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The Jewish orphans controversy involved the custody of thousands of Jewish children after the end of World War II. Some Jewish children had been baptized while in the care of Catholic institutions or individual Catholics during the war. Such baptisms allowed children to be identified as Catholics to avoid deportation and incarceration in concentration camps, and likely death in the Holocaust. After the end of hostilities, Catholic Church officials, either Pope Pius XII or other prelates, issued instructions for the treatment and disposition of such Jewish children, some, but not all, of whom were now orphans. The rules they established, the authority that issued those rules, and their application in specific cases is the subject of investigations by journalists and historians.

In 2005, Corriere della Sera published a document dated 20 November 1946 on the subject of Jewish children baptized in wartime France. The document ordered that baptized children, if orphaned, should be kept in Catholic custody and stated that the decision "has been approved by the Holy Father". Two Italian scholars, Matteo Luigi Napolitano and Andrea Tornielli, confirmed that the memorandum was genuine, but added that the reporting by the Corriere della Sera was misleading, as the document had originated in the French Catholic Church archives, rather than the Vatican archives, and strictly concerned itself with children without living blood relatives that were supposed to be handed over to Jewish organisations.^[1]

Angelo Roncalli, later Pope John XXIII, served as Nuncio for France, and reportedly ignored this directive.^[2]^[3]

A related case was the highly public Finaly Affair in France. Fritz Finaly and his wife Anni were Jews seized by the Gestapo and deported from France to Auschwitz in 1944. Days earlier, they had left their two small boys, Robert and Gérald, in the care of a friend. The children ended up in a local nursery school. Starting in 1945, their relatives tracked them down and tried to get custody of them. Their requests were thwarted for years, and the children were secretly baptized in 1948. Documents released in 2020 demonstrate that in 1953, Vatican officials secretly directed clerics in France to defy court orders to turn over the children to an aunt, with Pope Pius XII directly informed of those instructions. Church leaders also tried to plant misleading news stories in the press.^[4]^[5] After months of enormous international pressure, Cardinal Pierre-Marie Gerlier and abbé Roger Etchegaray finally settled the dispute by transferring the children back to their Jewish relatives, who raised them in Spain and Israel.^[6]^[7]

Pius XII personally intervened when a Polish Catholic woman, Leokadia Jaromirska, later honored as one of the Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem,^[8] wrote him a letter seeking his permission to keep a young Jewish girl she had sheltered during the war. Pius denied her permission to do so and ordered the child returned to her father. He described it as her duty as a Catholic to return the child and to do so in goodwill and friendship.^[9]^[10]

Abe Foxman (born 1940), the national director of the Anti-Defamation League in the United States, who had himself been baptized as a child and was the subject of a custody battle, called for an immediate freeze on Pius's beatification process until the relevant Vatican Archives and baptismal records were opened.^[11] He wrote that opening archives could allow orphans "an opportunity to discover their true origins and possibly a return to their original faith while providing a magnificent story of courage by Catholics. In the hell that was the Holocaust, this is one bright shining light."^[12] Foxman omitted this in later statements and ADL press releases concerning Pope Pius XII.^[13]

Yad L'Achim, an Israeli Jewish organization, has inquired into the orphans controversy and has demanded that Pope Benedict XVI act to reveal the "hidden Jewish children" of the Holocaust.^[14]

References[edit]

