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'''The Hospital for Sick Children''' ('''HSC'''), corporately branded as '''SickKids''', is a major [[paediatric hospital|pediatric]] [[teaching hospital]] located on [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada. Affiliated with the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]] of the [[University of Toronto]], the hospital was ranked the top pediatric hospital in the world by [[Newsweek]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=SickKids named No.1 paediatric hospital in the world by Newsweek |url=https://www.sickkids.ca/en/news/archive/2021/sickkids-named-top-paediatric-hospital-world-newsweek/|website=Sick Kids |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
'''The Hospital for Sick Children''' ('''HSC'''), corporately branded as '''SickKids''', is a major [[paediatric hospital|pediatric]] [[teaching hospital]] located on [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada. Affiliated with the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]] of the [[University of Toronto]], the hospital was ranked the top pediatric hospital in the world by ''[[Newsweek]]'' in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=SickKids named No.1 paediatric hospital in the world by Newsweek |url=https://www.sickkids.ca/en/news/archive/2021/sickkids-named-top-paediatric-hospital-world-newsweek/|website=Sick Kids |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>


The hospital's Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning is believed to be the largest pediatric research tower in the world, at {{convert|69677.28|m2}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/08/26/sick_kids_honours_donor_peter_gilgan_for_40_million_donation.html|title=Sick Kids honours donor Peter Gilgan for $40 million donation|last=Ionova|first=Mariana|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=August 26, 2013}}</ref>
The hospital's Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning is believed to be the largest pediatric research tower in the world, at {{convert|69677.28|m2}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/08/26/sick_kids_honours_donor_peter_gilgan_for_40_million_donation.html|title=Sick Kids honours donor Peter Gilgan for $40 million donation|last=Ionova|first=Mariana|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=August 26, 2013}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Old Hospital for Sick Children.jpg|thumb|left|Victoria Hospital for Sick Children]]
[[File:Old Hospital for Sick Children.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Victoria Hospital for Sick Children]]
[[File:Toronto Hospital for Sick Children. c. 1915.jpg|thumb|left|Nurse and orderly transport child to operating room, c. 1915]]
[[File:Toronto Hospital for Sick Children. c. 1915.jpg|thumb|left|Nurse and orderly transport child to operating room, c. 1915]]
[[File:The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning.jpg|thumb|Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning]]
[[File:The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning.jpg|thumb|upright|Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning]]
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[[File:Atrium, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada (2019).jpg|thumb|upright|Atrium designed by [[Eberhard Zeidler (architect)|Eberhard Zeidler]]]]


During 1875, an eleven-room house was rented for {{CAD|320|1875}} a year by a Toronto women's bible study group led by [[Elizabeth McMaster]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article29252574.ece |title=Doctor-assisted dying: Why religious conscience must be part of the debate |first=Lorna |last=Dueck |date=2016-03-16 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Opened on March 1,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jea |first1=Andrew |last2=Al-Otibi |first2=Merdas |last3=Rutka |first3=James |last4=Drake |first4=James |last5=Dirks |first5=Peter |last6=Kulkarni |first6=Abhaya |last7=Taylor |first7=Michael |last8=Humphreys |first8=Robin |date=September 2007 |title=The History of Neurosurgery at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/24716/1/The_History_of_Neurosurgery_At_the_Hospital_for.24.pdf |journal=[[Neurosurgery]] |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=612–625|doi=10.1227/01.NEU.0000290910.32600.7E |pmid=17881976 |hdl=1807/24716 |s2cid=28061565 }}</ref> they set up six iron cots and "declared open a hospital 'for the admission and treatment of all sick children.'" Their first patient, a scalding victim named Maggie, came in on April 3. Forty-four patients were admitted to the hospital in its first year of operation and sixty-seven others were treated in outpatient clinics.<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutHSC/section.asp?s=History+and+Milestones&sID=11889&ss=SickKids+History&ssID=211 |title=SickKids History |publisher=Hospital for Sick Children |date=2005-12-15 |access-date=2006-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908220655/http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutHSC/section.asp?s=History+and+Milestones&sID=11889&ss=SickKids+History&ssID=211<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2006-09-08}}</ref>
During 1875, an eleven-room house was rented for {{CAD|320|1875}} a year by a Toronto women's bible study group, led by [[Elizabeth McMaster]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/doctor-assisted-dying-why-religious-conscience-must-be-part-of-the-debate/article29252574/ |title=Doctor-assisted dying: Why religious conscience must be part of the debate |first=Lorna |last=Dueck |date=2016-03-16 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Opened on March 1,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jea |first1=Andrew |last2=Al-Otibi |first2=Merdas |last3=Rutka |first3=James |last4=Drake |first4=James |last5=Dirks |first5=Peter |last6=Kulkarni |first6=Abhaya |last7=Taylor |first7=Michael |last8=Humphreys |first8=Robin |date=September 2007 |title=The History of Neurosurgery at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/24716/1/The_History_of_Neurosurgery_At_the_Hospital_for.24.pdf |journal=[[Neurosurgery]] |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=612–625|doi=10.1227/01.NEU.0000290910.32600.7E |pmid=17881976 |hdl=1807/24716 |s2cid=28061565}}</ref> it set up six iron cots and "declared open a hospital 'for the admission and treatment of all sick children.'" The first patient, a scalding victim named Maggie, came in on April 3. In its first year of operation, 44 patients were admitted to the hospital, and 67 others were treated in outpatient clinics.<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutHSC/section.asp?s=History+and+Milestones&sID=11889&ss=SickKids+History&ssID=211 |title=SickKids History |publisher=Hospital for Sick Children |date=2005-12-15 |access-date=2006-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908220655/http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutHSC/section.asp?s=History+and+Milestones&sID=11889&ss=SickKids+History&ssID=211<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2006-09-08}}</ref>


