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Coordinates: 9°22′S 150°16′E / 9.367°S 150.267°E / -9.367; 150.267
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{{Short description|Island in Papua New Guinea}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Distinguish|Goodenough's Island}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox islands
{{Infobox islands
|name = Goodenough Island
|name = Goodenough Island
|image name = GoodenoughIslandTopography.png
|image_name = GoodenoughIslandTopography.png
|image_caption =
|image caption =
|locator map = {{Location map|Papua New Guinea|caption=|float=center|lat=-9.366667|long=150.266667}}
| map = Papua New Guinea
| map_caption =
|map caption = Goodenough Island (Papua New Guinea)
|native name =
|native_name =
|native_name_link =
|native name link =
|location = [[Melanesia]]
|location = [[Melanesia]]
|coordinates= {{coord|9|22|S|150|16|E|type:isle}}
|coordinates= {{coord|9|22|S|150|16|E|type:isle}}
|archipelago = [[D'Entrecasteaux Islands]]
|archipelago = [[D'Entrecasteaux Islands]]
|total islands =
|total_islands =
|major islands =
|major_islands =
|area km2 = 687
|area_km2 = 687
|highest mount = [[Mount Vineuo]]
|highest_mount = [[Mount Vineuo]]
|elevation m = 2536
|elevation_m = 2536
|country = Papua New Guinea
|country = [[Papua New Guinea]]
|country_admin_divisions_title =
|country admin divisions title =
|country_admin_divisions =
|country admin divisions =
|country_largest_city =
|country largest city =
|country_largest_city_population =
|country largest city population =
|population =
|population = 20,814
|population_as_of = 2000
|population as of =
|density km2 =
|density_km2 =
|ethnic_groups =
|ethnic groups =
}}
}}
'''Goodenough Island''' in the [[Solomon Sea]] (identified as Morata on the earliest maps) is the westernmost of the three large islands of the [[D'Entrecasteaux Islands]] in [[Milne Bay]] Province of [[Papua New Guinea]]. It lies to the east of mainland New Guinea and south west of the [[Trobriand Islands]].<ref>[http://islands.unep.ch/IHD.htm#850]</ref>
'''Goodenough Island''' in the [[Solomon Sea]], also known as Nidula Island, is the westernmost of the three large islands of the [[D'Entrecasteaux Islands]] in [[Milne Bay]] Province of [[Papua New Guinea]]. It lies to the east of mainland [[New Guinea]] and southwest of the [[Trobriand Islands]].<ref>http://islands.unep.ch/IHD.htm#850</ref> It is roughly circular in shape, measuring {{convert|39|by|26|km|mi}} with an area of {{convert|687|km2}} and a shoreline of {{convert|116|km|mi}}. From a coastal belt varying in width from {{convert|2|to|10|km}} in width, the island rises sharply to the summit of [[Mount Vineuo]], {{convert|2536|m|ft}} above sea level, making it one of the most [[wiktionary:precipitous|precipitous]] islands in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/png/goodenough.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223015139/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/png/goodenough.php|title=Papua New Guinea - Goodenough Island|archive-date=23 December 2010|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> The small outlier [[Wagifa Island]] lies to the south-east of the island, and is included within Goodenough's administration.
It should not be confused with [[Rarotonga|Goodenough's Island]]. It is roughly circular in shape, measuring {{convert|39|by|26|km|mi}} with an area of {{convert|687|km2}} and a shoreline of {{convert|116|km|mi}}. From a coastal belt varying in width from {{convert|2|to|10|km}} in width, the island rises sharply to the summit of [[Mount Vineuo]], {{convert|2536|m|ft}} above sea level, making it one of the most precipitous islands in the world.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20101223015139/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/png/goodenough.php]</ref> The small island of [[Wagifa Island]] lies to the south-east of the island and is included within Goodenoughs administration.