^ "Pius' children". 31 March 2006.
^ Sciolino, Elaine; Horowitz, Jason (9 January 2005). "Saving Jewish Children, but at What Cost?". New York Times. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ Jerusalem Report, 7 February 2005
^ Kertzer, Story by David I. "The Pope, the Jews, and the Secrets in the Archives". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
^ Povoledo, Elisabetta (2020-08-28). "Unsealed Archives Give Fresh Clues to Pope Pius XII's Response to the Holocaust". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
^ Joyce Block-Lazarus. In the Shadow of Vichy. The Finaly Affair. Peter Lang. 2008. ISBN 1-4331-0212-9, ISBN 978-1-4331-0212-7.
^ Baudy, Nicolas (1 June 1953). "The Affair of the Finaly Children: France Debates a Drama of Faith and the Family". Commentary. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "Leokadia Jaromirska". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ Hellman, Peter (1980). Avenue of the Righteous. Atheneum. ISBN 9780689111099.^{[page needed]}
^ Hellman, Peter (1994). The righteous Gentiles of the Holocaust: a Christian interpretation. Fortress Press.^{[page needed]}
^ "ADL to Vatican: Open Baptismal Records and Put Pius Beatification on Hold" (Press release). Anti-Defamation League. 13 January 2005. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009.
^ Foxman, Abraham H. (23 January 2005). "60 Years Later, Baptized Jews Deserve Truth From Vatican" (Press release). Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ "ADL Position on Pope Pius XII (September 18, 2008)". Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
^ Fendel, Hillel (22 April 2009). "Call for Pope to Reveal Hidden Holocaust Children". Israel National News. Retrieved 20 January 2018.

External links[edit]

Marrus, Michael. "The Vatican and the Custody of Jewish Child Survivors after the Holocaust", Holocaust and Genocide Studies 21, no. 3 (Winter 2007): 378–403 Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine

[1] "Pius' children". 31 March 2006.

[nyt20050109-2] Sciolino, Elaine; Horowitz, Jason (9 January 2005). "Saving Jewish Children, but at What Cost?". New York Times. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

[3] Jerusalem Report, 7 February 2005

[4] Kertzer, Story by David I. "The Pope, the Jews, and the Secrets in the Archives". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved 2020-08-29.

[5] Povoledo, Elisabetta (2020-08-28). "Unsealed Archives Give Fresh Clues to Pope Pius XII's Response to the Holocaust". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-29.

[6] Joyce Block-Lazarus. In the Shadow of Vichy. The Finaly Affair. Peter Lang. 2008. ISBN 1-4331-0212-9, ISBN 978-1-4331-0212-7.

[7] Baudy, Nicolas (1 June 1953). "The Affair of the Finaly Children: France Debates a Drama of Faith and the Family". Commentary. Retrieved 10 January 2018.

[8] "Leokadia Jaromirska". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

[9] Hellman, Peter (1980). Avenue of the Righteous. Atheneum. ISBN 9780689111099.^{[page needed]}

[10] Hellman, Peter (1994). The righteous Gentiles of the Holocaust: a Christian interpretation. Fortress Press.^{[page needed]}

[11] "ADL to Vatican: Open Baptismal Records and Put Pius Beatification on Hold" (Press release). Anti-Defamation League. 13 January 2005. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009.

[12] Foxman, Abraham H. (23 January 2005). "60 Years Later, Baptized Jews Deserve Truth From Vatican" (Press release). Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

[13] "ADL Position on Pope Pius XII (September 18, 2008)". Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2009.

[14] Fendel, Hillel (22 April 2009). "Call for Pope to Reveal Hidden Holocaust Children". Israel National News. Retrieved 20 January 2018.