In 1876 the hospital moved to larger facilities. In 1891 the hospital moved from rented premises to a building constructed for it at [[College Street (Toronto)|College]] and Elizabeth streets where it would remain for sixty years. This old building, known as the [[Victoria Hospital for Sick Children]], is now the Toronto area headquarters of [[Canadian Blood Services]]. In 1951 the hospital moved to its present [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]] location, on the grounds where Canadian-born movie star [[Mary Pickford]]'s childhood home once stood.<ref name=history />
In 1876, the hospital moved to larger facilities. In 1891, it moved from rented premises to a purposely-constructed building at [[College Street (Toronto)|College]] and Elizabeth Streets. It would remain there for 60 years. The building, known as the [[Victoria Hospital for Sick Children]], is now the Toronto area headquarters of [[Canadian Blood Services]]. In 1951, the hospital moved to its present [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]] location. On its grounds once stood the childhood home of the Canadian-born movie star [[Mary Pickford]].<ref name=history />


In 1972,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/History-and-Milestones/Archive-Photos/Helicopter-1972-photo-page.html|title=Opened first hospital rooftop heliport for emergency transfer of patients (1972) |publisher=Hospital for Sick Children |access-date=2013-06-08}}</ref> the hospital was equipped with a rooftop helipad (CNW8).<ref>{{CFS}}</ref>
In 1972,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/History-and-Milestones/Archive-Photos/Helicopter-1972-photo-page.html|title=Opened first hospital rooftop heliport for emergency transfer of patients (1972) |publisher=Hospital for Sick Children |access-date=2013-06-08}}</ref> the hospital became equipped with a rooftop helipad (CNW8).<ref>{{CFS}}</ref>


From 1980-81, the hospital was the site of [[Toronto hospital baby deaths|a series of baby deaths]].{{sfnp|Newton|2006|pp=120-121}}
From 1980 to 1981, the hospital was the site of a [[Toronto hospital baby deaths|series of baby deaths]].{{sfnp|Newton|2006|pp=120-121}}


In December 2022, the hospital was attacked by the [[LockBit]] [[ransomware]] gang, who apologized 13 days later and provided a decryptor to the hospital for free.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-01 |title=Breaking news: Ransomware gang gives decryptor to Toronto's SickKids Hospital {{!}} IT Business |url=https://www.itworldcanada.com/article/breaking-news-ransomware-gang-gives-decryptor-to-torontos-sickkids-hospital/519841 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=www.itworldcanada.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Funding==
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[[File:Atrium, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada (2019).jpg|thumb|Atrium designed by [[Eberhard Zeidler (architect)|Eberhard Zeidler]]]]