==Climate and vegetation==
==Climate and vegetation==
Like much of New Guinea, the climate is tropical with high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. The northwest monsoon season lasts from December to March and brings sudden rain squalls. From May to October southeasterly winds are cooler and more gentle. Tropical cyclones are infrequent. Rainfall varies between 1,520&nbsp;mm and 2,540&nbsp;mm per annum. Serious droughts occur once or twice a decade. Rushing streams with waterfalls drain water from the central mountain. Rain forest cloaks the higher elevations with secondary forest, grassland and native gardens on the lower slopes and coastal plains. Soils are acid.
Like much of New Guinea, the climate is tropical with high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. The northwest monsoon season lasts from December to March and brings sudden rain squalls. From May to October southeasterly winds are cooler and more gentle. Tropical cyclones are infrequent. Rainfall varies between 1,520&nbsp;mm and 2,540&nbsp;mm per annum. Serious droughts occur once or twice a decade. Rushing streams with waterfalls drain water from the central mountain. Rain forest cloaks the higher elevations with secondary forest, grassland and native gardens on the lower slopes and coastal plains. Soils are acidic.

A rare edible citrus plant, ''[[Citrus wakonai]]'' (''[[Citrus warburgiana]]''; locally called "kakamadu", a name shared with other citrus species),<ref name="ReferenceA">{{citation |url=http://www.homecitrusgrowers.co.uk/australiannativecitrus/CWakonai%20pdfs/Wakonai.pdf |jstor=41739123 |title=''Citrus wakonai'' P.I.Forst. & M.W.Sm. (Rutaceae), a new species from Goodenough Island, Papua New Guinea |author=Paul I. Forster |author2=Malcolm W. Smith |name-list-style=amp |journal=Austrobaileya |volume=8 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=133–138}}</ref> grows on Goodenough Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homecitrusgrowers.co.uk/australianpngnativecitrus/The_Quest_for_Wakonai19.html|title=The_Quest_for_Wakonai page19|author=Mike Saalfeld|work=homecitrusgrowers.co.uk}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The D'Entrecasteaux Islands have probably been inhabited for several thousand years, the people being related to mainland Papuans.<ref>[http://www.everyculture.com/Oceania/Goodenough-Island-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html]</ref> The archipelago was first sighted by the French mariner Joseph Antoine Bruni d' Entrecasteaux in 1792<ref>[[Bruni d'Entrecasteaux]]</ref> but remained unexplored until 1874 when Captain [[John Moresby]], commanding [[HMS Basilisk (1848)|HMS ''Basilisk'']], landed on the westernmost island and named it after a British naval colleague, Commodore [[James Graham Goodenough]].
The D'Entrecasteaux Islands have probably been inhabited for several thousand years, the people being related to mainland Papuans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Oceania/Goodenough-Island-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html|title=history and cultural relations - Goodenough Island|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> The first sighting of the archipelago by a European was by the French mariner Joseph Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux in 1792<ref>[[Bruni d'Entrecasteaux]]</ref> but it remained unexplored by Europeans until 1874 when Captain [[John Moresby]], commanding [[HMS Basilisk (1848)|HMS ''Basilisk'']], landed on the westernmost island and gave it a European name after a British naval colleague, Commodore [[James Graham Goodenough]].


The impact of western culture after Moresby's visit and before World War II was limited to missionaries, ethnographers and traders seeking whales, pearls or gold. In 1888 William MacGregor visited the island in his role as administrator of the newly proclaimed British New Guinea. In 1891 the Methodist Church of Australia established a mission station on Dobu Island (between Ferguson and Normanby Islands) under the direction of William Bromilow. From there mission stations were established in strategic centres in the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand islands and the Louisiade Archipelago.<ref>[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A070429b.htm]</ref> In particular, in 1898 a mission station was established in Bwaidoga, Mud Bay, Goodenough Island. By that time traders had already created a regular demand for steel tools, cloth, and twist tobacco and the Dobu mission was recruiting natives to work in gold mines and [[copra]] plantations. These activities, and indeed the farming and hunting activities of the traditional people, were confined to localised areas on the fringing plains of the island. The mountainous interior remained entirely unknown and unpopulated above 1,100 m.
The impact of western culture after Moresby's visit and before World War II was limited to missionaries, ethnographers and traders seeking whales, pearls or gold. In 1888 William MacGregor visited the island in his role as administrator of the newly proclaimed British New Guinea. In 1891 the Methodist Church of Australia established a mission station on Dobu Island (between Ferguson and Normanby Islands) under the direction of William Bromilow. From there mission stations were established in strategic centres in the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands and the [[Louisiade Archipelago]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A070429b.htm|title=Biography - William Edward Bromilow - Australian Dictionary of Biography|chapter=Bromilow, William Edward (1857–1929)|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> In particular, in 1898 a mission station was established in Bwaidoga, Mud Bay, Goodenough Island. By that time traders had already created a regular demand for steel tools, cloth, and twist tobacco and the Dobu mission was recruiting natives to work in gold mines and [[copra]] plantations. These activities, and indeed the farming and hunting activities of the traditional people, were confined to localised areas on the fringing plains of the island. The mountainous hinterland remained entirely unknown and unpopulated above 1,100 m.


