2019-09-26|title=Cost-effective removal of COD in the pre-treatment of wastewater from the paper industry|url=https://iwaponline.com/wst/article/doi/10.2166/wst.2019.328/69903/Costeffective-removal-of-COD-in-the-pretreatment|journal=Water Science and Technology|volume=81|issue=7|language=en|pages=1345–1353|doi=10.2166/wst.2019.328|pmid=32616687|issn=0273-1223|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+The pulp and paper industry consumes a significant amount of water and energy and produces wastewater with a high concentration of [[chemical oxygen demand]] (COD), among other contaminants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Auer|first=Matthew R.|date=2018-12-18|title=Toxic releases from an industry in decline: Environmental trends in Maine's pulp and paper sector|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/tqem.21594|journal=Environmental Quality Management|volume=28|issue=2|language=en|pages = 31–38|doi=10.1002/tqem.21594|s2cid=116422861 }}</ref> Recent studies underline coagulation as an appropriate pre-treatment of pulp and paper industrial wastewater and as a cost-effective solution for the removal of COD and the reduction of pressures on the aquatic environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boguniewicz-Zablocka|first1=Joanna|last2=Klosok-Bazan|first2=Iwona|last3=Naddeo|first3=Vincenzo|last4=Mozejko|first4=Clara A.|date=2019-09-26|title=Cost-effective removal of COD in the pre-treatment of wastewater from the paper industry|journal=Water Science and Technology|volume=81|issue=7|language=en|pages=1345–1353|doi=10.2166/wst.2019.328|pmid=32616687|issn=0273-1223|doi-access=free|hdl=11336/127959|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
 ==Current production volumes and sales==
@@ Line 27: / Line 30: @@
 ===List of main countries by production quantity===
 According to data from Statista,
-China produced 110 million metric tons in 2018 followed by the US with 72 million. <ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/270314/production-of-paper-and-cardboard-in-selected-countries/</ref>
+China produced 110 million metric tons in 2018 followed by the US with 72 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/270314/production-of-paper-and-cardboard-in-selected-countries/|title=Paper and cardboard production worldwide}}</ref>
 According to statistic data by [[RISI]], main producing countries of paper and paperboard, not including pulp, in the world are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpa.gr.jp/states/global-view/index.html#topic01|title=Japan in the World (according to the figure in ''Annual Review of Global Pulp and Paper Statistics'' by RISI)|publisher=Japan Paper Association|language=ja |access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable sortable"
-!Rank<br>2011!!Country!!Production in 2011<br>(1,000 ton)!!Share<br>2011!!Rank<br>2010!!Production in 2010<br>(1,000 ton)
+!Rank<br>2011!!Country!!Production in 2011<br>(1,000 ton)!!Share<br>(2011)!!Rank<br>(2010)!!Production in 2010<br>(1,000 ton)
 |-
 |align=center|1|||{{CHN}}||align=right|99,300||align=right|24.9%||align=center|1||align=right|92,599
@@ Line 39: / Line 42: @@
 |-
 |align=center|3|||{{JPN}}||align=right|26,627||align=right|6.7%||align=center|3||align=right|27,288
-|-
+|-o98
 |align=center|4|||{{GER}}||align=right|22,698||align=right|5.7%||align=center|4||align=right|23,122
 |-
@@ Line 62: / Line 65: @@
 {| class="wikitable sortable"
-!Rank!!Company Group!!Country!!Production in 2015<BR>(1,000 ton)!!Rank by Sales
+!Rank!!Company group!!Country!!Production in 2015<BR>(1,000 ton)!!Rank by sales
 |-