==Contributions to medicine==
==Contributions to medicine==
The hospital was an early leader in the fields of [[food safety]] and [[nutrition]]. In 1908 a [[pasteurization]] facility for milk was established at the hospital, the first in Toronto, and 30 years before milk pasteurization became mandatory.<ref name="m5175"/> Researchers at the hospital invented the infant cereal, [[Pablum]]. The research that led to the discovery of [[insulin]] took place nearby at the [[University of Toronto]] and was soon applied at the hospital by [[Gladys Boyd]]. Doctor [[Frederick Banting]], one of the researchers, had served his internship at SickKids Hospital and went on to become an attending physician there. In 1963 [[William Thornton Mustard]] developed the [[Mustard procedure|Mustard surgical procedure]] used to help correct heart problems in [[blue baby syndrome]].<ref name="m5175">[http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/History-and-Milestones/Milestones/1951-1975/index.html ''Hospital - About SickKids - History and milestones - Milestones - 1951–1975''], accessed 12 June 2015.</ref> In 1989, a team of researchers at the hospital discovered the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis.<ref name="m7600">[http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/History-and-Milestones/Milestones/1976-2000/index.html ''Hospital - About SickKids - History and milestones - Milestones - 1976–2000''], accessed 20 June 2015</ref>
The hospital was an early leader in the fields of [[food safety]] and [[nutrition]]. In 1908, a [[pasteurization]] facility for milk was established at the hospital, the first in Toronto, 30 years before milk pasteurization became mandatory.<ref name="m5175"/> Researchers at the hospital invented an infant cereal, [[Pablum]]. The research that led to the discovery of [[insulin]] took place at the nearby [[University of Toronto]] and was soon applied in the hospital by [[Gladys Boyd]]. Dr. [[Frederick Banting]], one of the researchers, had served his internship at the hospital and went on to become an attending physician there. In 1963, [[William Thornton Mustard]] developed the [[Mustard procedure|Mustard surgical procedure]] to help correct heart problems in [[blue baby syndrome]].<ref name="m5175">[http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/History-and-Milestones/Milestones/1951-1975/index.html ''Hospital - About SickKids - History and milestones - Milestones - 1951–1975''], accessed 12 June 2015.</ref> In 1989, a team of researchers at the hospital discovered the gene responsible for [[cystic fibrosis]].<ref name="m7600">[http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/History-and-Milestones/Milestones/1976-2000/index.html ''Hospital - About SickKids - History and milestones - Milestones - 1976–2000''], accessed 20 June 2015</ref>

SickKids is a member of the [[Biotechnology Innovation Organization]] (BIO), the world's largest advocacy organization representing the [[biotechnology]] industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIO Member Directory |url=https://www.bio.org/bio-member-directory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930103715/https://www.bio.org/bio-member-directory |archive-date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=[[Biotechnology Innovation Organization]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario|COVID-19 pandemic]], SickKids engaged in several campaigns to promote [[COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 vaccines]].

SickKids received $99,680.00 from the [[Government of Canada]] for two projects through a grant program titled "Encouraging vaccine confidence in Canada."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Encouraging vaccine confidence in Canada - Competition Results |url=http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/NSERC-CRSNG/FundingDecisions-DecisionsFinancement/2021/Vaccine_eng.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220115100237/https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/NSERC-CRSNG/FundingDecisions-DecisionsFinancement/2021/Vaccine_eng.asp%23tphp |archive-date=2022-01-15 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=[[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada]] (NSERC)}}</ref> The grant was jointly administered by the [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council]] (NSERC), the [[Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council]] (SSHRC), and the [[Canadian Institutes of Health Research]] (CIHR).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-03 |title=NSERC - Encouraging vaccine confidence in Canada |url=https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Promoter-Promotion/VaccineConfidence_eng.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105180543/https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Promoter-Promotion/VaccineConfidence_eng.asp |archive-date=2022-11-05 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=[[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada]]}}</ref>

One of the funded proposals was titled “Building COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence: Educating the Educators.” The result was a promotional video titled “COVID-19 Vaccination Information for Education & Child Care Sector Staff” narrated by Dr. [[Danielle Martin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=COVID-19 Vaccination Information for Education & Child Care Sector Staff |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lylv8yFnjcM |language=en |access-date=2022-11-05}}</ref> It was produced by [[19 to Zero]], and distributed by the [[Ontario Ministry of Education]] to school boards, private schools and child care centres to use in COVID-19 vaccination educational programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resources for Healthcare Workers |url=https://www.19tozero.ca/healthcare-worker-resources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220115101049/https://www.19tozero.ca/healthcare-worker-resources |archive-date=2022-01-15 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=[[19 to Zero]] |language=en}}</ref>

A second proposal was titled “Stop COVID in Kids - School based vaccine education outreach to build trust and empower families”, which received additional funding in the form of a $440,000 grant from the [[Public Health Agency of Canada]]'s Immunization Partnership Fund.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Encouraging vaccine confidence in Canada - Competition Results |url=http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/NSERC-CRSNG/FundingDecisions-DecisionsFinancement/2021/Vaccine_eng.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220115100237/https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/NSERC-CRSNG/FundingDecisions-DecisionsFinancement/2021/Vaccine_eng.asp%23tphp |archive-date=2022-01-15 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=[[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada]] (NSERC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Public Health Agency of Canada]] |date=2022-10-12 |title=Immunization Partnership Fund |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization-vaccine-priorities/immunization-partnership-fund.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104154209/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization-vaccine-priorities/immunization-partnership-fund.html |archive-date=2022-11-04 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=[[Government of Canada]]}}</ref>