==World War II==
===World War II===
On 25 August 1942, a Japanese convoy of seven motorised landing craft (MLC) with 353 marines of 5th Sasebo Special Naval Landing Force stopped to rest at the south end of Goodenough Island. They were led by Commander Tsukioka and were bound for [[Taupota]] and participation in the [[Battle of Milne Bay]]. They became stranded when their MLCs were destroyed by [[No. 75 Squadron RAAF]] [[P-40|Kittyhawks]].<ref name="Dunn">{{cite web|last1=Dunn|first1=Richard L|title=September 11th, 1942 – The Rest of the Story|url=http://www.j-aircraft.com/research/rdunn/murakami/murakami.htm|website=http://www.j-aircraft.com|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref>
On 25 August 1942, a Japanese convoy of seven motorised landing craft (MLC) with 353 marines of [[5th Sasebo Special Naval Landing Force]] stopped to rest at the south end of Goodenough Island. They were led by Commander Tsukioka and were bound for [[Taupota]] and participation in the [[Battle of Milne Bay]]. They became stranded when their MLCs were destroyed by [[No. 75 Squadron RAAF]] [[P-40|Kittyhawks]].<ref name="Dunn">{{cite web|last1=Dunn|first1=Richard L|title=September 11th, 1942 – The Rest of the Story|url=http://www.j-aircraft.com/research/rdunn/murakami/murakami.htm|website=j-aircraft.com|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>


On 22 October 1942 the Australian warships [[HMAS Stuart (D00)|HMAS ''Stuart'']] and [[HMAS Arunta (I30)|HMAS ''Arunta'']] disembarked 640 soldiers consisting of the Australian [[2/12th Australian Infantry Battalion|2/12th Battalion]], of the [[18th Brigade (Australia)|18th Brigade]] from [[Milne Bay]].<ref name="Dunn" /> They landed on both sides of the island's southern tip during the night. Intense fighting occurred during 23 October and during the night a successful rescue mission evacuated about 250 Japanese soldiers by submarine to [[Fergusson Island]], where they were taken by cruiser to Rabaul.<ref name="Dunn" /> The remaining Japanese defenders were mopped up and the island declared secured by 27 October.<ref name="Dunn" />
On 22 October 1942 the Australian warships [[HMAS Stuart (D00)|HMAS ''Stuart'']] and [[HMAS Arunta (I30)|HMAS ''Arunta'']] disembarked 640 soldiers consisting of the Australian [[2/12th Australian Infantry Battalion|2/12th Battalion]], of the [[18th Brigade (Australia)|18th Brigade]] from [[Milne Bay]].<ref name="Dunn" /> They landed on both sides of the island's southern tip during the night. Intense fighting occurred during 23 October and during the night a successful rescue mission evacuated about 250 Japanese soldiers by submarine to [[Fergusson Island]], where they were taken by cruiser to [[Rabaul]].<ref name="Dunn" /> The remaining Japanese defenders were mopped up and the island declared secured by 27 October.<ref name="Dunn" />