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+{{Short description|Custody dispute after World War II}}
 {{About|the custody of Jewish orphans in Europe after World War II|the forced conversion of Jewish orphans in Yemen|Orphans' Decree}}
-The '''Jewish orphans controversy''' was a dispute about the custody of thousands of Jewish children after the end of [[World War II]]. Some Jewish children had been baptized while in the care of Catholic institutions or individual Catholics during the war. Such baptisms allowed children to be identified as Catholics to avoid deportation and incarceration in concentration camps, and likely death in the Holocaust. After the end of hostilities, [[Catholic Church]] officials, either [[Pope Pius XII]] or other prelates, issued instructions for the treatment and disposition of such Jewish children, some but not all of whom were now orphans. The rules they established, the authority that issued those rules, and their application in specific cases is the subject of investigations by journalists and historians.
+The '''Jewish orphans controversy''' involved the custody of thousands of Jewish children after the end of [[World War II]]. Some Jewish children had been baptized while in the care of Catholic institutions or individual Catholics during the war. Such baptisms allowed children to be identified as Catholics to avoid deportation and incarceration in concentration camps, and likely death in the Holocaust. After the end of hostilities, [[Catholic Church]] officials, either [[Pope Pius XII]] or other prelates, issued instructions for the treatment and disposition of such Jewish children, some, but not all, of whom were now orphans. The rules they established, the authority that issued those rules, and their application in specific cases is the subject of investigations by journalists and historians.
-In 2005, ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' published a document dated 20 November 1946 on the subject of Jewish children baptized in wartime France. The document ordered that baptized children, if orphaned, should be kept in Catholic custody and stated that the decision "has been approved by the Holy Father". Two Italian scholars, Matteo Luigi Napolitano and Andrea Tornielli, confirmed that the memorandum was genuine although the reporting by the ''Corriere della Sera'' was misleading, as the document had originated in the French Catholic Church archives rather than the Vatican archives and strictly concerned itself with children without living blood relatives that were supposed to be handed over to Jewish organisations.<ref>https://theamericanmag.com/pius-children/</ref>
+In 2005, ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' published a document dated 20 November 1946 on the subject of Jewish children baptized in wartime France. The document ordered that baptized children, if orphaned, should be kept in Catholic custody and stated that the decision "has been approved by the Holy Father". Two Italian scholars, Matteo Luigi Napolitano and Andrea Tornielli, confirmed that the memorandum was genuine, but added that the reporting by the ''Corriere della Sera'' was misleading, as the document had originated in the French Catholic Church archives, rather than the Vatican archives, and strictly concerned itself with children without living blood relatives that were supposed to be handed over to Jewish organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theamericanmag.com/pius-children/|title = Pius' children|date = 31 March 2006}}</ref>
-[[Pope John XXIII|Angelo Roncalli]], later Pope John XXIII, was serving as [[Nuncio]] for France, and reportedly ignored this directive.<ref name=nyt20050109>{{cite news | work = New York Times | accessdate = 19 January 2018 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/09/world/saving-jewish-children-but-at-what-cost.html |title= Saving Jewish Children, but at What Cost? | date= 9 January 2005 | first1= Elaine |last1= Sciolino | first2= Jason | last2= Horowitz}}</ref><ref>''Jerusalem Report'', 7 February 2005</ref>
+[[Pope John XXIII|Angelo Roncalli]], later Pope John XXIII, served as [[Nuncio]] for France, and reportedly ignored this directive.<ref name=nyt20050109>{{cite news | work = New York Times | access-date = 19 January 2018 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/09/world/saving-jewish-children-but-at-what-cost.html |title= Saving Jewish Children, but at What Cost? | date= 9 January 2005 | first1= Elaine |last1= Sciolino | first2= Jason | last2= Horowitz}}</ref><ref>''Jerusalem Report'', 7 February 2005</ref>
-A related case was the highly public [[Finaly Affair]] in France. Fritz Finaly and his wife Anni were Jews seized by the [[Gestapo]] and deported from France to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] in 1944. Days earlier, they had left their two small boys, Robert and Gérald, in the care of a friend. The children ended up in a local nursery school. Starting in 1945, their relatives tracked them down and tried to get custody of them. Their requests were thwarted for years, and the children were secretly baptized in 1948. Documents released in 2020 demonstrate that in 1953, Vatican officials secretly directed clerics in France to defy court orders to turn over the children to an aunt, with Pope Pius XII directly informed of those instructions. Church leaders also tried to plant misleading news stories in the press.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kertzer|first=Story by David I.