==Unqualified forensic testing==
==Unqualified forensic testing==
The hospital housed the [[Motherisk]] Drug Testing Laboratory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.m-hair.ca/docs/default-source/default-document-library/motherisk_enbfb30b45b7f266cc881aff0000960f99.pdf?sfvrsn=2|title=Report of the Motherisk Hair Analysis Independent Review|last=Lang|first=Hon. Susan E.|date=December 15, 2015|website=Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General|location=Toronto, Ontario|access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref> At the request of various child protection agencies, 16,000 hair samples were tested from 2005 to 2015. The former Ontario Appeal Court judge Susan Lang reviewed Motherisk Drug Testing Laboratory and determined that it was not qualified to do forensic testing. Lang also stated, "That SickKids failed to exercise meaningful oversight over MDTL's work must be considered in the context of the hospital's experience with Dr. [[Charles Smith (pathologist)|Charles Smith]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/motherisk-experts-forensic-testimony-1.3433881|title=Motherisk scandal highlights risk of deferring to experts without questioning credentials|last=Charles|first=Ron|date=February 8, 2016|website=CBC News|access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref> The 2008 Goudge Report found also that Dr. Charles Smith, whose forensic testimony led to wrongful convictions in the deaths of children, was not qualified to do forensic testing.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/inquiries/goudge/report/v1_en_pdf/Vol_1_Eng.pdf|title=Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario|last=Goudge|first=Stephen T.|date=September 30, 2008|website=Attourney General of Ontario|isbn=978-1-4249-7794-9|access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref>
The hospital housed the [[Motherisk]] Drug Testing Laboratory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.m-hair.ca/docs/default-source/default-document-library/motherisk_enbfb30b45b7f266cc881aff0000960f99.pdf?sfvrsn=2|title=Report of the Motherisk Hair Analysis Independent Review|last=Lang|first=Hon. Susan E.|date=December 15, 2015|website=Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General|location=Toronto, Ontario|access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref> At the request of various child protection agencies, 16,000 hair samples were tested from 2005 to 2015. The former Ontario Appeal Court judge Susan Lang reviewed Motherisk Drug Testing Laboratory and determined that it was not qualified to do forensic testing. Lang also stated, "That SickKids failed to exercise meaningful oversight over MDTL's work must be considered in the context of the hospital's experience with Dr. [[Charles Smith (pathologist)|Charles Smith]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/motherisk-experts-forensic-testimony-1.3433881|title=Motherisk scandal highlights risk of deferring to experts without questioning credentials|last=Charles|first=Ron|date=February 8, 2016|website=CBC News|access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref> The 2008 Goudge Report found also that Dr. Charles Smith, whose forensic testimony led to wrongful convictions in the deaths of children, was not qualified to do forensic testing.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/inquiries/goudge/report/v1_en_pdf/Vol_1_Eng.pdf|title=Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario|last=Goudge|first=Stephen T.|date=September 30, 2008|website=Attourney General of Ontario|publisher=Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General |isbn=978-1-4249-7794-9|access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref>


==Future==
==Future==
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To provide the required area for the buildings, demolition of existing structures was required. That included the removal of a [[skyway]] spanning Elizabeth Street, the demolition of the Elizabeth McMaster Building at the northeast corner of Elizabeth Street and Elm Street, and the demolition of the laboratory and administrative building.<ref name="On-Site">{{Cite journal|journal=On-Site|url=https://www.on-sitemag.com/features/demolition-of-eight-storey-toronto-hospital-building-sets-stage-for-multibillion-dollar-sickkids-expansion/|title= Demolition of eight-storey Toronto hospital building sets stage for multibillion-dollar SickKids expansion|last=Kennedy|first=David|date=2020-02-24|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref>{{rp|26–31}}
To provide the required area for the buildings, demolition of existing structures was required. That included the removal of a [[skyway]] spanning Elizabeth Street, the demolition of the Elizabeth McMaster Building at the northeast corner of Elizabeth Street and Elm Street, and the demolition of the laboratory and administrative building.<ref name="On-Site">{{Cite journal|journal=On-Site|url=https://www.on-sitemag.com/features/demolition-of-eight-storey-toronto-hospital-building-sets-stage-for-multibillion-dollar-sickkids-expansion/|title= Demolition of eight-storey Toronto hospital building sets stage for multibillion-dollar SickKids expansion|last=Kennedy|first=David|date=2020-02-24|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref>{{rp|26–31}}


Construction of the 22-storey Patient Support Centre administrative building will occur on the site of the Elizabeth McMaster Building and finish in 2022. The Peter Gilgan Family Patient Care Tower is expected to open in 2029, and the atrium's renovation is expected to be completed by 2031.<ref name="On-Site" />
Construction of the 22-storey Patient Support Centre administrative building occurred on the site of the Elizabeth McMaster Building. Groundbreaking took place in October 2019, topping out took place in September 2022, and it opened in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A new phase begins: Patient Support Centre groundbreaking |url=https://www.sickkids.ca/en/news/archive/2019/patient-support-centre-groundbreaking/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=SickKids |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=We're reaching new heights on the Patient Support Centre! |url=https://www.sickkids.ca/en/news/archive/2022/PSC-topping-off/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=SickKids |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating the Patient Support Centre, a critical first step in our campus redevelopment journey |url=https://www.sickkids.ca/en/news/archive/2023/psc-ribbon-cutting/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=SickKids |language=en}}</ref> The Peter Gilgan Family Patient Care Tower is expected to open in 2029, and the atrium's renovation is expected to be completed by 2031.<ref name="On-Site" />