The occupation force remained on the island until 28 December 1942. During that time they used deception and camouflage to make the Japanese believe that a brigade sized force was occupying the island. They fabricated a 'ghost force' of dummy structures, including a hospital, anti-aircraft guns constructed of logs pointed at the sky, and barricades of jungle vines which looked like barbed wire. They also lit fires to appear as cooking fires for large numbers of soldiers, and sent messages consistent with what a brigade of soldiers would be expected to send.<ref>Elias, Ann,{{cite web|url=http://purl.library.usyd.edu.au/sup/9781920899738|title='Camouflage Australia: Art, Nature, Science and War'}}(Sydney: {{cite web|url=http://sydney.edu.au/sup/|title=Sydney University Press}}, 2011), pp. xix, 155–162.</ref>
The occupation force remained on the island until 28 December 1942. During that time they used deception and camouflage to make the Japanese believe that a brigade sized force was occupying the island. They fabricated a 'ghost force' of dummy structures, including a hospital, anti-aircraft guns constructed of logs pointed at the sky, and barricades of jungle vines which looked like barbed wire. They also lit fires to appear as cooking fires for large numbers of soldiers, and sent messages consistent with what a brigade of soldiers would be expected to send.<ref>Elias, Ann,{{cite web|url=http://purl.library.usyd.edu.au/sup/9781920899738|title=Camouflage Australia: Art, Nature, Science and War}}(Sydney: {{cite web|url=http://sydney.edu.au/sup/|title=Sydney University Press}}, 2011), pp. xix, 155–162.</ref>


During that time an American airfield engineer reported that a temporary airfield could be constructed for emergency use on the site of an existing mission airstrip on the north eastern plain near Vivigani. He also recommended that a permanent {{convert|6000|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} airstrip be constructed.<ref>http://www.pacificwrecks.com/airfields/png/vivigani/index.html</ref>
During that time an American airfield engineer reported that a temporary airfield could be constructed for emergency use on the site of an existing mission airstrip on the northeastern plain near Vivigani. He also recommended that a permanent {{convert|6000|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} airstrip be constructed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pacificwrecks.com/airfields/png/vivigani/index.html|title=Pacific Wrecks|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>


The Fifth Air Force directed the [[RAAF]]'s No. 9 Group to attack enemy bases in [[New Britain]]. To facilitate this, General Headquarters Operations Instructions No.31, dated 11th,<!--Month missing from the original source. HELP--> 1943, set out that Goodenough Island, which was garrisoned by an Australian infantry battalion group with attached service groups and two Radar stations, was to be reinforced and prepared as an air force operating base with two landing strips, one for fighters and the other capable of handling heavy bombers. The fighter strip was available on 15 June. By the end of July there were 3,614 RAAF personnel on the island.<ref>http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/27/chapters/02.pdf</ref> The bomber strip was completed on 20 October,<ref>http://raafacs.homestead.com/5acsgoodenough.html</ref> although it is recorded that the first offensive use of the airfield was on 17 May by [[Bristol Beaufort|Beaufort]]s of [[No. 100 Squadron RAAF]].
The Fifth Air Force directed the [[RAAF]]'s No. 9 Group to attack enemy bases in [[New Britain]]. To facilitate this, General Headquarters Operations Instructions No.31, dated 11 March 1943, set out that Goodenough Island, which was garrisoned by an Australian infantry battalion group with attached service groups and two Radar stations, was to be reinforced and prepared as an air force operating base with two landing strips, initially suitable for fighters, but with one being upgraded to handle heavy bombers. The fighter strip was available on 15 June. By the end of July, there were 3,614 RAAF personnel on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/27/chapters/02.pdf|title=Home - Australian War Memorial|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> The bomber strip was completed on 20 October,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raafacs.homestead.com/5acsgoodenough.html|title=5ACSGOODENOUGH|access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> although it is recorded that the first offensive use of the airfield was on 17 May by [[Bristol Beaufort|Beaufort]]s of [[No. 100 Squadron RAAF]].


As a part of [[Operation Cartwheel]], Vivigani Airfield became an important staging point for Australian and American operations in the [[South West Pacific Area]], an objective of which was to attack Rabaul in New Britain, the stronghold of [[Imperial Japanese]] forces.
As a part of [[Operation Cartwheel]], Vivigani Airfield became an important staging point for Australian and American operations in the [[South West Pacific Area]], an objective of which was to attack Rabaul in New Britain, the stronghold of [[Imperial Japanese]] forces.