|title=The Pope, the Jews, and the Secrets in the Archives|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/08/the-popes-jews/615736/|access-date=2020-08-29|issn=1072-7825}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Povoledo|first=Elisabetta|date=2020-08-28|title=Unsealed Archives Give Fresh Clues to Pope Pius XII’s Response to the Holocaust|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/28/world/europe/pope-pius-xii-jews-vatican-archives.html|access-date=2020-08-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After months of enormous international pressure, Cardinal [[Pierre-Marie Gerlier]] and abbé [[Roger Etchegaray]] finally settled the dispute by transferring the children back to their Jewish relatives, who raised them in Spain and Israel.<ref>Joyce Block-Lazarus. ''In the Shadow of Vichy. The Finaly Affair.'' Peter Lang. 2008. {{ISBN|1-4331-0212-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4331-0212-7}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Baudy|first1=Nicolas| title=The Affair of the Finaly Children: France Debates a Drama of Faith and the Family| url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-affair-of-the-finaly-childrenfrance-debates-a-drama-of-faith-and-the-family/ |work= Commentary |accessdate=10 January 2018|date=1 June 1953}}</ref>
+A related case was the highly public [[Finaly Affair]] in France. Fritz Finaly and his wife Anni were Jews seized by the [[Gestapo]] and deported from France to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] in 1944. Days earlier, they had left their two small boys, Robert and Gérald, in the care of a friend. The children ended up in a local nursery school. Starting in 1945, their relatives tracked them down and tried to get custody of them. Their requests were thwarted for years, and the children were secretly baptized in 1948. Documents released in 2020 demonstrate that in 1953, Vatican officials secretly directed clerics in France to defy court orders to turn over the children to an aunt, with Pope Pius XII directly informed of those instructions. Church leaders also tried to plant misleading news stories in the press.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kertzer|first=Story by David I.|title=The Pope, the Jews, and the Secrets in the Archives|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/08/the-popes-jews/615736/|access-date=2020-08-29|issn=1072-7825}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Povoledo|first=Elisabetta|date=2020-08-28|title=Unsealed Archives Give Fresh Clues to Pope Pius XII's Response to the Holocaust|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/28/world/europe/pope-pius-xii-jews-vatican-archives.html|access-date=2020-08-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After months of enormous international pressure, Cardinal [[Pierre-Marie Gerlier]] and abbé [[Roger Etchegaray]] finally settled the dispute by transferring the children back to their Jewish relatives, who raised them in Spain and Israel.<ref>Joyce Block-Lazarus. ''In the Shadow of Vichy. The Finaly Affair.'' Peter Lang. 2008. {{ISBN|1-4331-0212-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4331-0212-7}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Baudy|first1=Nicolas| title=The Affair of the Finaly Children: France Debates a Drama of Faith and the Family| url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-affair-of-the-finaly-childrenfrance-debates-a-drama-of-faith-and-the-family/ |work= Commentary |access-date=10 January 2018|date=1 June 1953}}</ref>
-Pius XII personally intervened when a Polish Catholic woman, [[Leokadia Jaromirska]], later honored as one of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]] by Yad Vashem,<ref>{{cite web | accessdate = 19 January 2018 | url = http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/jaromirska.html |title= Leokadia Jaromirska | date= | publisher=Yad Vashem }}</ref> wrote him a letter seeking his permission to keep a young Jewish girl she had sheltered during the war. Pius denied her permission to do so and ordered the child returned to her father. He described it as her duty as a Catholic to return the child and to do so in goodwill and friendship.<ref>{{cite book| first=Peter |last= Hellman | title=Avenue of the Righteous | url=https://archive.org/details/avenueofrighteou00hell | url-access=registration | date=1980 | publisher= Atheneum }}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first=Peter |last= Hellman | title=The righteous Gentiles of the Holocaust: a Christian interpretation | date=1994 | publisher= Fortress Press }}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref>
+Pius XII personally intervened when a Polish Catholic woman, [[Leokadia Jaromirska]], later honored as one of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]] by Yad Vashem,<ref>{{cite web | access-date = 19 January 2018 | url = http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/jaromirska.html |title= Leokadia Jaromirska | publisher=Yad Vashem }}</ref> wrote him a letter seeking his permission to keep a young Jewish girl she had sheltered during the war. Pius denied her permission to do so and ordered the child returned to her father. He described it as her duty as a Catholic to return the child and to do so in goodwill and friendship.<ref>{{cite book| first=Peter |last= Hellman | title=Avenue of the Righteous | url=https://archive.org/details/avenueofrighteou00hell | url-access=registration | date=1980 | publisher= Atheneum |isbn= 9780689111099 }}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first=Peter |last= Hellman | title=The righteous Gentiles of the Holocaust: a Christian interpretation | date=1994 | publisher= Fortress Press }}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref>