==Notable patients==
==Notable patients==
[[file:Diabetiic Elsie Needham insulin P10122 0001-680x1024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Gladys Boyd]]'s patient Elsie Needham was the first child to return from a [[diabetic coma]] after she had been given insulin.]]
*[[Furious Pete|Peter Czerwinski]] (born 1985), competitive eater known as "Furious Pete"; admitted as a teen while battling anorexia<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2012/07/09/furious_pete_from_anorexic_to_worldclass_competitive_eater.html|title = Furious Pete: From anorexic to world-class competitive eater|newspaper = The Toronto Star|date = 9 July 2012}}</ref>
*[[Furious Pete|Peter Czerwinski]] (born 1985), competitive eater known as "Furious Pete"; admitted as a teen while battling anorexia<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2012/07/09/furious_pete_from_anorexic_to_worldclass_competitive_eater.html|title = Furious Pete: From anorexic to world-class competitive eater|newspaper = The Toronto Star|date = 9 July 2012}}</ref>
*[[Mel Hague]] (born 1943), author and country singer; admitted at 9 for [[infantile paralysis]] (now known as [[cerebral palsy]])
*[[Mel Hague]] (1943-2023), author and country singer; admitted at 9 for [[infantile paralysis]] (now known as [[cerebral palsy]])
*[[Morgan Holmes]], sociologist; had a clitorectomy at 7<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isna.org/node/743/|title = Is Growing up in Silence Better Than Growing up Different? &#124; Intersex Society of North America}}</ref>
*[[Morgan Holmes]], sociologist; had a clitorectomy at 7<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isna.org/node/743/|title = Is Growing up in Silence Better Than Growing up Different? &#124; Intersex Society of North America}}</ref>
*[[Peter Kavanagh (producer)|Peter G. Kavanagh]] (1953-2016), radio and television producer; was treated for paralytic poliomyelitis in infancy and childhood<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/television/peter-kavanagh-author-and-radio-producer-had-a-furious-intellect/article32204841/|title=Peter Kavanagh: Author and radio producer had a 'furious intellect'|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=2 October 2016|last1=Fitterman|first1=Lisa}}</ref>
*[[Peter Kavanagh (producer)|Peter G. Kavanagh]] (1953-2016), radio and television producer; was treated for paralytic poliomyelitis in infancy and childhood<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/television/peter-kavanagh-author-and-radio-producer-had-a-furious-intellect/article32204841/|title=Peter Kavanagh: Author and radio producer had a 'furious intellect'|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=2 October 2016|last1=Fitterman|first1=Lisa}}</ref>
*[[Murder of Aqsa Parvez|Aqsa Parvez]] (1991-2007), murder victim; died at the hospital<ref>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071212.wgirl12/BNStory/National/home {{Bare URL inline|date=March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Murder of Aqsa Parvez|Aqsa Parvez]] (1991-2007), murder victim; died at the hospital<ref>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071212.wgirl12/BNStory/National/home {{Bare URL inline|date=March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Leonard Thompson (diabetic)|Leonard Thompson]] (1908-1935), the first diabetic patient to be treated with insulin; received treatment as a teen<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEW8NwCXjGoC&pg=PA112|title=The Discovery of Insulin|isbn=9780226075631|last1=Bliss|first1=Michael|date=15 February 2013}}</ref>
*[[Leonard Thompson (diabetic)|Leonard Thompson]] (1908-1935), the first diabetic patient to be treated with insulin; received treatment as a teen<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEW8NwCXjGoC&pg=PA112|title=The Discovery of Insulin|isbn=9780226075631|last1=Bliss|first1=Michael|date=15 February 2013|publisher=University of Chicago Press }}</ref>
*[[Peter Woodcock]] (1939-2010), serial killer; was treated extensively throughout his childhood
*[[Peter Woodcock]] (1939-2010), serial killer; was treated extensively throughout his childhood