===RAAF Units active on Goodenough Island<ref>http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/AJRP/remember.nsf/709e228818bdf765ca256a9a001dad4d/e3366413732a55fcca256b5a0018e722?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,goodenough</ref>===
====RAAF Units active on Goodenough Island====


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
⚫
! Squadron<ref>http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/AJRP/remember.nsf/709e228818bdf765ca256a9a001dad4d/e3366413732a55fcca256b5a0018e722?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,goodenough</ref>
! Squadron
! Aircraft
! Aircraft
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|}
|}

⚫
===RAAF logistics units active on Goodenough Island<ref>http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/AJRP/remember.nsf/709e228818bdf765ca256a9a001dad4d/733fe68936726620ca256b5a001955cc?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,goodenough</ref>===
====RAAF logistics units active on Goodenough Island====


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
! Squadron<ref>http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/AJRP/remember.nsf/709e228818bdf765ca256a9a001dad4d/733fe68936726620ca256b5a001955cc?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,goodenough</ref>
! Squadron
|-
|-
| 4 Mobile Works Squadron. (Renamed 4 Airfield Construction Squadron July 1944)
| 4 Mobile Works Squadron. (Renamed 4 Airfield Construction Squadron July 1944)
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|-
|-
| 6 Medical Receiving Station
| 6 Medical Receiving Station
|- <s>asher maayaune</s>
|-

|}
|}


==Culture==
==Culture==
The four languages of Goodenough ([[Bwaidoka language|Bwaidoka]], [[Iduna language|Iduna]], [[Diodio language|Diodio]], and Buduna or [[Wataluma language|Wataluma]]) belong to the Milne Bay Family of Austronesian languages. The dominant language, Bwaidoka, was adopted as a lingua franca by the Wesleyan (Methodist) Mission at the turn of the century. At the 2000 census the population was 20,814.<ref>http://www.pngbd.com/travel/tourism_guide_tpa/index.php</ref>
The four languages of Goodenough ([[Bwaidoka language|Bwaidoka]], [[Iduna language|Iduna]], [[Diodio language|Diodio]], and Buduna or [[Wataluma language|Wataluma]]) belong to the Milne Bay Family of Austronesian languages. The dominant language, Bwaidoka, was adopted as a lingua franca by the Wesleyan (Methodist) Mission at the turn of the century. At the 2000 census the population was 20,814.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pngbd.com/travel/tourism_guide_tpa/index.php|title=Travel and Tourism in Papua New Guinea|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224182222/http://www.pngbd.com/travel/tourism_guide_tpa/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>


List of villages working clockwise around Goodenough Island starting at [[Vivigani Airfield]] on the northeast coastal plain, as shown in Google Earth.
List of villages working clockwise around Goodenough Island starting at [[Vivigani Airfield]] on the northeast coastal plain, as shown in Google Earth.
* Vivigani (this is not an actual village per se, although there are several in the vicinity of the airstrip)
* Vivigani (this is not an actual village per se, although there are several in the vicinity of the airstrip)
* Bolubolu (the administrative centre)
* Bolubolu (the administrative centre)
* Mataita
*Faiava
* Wailagi (United Church mission station and 1–6 Elementary School)
* Wailagi (United Church mission station and 1–6 Elementary School)
* Wagifa
* Kilia
* Kilia
* Lauwela
* Lauwela
Line 132: Line 141:
* Ufaufa
* Ufaufa
* Wataluma Mission and Plantation
* Wataluma Mission and Plantation
* Ulaluya Mission
* Ulutuya Mission


===Protected area===
===Protected area===
The Oi Mada Wara Wildlife Management Area in the centre of the island has an area of {{convert|22840|ha}}. It provides a critical landscape function with a relatively high number of endemic, endangered and vulnerable species. The small [[black dorcopsis]] (''Dorcopsis atrata''), the only [[wallaby]] known to be endemic to a Pacific island, is endangered and needs careful management.<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2006 |assessors=Australasian Marsupial & Monotreme Specialist Group |year=1996 |id=6794 |title=Dorcopsis atrata |downloaded=2007-09-12}}</ref> Another species, the [[agile wallaby]] (''Macropus agilis''), was abundant but can not be found today.<ref>[http://www.conservation.org/xp/frontlines/species/10110501.xml]</ref>
The Oya Madawa Wildlife Management Area in the centre of the island has an area of {{convert|22840|ha}}. It provides a critical landscape function with a relatively high number of endemic, endangered and vulnerable species. The small [[black dorcopsis]] (''Dorcopsis atrata''), the only [[wallaby]] known to be endemic to a [[list of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific island]], is endangered and needs careful management.<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Leary, T. |author2=Wright, D. |author3=Hamilton, S. |author4=Singadan, R. |author5=Menzies, J. |author6=Bonaccorso, F. |author7=Helgen, K. |author8=Seri, L. |author9=Allison, A. |author10=James, R. |date=2016 |title=''Dorcopsis atrata'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T6794A21952571 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6794A21952571.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Another species, the [[agile wallaby]] (''Macropus agilis''), was abundant but cannot be found today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.conservation.org/xp/frontlines/species/10110501.xml|title = 404}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Battle of Goodenough Island]]
*[[Battle of Goodenough Island]]
*[[List of volcanoes in Papua New Guinea]]
*[[List of volcanoes in Papua New Guinea]]
*[[Goodenough Island Rural LLG]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|25em}}