-|align=center|1||[[International Paper]]||{{USA}}||align=right|23315||align=center|1
+|align=center|1||[[International Paper]]||{{USA}}||align=right|23,315|| align="center" |1
 |-
-|align=center|2||[[Nine Dragons Paper Holdings Limited|Nine Dragon Paper Holdings]]||{{CHN}}||align=right|12630||align=center|18
+|align=center|2||[[Nine Dragons Paper Holdings Limited|Nine Dragon Paper Holdings]]||{{CHN}}||align=right|12,630|| align="center" |2
 |-
-|align=center|3||[[WestRock]]||{{USA}}||align=right|12487||align=center|4
+|align=center|3||[[WestRock]]||{{USA}}||align=right|12,487|| align="center" |4
 |-
-|align=center|4||[[UPM (company)|UPM]]||{{FIN}}||align=right|9771||align=center|5
+|align=center|4||[[UPM (company)|UPM]]||{{FIN}}||align=right|9,771|| align="center" |5
 |-
-|align=center|5||[[Stora Enso]]||{{FIN}}||align=right|9188||align=center|8
+|align=center|5||[[Stora Enso]]||{{FIN}}||align=right|9,188|| align="center" |8
 |-
-|align=center|6||[[Oji Paper Company]]||{{JPN}}||align=right|9115||align=center|3
+|align=center|6||[[Oji Paper Company]]||{{JPN}}||align=right|9,115|| align="center" |3
 |-
-|align=center|7||[[Sappi]]||{{ZAF}}||align=right|7306||align=center|15
+|align=center|7||[[Sappi]]||{{ZAF}}||align=right|7,306|| align="center" |15
 |-
-|align=center|8||[[Smurfit Kappa]]||{{IRL}}||align=right|7000||align=center|9
+|align=center|8||[[Smurfit Kappa]]||{{IRL}}||align=right|7,000|| align="center" |9
 |-
-|align=center|9||[[DS Smith]]||{{GBR}}||align=right|6802||align=center|13
+|align=center|9||[[DS Smith]]||{{GBR}}||align=right|6,802|| align="center" |13
 |-
-|align=center|10||[[Nippon Paper]]||{{JPN}}||align=right|6542||align=center|11
+|align=center|10||[[Nippon Paper]]||{{JPN}}||align=right|6,542|| align="center" |11
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 95: / Line 98: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
-!Rank!!Company!!Country!! align=center |2008 Net Sales<br>(US$M)!! align=center|2008 Net Income (Loss)<br>(US$M)
+!Rank!!Company!!Country!! align=center |2008 net sales<br>(US$M)!! align="center" |2008 net income (loss)<br>(US$M)
 |-
 |1||[[International Paper]]|| {{flag|United States}} || align=center|24,829|| align=center|(1,282)
@@ Line 120: / Line 123: @@
 ==Manufacturers and suppliers for the industry==
-[[File:紙パルプ会館 Japan Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry.jpg|thumb|Pulp & Paper Building, in Japan. It hosts many organizations in the pulp and paper industry]]
+[[File:紙パルプ会館 Japan Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry.jpg|thumb|Pulp & Paper Building, in Japan. It hosts many organizations in the pulp and paper industry.]]
 Leading manufacturers of [[capital equipment]] with over $1 billion in annual revenue for the pulp and paper industry include:
@@ Line 128: / Line 131: @@
 * [[Metso]]
 * [[Voith]]
+* [[Parason Machinery]]
-* [[[https://www.scanmachineries.com/ Scan Machineries]]]
+* [[Scan Machineries]]
 * [[Kadant]]
+* [[Statiflo]]
-*[https://statiflo.com/industries/pulp-paper-2/ Statiflo]
 ==See also==
@@ Line 136: / Line 140: @@
 * [[List of paper mills]]
 * [[Converters (industry)]]
-* [[Pulp and Paper]]
+* [[Pulp and paper industry in Canada]]
-** [[Pulp and paper industry in Canada]]
+* [[Pulp and paper industry in Europe]]
+* [[Confederation of European Paper Industries]]
-** [[Pulp and paper industry in Europe]]
+* [[Pulp and paper industry in Japan]]
-** [[Confederation of European Paper Industries]]
-** [[Pulp and paper industry in Japan]]
+* [[Pulp and paper industry in the United States]]
-** [[Pulp and paper industry in the United States]]
 * [[Roll hardness tester]]
 * [[Wood industry]]

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