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*[[Mark Henkelman]], senior scientist emeritus
*[[Mark Henkelman]], senior scientist emeritus
*[[Lisa Houghton]], worked at the hospital
*[[Lisa Houghton]], worked at the hospital
*[[Sanford Jackson]], research biochemist and biochemist-in-chief
*[[Sanford Jackson (biochemist)|Sanford Jackson]], research biochemist and biochemist-in-chief
*[[Monica Justice]], program head of genetics and genome biology
*[[Monica Justice]], program head of genetics and genome biology
*[[Lewis E. Kay]] (born 1961), senior scientist in molecular medicine
*[[Lewis E. Kay]] (born 1961), senior scientist in molecular medicine
Line 108: Line 118:
*[[Blake Papsin]] (born 1959), otolaryngologist
*[[Blake Papsin]] (born 1959), otolaryngologist
*[[Rulan S. Parekh]], former senior scientist in child health evaluative sciences and associate chief of clinical research
*[[Rulan S. Parekh]], former senior scientist in child health evaluative sciences and associate chief of clinical research
*[[Tom Pashby]], former senior staff ophthalmologist and sport safety advocate<ref name="Star-obituary">{{cite news|title=Heads Above the Rest: Hockeys' Dr. Safety dies at 90|last1=Colbourn|first1=Glen|last2=Kalchman|first2=Lois|date=August 27, 2005|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|location=Toronto, Ontario|page=A1}}; {{cite news|title=Hockey pioneer saved many players: Safety (From A1)|last1=Colbourn|first1=Glen|last2=Kalchman|first2=Lois|date=August 27, 2005|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|location=Toronto, Ontario|page=A19}}</ref>
*[[Debra Pepler]], senior associate scientist
*[[Debra Pepler]], senior associate scientist
*[[Audrius V. Plioplys]], chief resident of child neurology
*[[Audrius V. Plioplys]], chief resident of child neurology
Line 117: Line 128:
*[[James Rutka]] (born 1956), subspecializes in pediatric neurosurgery
*[[James Rutka]] (born 1956), subspecializes in pediatric neurosurgery
*[[Robert B. Salter]] (1924-2010), surgeon
*[[Robert B. Salter]] (1924-2010), surgeon
*[[Bibudhendra Sarkar]] (born 1935), head of the Division of Biochemistry Research from 1990-2002
*[[Harry Schachter]] (born 1933), head of the division of biochemistry research
*[[Harry Schachter]] (born 1933), head of the division of biochemistry research
*[[Chandrakant Shah]] (born 1936), honorary staff
*[[Chandrakant Shah]] (born 1936), honorary staff
Line 143: Line 155:
==References==
==References==
* {{cite book |last=Braithwaite |first=Max |year=1974 |title=Sick Kids: the story of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto |publisher=[[McClelland and Stewart]] |location=[[Toronto]] |isbn=0-7710-1636-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Braithwaite |first=Max |year=1974 |title=Sick Kids: the story of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto |publisher=[[McClelland and Stewart]] |location=[[Toronto]] |isbn=0-7710-1636-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Newton |first=Michael |date=2006 |edition=2nd |title=The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers |location=New York |publisher=Checkmark Books |isbn=978-0-73947-249-1}}
* {{cite book |last= Wright |first=David |year=2016 |title=SickKids: The History of the Hospital for Sick Children |url=http://www.utppublishing.com/SickKids-The-History-of-the-Hospital-for-Sick-Children.html |location=[[Toronto]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=978-1442647237}}
* {{cite book |last= Wright |first=David |year=2016 |title=SickKids: The History of the Hospital for Sick Children |url=http://www.utppublishing.com/SickKids-The-History-of-the-Hospital-for-Sick-Children.html |location=[[Toronto]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=978-1442647237}}


Line 149: Line 162:


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Commons category|Hospital for Sick Children}}
* [http://www.sickkids.ca/ The Hospital for Sick Children website]
* [http://www.sickkids.ca/ The Hospital for Sick Children website]
* [http://www.sickkidsfoundation.com/ SickKids Foundation website]
* [http://www.sickkidsfoundation.com/ SickKids Foundation website]
⚫
* {{Commons category-inline|Hospital for Sick Children}}


{{authority control}}
{{Toronto hospitals}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hospital for Sick Children}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hospital for Sick Children}}

Latest revision as of 15:11, 24 June 2024

The Hospital for Sick Children
University Avenue facade
Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto) is located in Toronto
Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto)
Location in Toronto
Geography
Location555 University Avenue
Toronto, Ontario
M5G 1X8
Coordinates43°39′26″N 79°23′19″W / 43.6571°N 79.3885°W / 43.6571; -79.3885
Organisation
Care systemMedicare
FundingPublic hospital
TypeSpecialist
Affiliated universityUniversity of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
Services
Emergency departmentPediatric Level 1 Trauma Centre (Tertiary)
Beds453
SpecialityChildren's hospital
HelipadTC LID: CNW8
History
Opened1875
Links
Websitewww.sickkids.ca