==External links==
*{{cite gvp|name=Goodenough|vn=253041|access-date=2021-06-25}}
*{{cite web |url=http://islands.unep.ch/IHD.htm#850 |work=[[UN system-wide Earthwatch website]] |title=Goodenough Island}}
*{{cite web |url=http://islands.unep.ch/IHD.htm#850 |work=[[UN system-wide Earthwatch website]] |title=Goodenough Island}}
*Jenness M.A. and Rev. A. Ballantyne. (1920) ''The Northern D'Entrecasteaux'', Oxford University Press.
*Jenness M.A. and Rev. A. Ballantyne. (1920) ''The Northern D'Entrecasteaux'', Oxford University Press.
*[http://www.pacificwrecks.com/provinces/png_goodenough.html Pacific Wrecks website]
*[http://www.pacificwrecks.com/provinces/png_goodenough.html Pacific Wrecks website]
*[http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=538 University of New South Wales News]
*[http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=538 University of New South Wales News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615065216/http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=538 |date=15 June 2011 }}


{{coord|9|22|S|150|16|E|region:PG_type:isle|display=title}}
{{Coord|9|22|S|150|16|E|region:PG_type:isle|display=title}}


{{Islands of Papua New Guinea}}
{{Islands of Papua New Guinea|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Islands of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:D'Entrecasteaux Islands]]
[[Category:Islands of Milne Bay Province]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Milne Bay Province]]
[[Category:Goodenough family]]

Latest revision as of 07:04, 13 June 2024

Not to be confused with Goodenough's Island.

Goodenough Island
Goodenough Island is located in Papua New Guinea
Goodenough Island
Goodenough Island
Geography
LocationMelanesia
Coordinates9°22′S 150°16′E / 9.367°S 150.267°E / -9.367; 150.267
ArchipelagoD'Entrecasteaux Islands
Area687 km2 (265 sq mi)
Highest elevation2,536 m (8320 ft)
Highest pointMount Vineuo
Administration
Demographics
Population20,814 (2000)

Goodenough Island in the Solomon Sea, also known as Nidula Island, is the westernmost of the three large islands of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands in Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. It lies to the east of mainland New Guinea and southwest of the Trobriand Islands.[1] It is roughly circular in shape, measuring 39 by 26 kilometres (24 by 16 mi) with an area of 687 square kilometres (265 sq mi) and a shoreline of 116 kilometres (72 mi). From a coastal belt varying in width from 2 to 10 kilometres (1.2 to 6.2 mi) in width, the island rises sharply to the summit of Mount Vineuo, 2,536 metres (8,320 ft) above sea level, making it one of the most precipitous islands in the world.[2] The small outlier Wagifa Island lies to the south-east of the island, and is included within Goodenough's administration.

Climate and vegetation[edit]

Like much of New Guinea, the climate is tropical with high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. The northwest monsoon season lasts from December to March and brings sudden rain squalls. From May to October southeasterly winds are cooler and more gentle. Tropical cyclones are infrequent. Rainfall varies between 1,520 mm and 2,540 mm per annum. Serious droughts occur once or twice a decade. Rushing streams with waterfalls drain water from the central mountain. Rain forest cloaks the higher elevations with secondary forest, grassland and native gardens on the lower slopes and coastal plains. Soils are acidic.