-[[Abe Foxman]] (born 1940), the national director of the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL), who had himself been baptized as a child and had been the subject of a custody battle, called for an immediate freeze on Pius's beatification process until the relevant [[Vatican Secret Archives|Vatican Archives]] and baptismal records were opened.<ref>{{cite press release| publisher =Anti-Defamation League | url = http://www.adl.org/Interfaith/adl_vatican.asp  | title= ADL to Vatican: Open Baptismal Records and Put Pius Beatification on Hold | url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104082209/http://www.adl.org/Interfaith/adl_vatican.asp |archive-date=4 January 2009 | date= 13 January 2005}}</ref> He wrote that opening archives could
+[[Abe Foxman]] (born 1940), the national director of the [[Anti-Defamation League]] in the United States, who had himself been baptized as a child and was the subject of a custody battle, called for an immediate freeze on Pius's beatification process until the relevant [[Vatican Secret Archives|Vatican Archives]] and baptismal records were opened.<ref>{{cite press release| publisher =Anti-Defamation League | url = http://www.adl.org/Interfaith/adl_vatican.asp  | title= ADL to Vatican: Open Baptismal Records and Put Pius Beatification on Hold | url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104082209/http://www.adl.org/Interfaith/adl_vatican.asp |archive-date=4 January 2009 | date= 13 January 2005}}</ref> He wrote that opening archives could
-allow orphans "an opportunity to discover their true origins and possibly a return to their original faith while providing a magnificent story of courage by Catholics. In the hell that was the Holocaust, this is one bright shining light."<ref>{{cite press release | publisher = Anti-Defamation League | url = https://www.adl.org/news/op-ed/60-years-later-baptized-jews-deserve-truth-from-vatican | title = 60 Years Later, Baptized Jews Deserve Truth From Vatican | date = 23 January 2005 | first = Abraham H. | last= Foxman | accessdate = 19 January 2018 }}</ref> Foxman omitted this in later statements and ADL press releases concerning Pope Pius XII.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/Pope_Pius_Position.htm |title=ADL Position on Pope Pius XII (September 18, 2008) |access-date=May 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225101158/http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/Pope_Pius_Position.htm |archive-date=December 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+allow orphans "an opportunity to discover their true origins and possibly a return to their original faith while providing a magnificent story of courage by Catholics. In the hell that was the Holocaust, this is one bright shining light."<ref>{{cite press release | publisher = Anti-Defamation League | url = https://www.adl.org/news/op-ed/60-years-later-baptized-jews-deserve-truth-from-vatican | title = 60 Years Later, Baptized Jews Deserve Truth From Vatican | date = 23 January 2005 | first = Abraham H. | last= Foxman | access-date = 19 January 2018 }}</ref> Foxman omitted this in later statements and ADL press releases concerning Pope Pius XII.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/Pope_Pius_Position.htm |title=ADL Position on Pope Pius XII (September 18, 2008) |access-date=May 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225101158/http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/Pope_Pius_Position.htm |archive-date=December 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-[[Yad L'Achim]], an Israeli Jewish organization, has inquired into the orphans controversy and has demanded that Pope [[Benedict XVI]] act to reveal the "hidden Jewish children" of the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/130984 | title = Call for Pope to Reveal Hidden Holocaust Children | accessdate = 20 January 2018 |first=Hillel | last= Fendel | work = Israel National News | date= 22 April 2009}}</ref>
+[[Yad L'Achim]], an Israeli Jewish organization, has inquired into the orphans controversy and has demanded that Pope [[Benedict XVI]] act to reveal the "hidden Jewish children" of the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/130984 | title = Call for Pope to Reveal Hidden Holocaust Children | access-date = 20 January 2018 |first=Hillel | last= Fendel | work = Israel National News | date= 22 April 2009}}</ref>
 == See also ==
 * [[Mortara case]]
 * [[Germaine Ribière]]
-* [[Hidden Children]]
+* [[Hidden children during the Holocaust]]
 * ''[[Postremo mense]]''
+* [[Vorpahavak]]
+*[[Finaly Affair]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 27: / Line 29: @@
 ==External links==
-*[http://www.loolyan.com/habriha/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/The-Vatican-and-the-Custody-of-Jewish-Child-Survivors-after-the-Holocaust.pdf Marrus, Michael. "The Vatican and the Custody of Jewish Child Survivors after the Holocaust", ''Holocaust and Genocide Studies 21, no. 3 (Winter 2007): 378–403]
+*[http://www.loolyan.com/habriha/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/The-Vatican-and-the-Custody-of-Jewish-Child-Survivors-after-the-Holocaust.pdf Marrus, Michael. "The Vatican and the Custody of Jewish Child Survivors after the Holocaust", ''Holocaust and Genocide Studies 21, no. 3 (Winter 2007): 378–403] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000453/http://www.loolyan.com/habriha/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/The-Vatican-and-the-Custody-of-Jewish-Child-Survivors-after-the-Holocaust.pdf |date=2016-03-05 }}
 {{Pope Pius XII|state=collapsed}}
 [[Category:1946 in religion]]
-[[Category:20th-century Judaism]]
 [[Category:Aftermath of the Holocaust]]
-[[Category:Catholicism and Judaism]]
+[[Category:Catholicism-related controversies]]
+[[Category:Child custody]]
+[[Category:Child refugees]]
 [[Category:Children in the Holocaust]]
 [[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism]]
 [[Category:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust]]
-[[Category:Judaism and children]]
+[[Category:Orphanages]]
-[[Category:Catholicism-related controversies]]
+[[Category:Jewish orphanages]]