The Hospital for Sick Children (HSC), corporately branded as SickKids, is a major pediatric teaching hospital located on University Avenue in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Toronto, the hospital was ranked the top pediatric hospital in the world by Newsweek in 2021.[1]

The hospital's Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning is believed to be the largest pediatric research tower in the world, at 69,677.28 square metres (750,000.0 sq ft).[2]

History[edit]

Victoria Hospital for Sick Children
Nurse and orderly transport child to operating room, c. 1915
Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning
Atrium designed by Eberhard Zeidler

During 1875, an eleven-room house was rented for CA$320 (equivalent to $9,327 in 2023) a year by a Toronto women's bible study group, led by Elizabeth McMaster.[3] Opened on March 1,[4] it set up six iron cots and "declared open a hospital 'for the admission and treatment of all sick children.'" The first patient, a scalding victim named Maggie, came in on April 3. In its first year of operation, 44 patients were admitted to the hospital, and 67 others were treated in outpatient clinics.[5]

In 1876, the hospital moved to larger facilities. In 1891, it moved from rented premises to a purposely-constructed building at College and Elizabeth Streets. It would remain there for 60 years. The building, known as the Victoria Hospital for Sick Children, is now the Toronto area headquarters of Canadian Blood Services. In 1951, the hospital moved to its present University Avenue location. On its grounds once stood the childhood home of the Canadian-born movie star Mary Pickford.[5]

In 1972,[6] the hospital became equipped with a rooftop helipad (CNW8).[7]

From 1980 to 1981, the hospital was the site of a series of baby deaths.[8]

In December 2022, the hospital was attacked by the LockBit ransomware gang, who apologized 13 days later and provided a decryptor to the hospital for free.[9]

Contributions to medicine[edit]

The hospital was an early leader in the fields of food safety and nutrition. In 1908, a pasteurization facility for milk was established at the hospital, the first in Toronto, 30 years before milk pasteurization became mandatory.[10] Researchers at the hospital invented an infant cereal, Pablum. The research that led to the discovery of insulin took place at the nearby University of Toronto and was soon applied in the hospital by Gladys Boyd. Dr. Frederick Banting, one of the researchers, had served his internship at the hospital and went on to become an attending physician there. In 1963, William Thornton Mustard developed the Mustard surgical procedure to help correct heart problems in blue baby syndrome.[10] In 1989, a team of researchers at the hospital discovered the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis.[11]

SickKids is a member of the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), the world's largest advocacy organization representing the biotechnology industry.[12]

COVID-19 pandemic[edit]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, SickKids engaged in several campaigns to promote COVID-19 vaccines.

SickKids received $99,680.00 from the Government of Canada for two projects through a grant program titled "Encouraging vaccine confidence in Canada."[13] The grant was jointly administered by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).[14]

One of the funded proposals was titled “Building COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence: Educating the Educators.” The result was a promotional video titled “COVID-19 Vaccination Information for Education & Child Care Sector Staff” narrated by Dr. Danielle Martin.[15] It was produced by 19 to Zero, and distributed by the Ontario Ministry of Education to school boards, private schools and child care centres to use in COVID-19 vaccination educational programs.[16]

A second proposal was titled “Stop COVID in Kids - School based vaccine education outreach to build trust and empower families”, which received additional funding in the form of a $440,000 grant from the Public Health Agency of Canada's Immunization Partnership Fund.[13][17]

Unqualified forensic testing[edit]

The hospital housed the Motherisk Drug Testing Laboratory.[18] At the request of various child protection agencies, 16,000 hair samples were tested from 2005 to 2015. The former Ontario Appeal Court judge Susan Lang reviewed Motherisk Drug Testing Laboratory and determined that it was not qualified to do forensic testing. Lang also stated, "That SickKids failed to exercise meaningful oversight over MDTL's work must be considered in the context of the hospital's experience with Dr. Charles Smith."[19] The 2008 Goudge Report found also that Dr. Charles Smith, whose forensic testimony led to wrongful convictions in the deaths of children, was not qualified to do forensic testing.[20]

Future[edit]

The hospital is in its initial stages of expansion. In 2017, it established the "SickKids VS Limits" fundraising campaign, which will continue until 2022 to raise $1.5 billion for the expansion project.[21][22] The funds will be used to build a patient care centre on University Avenue and a support centre on Elizabeth Street, to renovate the atrium, and to fund pediatric health research.[22]

To provide the required area for the buildings, demolition of existing structures was required. That included the removal of a skyway spanning Elizabeth Street, the demolition of the Elizabeth McMaster Building at the northeast corner of Elizabeth Street and Elm Street, and the demolition of the laboratory and administrative building.[23]: 26–31 

Construction of the 22-storey Patient Support Centre administrative building occurred on the site of the Elizabeth McMaster Building. Groundbreaking took place in October 2019, topping out took place in September 2022, and it opened in September 2023.[24][25][26] The Peter Gilgan Family Patient Care Tower is expected to open in 2029, and the atrium's renovation is expected to be completed by 2031.[23]

Notable patients[edit]

Notable staff[edit]

References[edit]

  • Braithwaite, Max (1974). Sick Kids: the story of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-1636-0.
  • Newton, Michael (2006). The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers (2nd ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-73947-249-1.
  • Wright, David (2016). SickKids: The History of the Hospital for Sick Children. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1442647237.