A rare edible citrus plant, Citrus wakonai (Citrus warburgiana; locally called "kakamadu", a name shared with other citrus species),[3] grows on Goodenough Island.[4]

History[edit]

The D'Entrecasteaux Islands have probably been inhabited for several thousand years, the people being related to mainland Papuans.[5] The first sighting of the archipelago by a European was by the French mariner Joseph Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux in 1792[6] but it remained unexplored by Europeans until 1874 when Captain John Moresby, commanding HMS Basilisk, landed on the westernmost island and gave it a European name after a British naval colleague, Commodore James Graham Goodenough.

The impact of western culture after Moresby's visit and before World War II was limited to missionaries, ethnographers and traders seeking whales, pearls or gold. In 1888 William MacGregor visited the island in his role as administrator of the newly proclaimed British New Guinea. In 1891 the Methodist Church of Australia established a mission station on Dobu Island (between Ferguson and Normanby Islands) under the direction of William Bromilow. From there mission stations were established in strategic centres in the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands and the Louisiade Archipelago.[7] In particular, in 1898 a mission station was established in Bwaidoga, Mud Bay, Goodenough Island. By that time traders had already created a regular demand for steel tools, cloth, and twist tobacco and the Dobu mission was recruiting natives to work in gold mines and copra plantations. These activities, and indeed the farming and hunting activities of the traditional people, were confined to localised areas on the fringing plains of the island. The mountainous hinterland remained entirely unknown and unpopulated above 1,100 m.

World War II[edit]

On 25 August 1942, a Japanese convoy of seven motorised landing craft (MLC) with 353 marines of 5th Sasebo Special Naval Landing Force stopped to rest at the south end of Goodenough Island. They were led by Commander Tsukioka and were bound for Taupota and participation in the Battle of Milne Bay. They became stranded when their MLCs were destroyed by No. 75 Squadron RAAF Kittyhawks.[8]

On 22 October 1942 the Australian warships HMAS Stuart and HMAS Arunta disembarked 640 soldiers consisting of the Australian 2/12th Battalion, of the 18th Brigade from Milne Bay.[8] They landed on both sides of the island's southern tip during the night. Intense fighting occurred during 23 October and during the night a successful rescue mission evacuated about 250 Japanese soldiers by submarine to Fergusson Island, where they were taken by cruiser to Rabaul.[8] The remaining Japanese defenders were mopped up and the island declared secured by 27 October.[8]

The occupation force remained on the island until 28 December 1942. During that time they used deception and camouflage to make the Japanese believe that a brigade sized force was occupying the island. They fabricated a 'ghost force' of dummy structures, including a hospital, anti-aircraft guns constructed of logs pointed at the sky, and barricades of jungle vines which looked like barbed wire. They also lit fires to appear as cooking fires for large numbers of soldiers, and sent messages consistent with what a brigade of soldiers would be expected to send.[9]

During that time an American airfield engineer reported that a temporary airfield could be constructed for emergency use on the site of an existing mission airstrip on the northeastern plain near Vivigani. He also recommended that a permanent 6,000-foot-long (1,800 m) airstrip be constructed.[10]

The Fifth Air Force directed the RAAF's No. 9 Group to attack enemy bases in New Britain. To facilitate this, General Headquarters Operations Instructions No.31, dated 11 March 1943, set out that Goodenough Island, which was garrisoned by an Australian infantry battalion group with attached service groups and two Radar stations, was to be reinforced and prepared as an air force operating base with two landing strips, initially suitable for fighters, but with one being upgraded to handle heavy bombers. The fighter strip was available on 15 June. By the end of July, there were 3,614 RAAF personnel on the island.[11] The bomber strip was completed on 20 October,[12] although it is recorded that the first offensive use of the airfield was on 17 May by Beauforts of No. 100 Squadron RAAF.

As a part of Operation Cartwheel, Vivigani Airfield became an important staging point for Australian and American operations in the South West Pacific Area, an objective of which was to attack Rabaul in New Britain, the stronghold of Imperial Japanese forces.