v t e Pope Pius XII
Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958 Pope (1939–1958) Camerlengo (1935–1939) Cardinal Secretary of State (1930–1939) Archpriest of Saint Peter's Basilica (1930–1939)
Biography	Early life Nunciature US visit Election Later years Illness and death Testament Canonization
Encyclicals in chronological order	Summi Pontificatus Sertum laetitiae Saeculo exeunte Mystici Corporis Christi Divino afflante Spiritu Orientalis Ecclesiae Communium interpretes dolorum Orientales omnes Ecclesias Quemadmodum Deiparae Virginis Mariae Fulgens radiatur Mediator Dei Optatissima pax Auspicia quaedam In multiplicibus curis Redemptoris nostri cruciatus Anni sacri Summi maeroris Humani generis Mirabile illud Evangelii praecones Sempiternus Rex Christus Ingruentium malorum Orientales Ecclesias Doctor Mellifluus Fulgens corona Sacra virginitas Ecclesiae fastos Ad Sinarum gentem Ad Caeli Reginam Musicae sacrae Haurietis aquas Luctuosissimi eventus Laetamur admodum Datis nuperrime Fidei donum Invicti athletae Le pèlerinage de Lourdes Miranda prorsus Ad Apostolorum principis Meminisse iuvat
World War II	The Holocaust statements conversion of Jews Persecution of Church German Resistance Nazi euthanasia Catholic Resistance Roman razzia Occupied dioceses Ustaše involvement Jewish orphans controversy Pontifical Relief Commission 1942 Christmas address Alleged kidnapping plot Yad Vashem Bombing of Rome
Foreign relations	Nazi Germany (Reichskonkordat) Post–World War II "Ratlines" Persecutions China Poland Russia
Theology	Social teachings Mariology Judaism Liturgy Eastern canon law Canonizations Beatifications Fátima and Balazar
Writings	Apostolic constitutions and bulls Encyclicals Apostolic writings Magisterium
Appointments	Tisserant Maglione Montini Tardini Orsenigo Muench Cardinals
Advisers	Bea Galeazzi-Lisi Kaas Lehnert Leiber Nogara Spellman Spiazzi
Works on Pius XII	The Deputy Three Popes and the Jews Actes et documents Hitler's Pope International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission Under His Very Windows The Myth of Hitler's Pope Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War The Pope's Jews
Related	Pius Wars

Latest revision as of 14:42, 20 April 2024

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]