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ "SickKids named No.1 paediatric hospital in the world by Newsweek". Sick Kids. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  2. ^ Ionova, Mariana (August 26, 2013). "Sick Kids honours donor Peter Gilgan for $40 million donation". Toronto Star.
  3. ^ Dueck, Lorna (2016-03-16). "Doctor-assisted dying: Why religious conscience must be part of the debate". The Globe and Mail.
  4. ^ Jea, Andrew; Al-Otibi, Merdas; Rutka, James; Drake, James; Dirks, Peter; Kulkarni, Abhaya; Taylor, Michael; Humphreys, Robin (September 2007). "The History of Neurosurgery at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto" (PDF). Neurosurgery. 61 (3): 612–625. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000290910.32600.7E. hdl:1807/24716. PMID 17881976. S2CID 28061565.
  5. ^ a b "SickKids History". Hospital for Sick Children. 2005-12-15. Archived from the original on 2006-09-08. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
  6. ^ "Opened first hospital rooftop heliport for emergency transfer of patients (1972)". Hospital for Sick Children. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  7. ^ Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
  8. ^ Newton (2006), pp. 120–121.
  9. ^ "Breaking news: Ransomware gang gives decryptor to Toronto's SickKids Hospital | IT Business". www.itworldcanada.com. 2023-01-01. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  10. ^ a b Hospital - About SickKids - History and milestones - Milestones - 1951–1975, accessed 12 June 2015.
  11. ^ Hospital - About SickKids - History and milestones - Milestones - 1976–2000, accessed 20 June 2015
  12. ^ "BIO Member Directory". Biotechnology Innovation Organization. Archived from the original on 2022-09-30. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  13. ^ a b "Encouraging vaccine confidence in Canada - Competition Results". Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). 2021-07-26. Archived from the original on 2022-01-15. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  14. ^ "NSERC - Encouraging vaccine confidence in Canada". Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. 2021-03-03. Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  15. ^ COVID-19 Vaccination Information for Education & Child Care Sector Staff, retrieved 2022-11-05
  16. ^ "Resources for Healthcare Workers". 19 to Zero. Archived from the original on 2022-01-15. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  17. ^ Public Health Agency of Canada (2022-10-12). "Immunization Partnership Fund". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  18. ^ Lang, Hon. Susan E. (December 15, 2015). "Report of the Motherisk Hair Analysis Independent Review" (PDF). Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  19. ^ Charles, Ron (February 8, 2016). "Motherisk scandal highlights risk of deferring to experts without questioning credentials". CBC News. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  20. ^ Goudge, Stephen T. (September 30, 2008). Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario (PDF). Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General. ISBN 978-1-4249-7794-9. Retrieved August 26, 2019. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  21. ^ Lombardo, Christopher (2019-10-15). "SickKids zeroes in on why it needs more space". Strategy. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  22. ^ a b Westoll, Nick (2019-09-18). "SickKids highlights crowded ICU conditions amid massive redevelopment project". Global News. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  23. ^ a b Kennedy, David (2020-02-24). "Demolition of eight-storey Toronto hospital building sets stage for multibillion-dollar SickKids expansion". On-Site. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  24. ^ "A new phase begins: Patient Support Centre groundbreaking". SickKids. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  25. ^ "We're reaching new heights on the Patient Support Centre!". SickKids. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  26. ^ "Celebrating the Patient Support Centre, a critical first step in our campus redevelopment journey". SickKids. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  27. ^ "Furious Pete: From anorexic to world-class competitive eater". The Toronto Star. 9 July 2012.
  28. ^ "Is Growing up in Silence Better Than Growing up Different? | Intersex Society of North America".
  29. ^ Fitterman, Lisa (2 October 2016). "Peter Kavanagh: Author and radio producer had a 'furious intellect'". The Globe and Mail.
  30. ^ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071212.wgirl12/BNStory/National/home [bare URL]
  31. ^ Bliss, Michael (15 February 2013). The Discovery of Insulin. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226075631.
  32. ^ Colbourn, Glen; Kalchman, Lois (August 27, 2005). "Heads Above the Rest: Hockeys' Dr. Safety dies at 90". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario. p. A1.; Colbourn, Glen; Kalchman, Lois (August 27, 2005). "Hockey pioneer saved many players: Safety (From A1)". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario. p. A19.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hospital for Sick Children.
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