RAAF Units active on Goodenough Island[edit]

Squadron[13] Aircraft
6 General reconnaissance/Bomber Squadron Hudson Beaufort
8 Bomber Squadron Beaufort
22 Bomber Squadron Boston
30 Attack Squadron Beaufighter
75 Fighter Squadron Kittyhawk
76 Fighter Squadron Kittyhawk
77 Fighter Squadron Kittyhawk
79 Fighter Squadron Spitfire
100 Bomber squadron Beaufort
8 Communication Unit Tiger Moth, Boomerang, Dornier Do 24, Vengeance, Walrus, Catalina, Beaufort, Beaufreighter, Beaufighter

RAAF logistics units active on Goodenough Island[edit]

Squadron[14]
4 Mobile Works Squadron. (Renamed 4 Airfield Construction Squadron July 1944)
5 Mobile Works Squadron. (Renamed 5 Airfield Construction Squadron July 1944)
7 Mobile Works Squadron. (Renamed 7 Airfield Construction Squadron July 1944)
26 Air Stores Park
16 Stores Unit. (Renamed 6 Stores and Shipping Unit April 1943)
7 Transportation and Movements Office
10 Repair and Salvage Unit
26 Repair and Salvage Unit
2 Medical Receiving Station
6 Medical Receiving Station

Culture[edit]

The four languages of Goodenough (Bwaidoka, Iduna, Diodio, and Buduna or Wataluma) belong to the Milne Bay Family of Austronesian languages. The dominant language, Bwaidoka, was adopted as a lingua franca by the Wesleyan (Methodist) Mission at the turn of the century. At the 2000 census the population was 20,814.[15]

List of villages working clockwise around Goodenough Island starting at Vivigani Airfield on the northeast coastal plain, as shown in Google Earth.

  • Vivigani (this is not an actual village per se, although there are several in the vicinity of the airstrip)
  • Bolubolu (the administrative centre)
  • Mataita
  • Faiava
  • Wailagi (United Church mission station and 1–6 Elementary School)
  • Wagifa
  • Kilia
  • Lauwela
  • Auwale
  • Debenefue
  • Diodio
  • Tatala
  • Waibula
  • Ufaufa
  • Wataluma Mission and Plantation
  • Ulutuya Mission

Protected area[edit]

The Oya Madawa Wildlife Management Area in the centre of the island has an area of 22,840 hectares (56,400 acres). It provides a critical landscape function with a relatively high number of endemic, endangered and vulnerable species. The small black dorcopsis (Dorcopsis atrata), the only wallaby known to be endemic to a Pacific island, is endangered and needs careful management.[16] Another species, the agile wallaby (Macropus agilis), was abundant but cannot be found today.[17]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ http://islands.unep.ch/IHD.htm#850
  2. ^ "Papua New Guinea - Goodenough Island". Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  3. ^ Paul I. Forster & Malcolm W. Smith (2010), "Citrus wakonai P.I.Forst. & M.W.Sm. (Rutaceae), a new species from Goodenough Island, Papua New Guinea" (PDF), Austrobaileya, 8 (2): 133–138, JSTOR 41739123
  4. ^ Mike Saalfeld. "The_Quest_for_Wakonai page19". homecitrusgrowers.co.uk.
  5. ^ "history and cultural relations - Goodenough Island". Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  6. ^ Bruni d'Entrecasteaux
  7. ^ "Bromilow, William Edward (1857–1929)". Biography - William Edward Bromilow - Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d Dunn, Richard L. "September 11th, 1942 – The Rest of the Story". j-aircraft.com. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  9. ^ Elias, Ann,"Camouflage Australia: Art, Nature, Science and War".(Sydney: "Sydney University Press"., 2011), pp. xix, 155–162.
  10. ^ "Pacific Wrecks". Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  11. ^ "Home - Australian War Memorial" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  12. ^ "5ACSGOODENOUGH". Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  13. ^ http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/AJRP/remember.nsf/709e228818bdf765ca256a9a001dad4d/e3366413732a55fcca256b5a0018e722?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,goodenough
  14. ^ http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/AJRP/remember.nsf/709e228818bdf765ca256a9a001dad4d/733fe68936726620ca256b5a001955cc?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,goodenough
  15. ^ "Travel and Tourism in Papua New Guinea". Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  16. ^ Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; James, R. (2016). "Dorcopsis atrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6794A21952571. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6794A21952571.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  17. ^ "404". {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)

External links[edit]

9°22′S 150°16′E / 9.367°S 150.267°E / -9.367; 150.267

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