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{{short description|Proposed language famliy}}
{{short description|Proposed language family}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the proposed language family. For the languages of the East Asian geographical region, see [[languages of East Asia]].}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the proposed language family. For the languages of the East Asian geographical region, see [[languages of East Asia]].}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
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| child6 = [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] (sometimes included)
| child6 = [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] (sometimes included)
| child7 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] (sometimes included)
| child7 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] (sometimes included)
| child8 = [[Ainu languages|Ainu]] (sometimes included)
| child9 = [[Nivkh languages|Nivkh]] (rarely included)
| child10 = [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]] (rarely included)
| glotto = none
| glotto = none
| glottoname =
| glottoname =
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| mapcaption =
| mapcaption =
}}
}}
The '''East Asian languages''' are a [[language family]] (alternatively ''[[macrofamily]]'' or ''superphylum'') proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by [[George van Driem]].
The '''East Asian languages''' are a [[language family]] (alternatively ''[[macrofamily]]'' or ''superphylum'') proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by [[George van Driem]] and others.


==Classifications==
==Classifications==
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Stanley Starosta's (2005)<ref>Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.</ref> East Asian proposal includes a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]], to form an '''East Asian''' superphylum. However, Starosta believes his proposed Yangzian to be a direct [[sister group|sister]] of Sino-Tibetan rather than Austronesian, which is more distantly related to Sino-Tibetan as a sister of Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian. He concludes Proto-East Asian was a [[disyllabic]] (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by [[Peiligang culture]] and [[Cishan culture]] [[millet]] farmers on the [[North China Plain]] (specifically the [[Hanshui|Han River]], [[Wei River]], and central [[Yellow River]] areas).<ref name="Origin">{{cite book | given = Stanley | surname = Starosta | chapter = Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific | pages = [https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen/page/n210 182]–197 | title = The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics | url = https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen | url-access = limited | editor-given1 = Laurent | editor-surname1 = Sagart | editor-given2 = Roger | editor-surname2 = Blench | editor-given3 = Alicia | editor-surname3 = Sanchez-Mazas | location = London | publisher = Routledge Curzon | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-32242-3 }}</ref>
Stanley Starosta's (2005)<ref>Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.</ref> East Asian proposal includes a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]], to form an '''East Asian''' superphylum. However, Starosta believes his proposed Yangzian to be a direct [[sister group|sister]] of Sino-Tibetan rather than Austronesian, which is more distantly related to Sino-Tibetan as a sister of Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian. He concludes Proto-East Asian was a [[disyllabic]] (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by [[Peiligang culture]] and [[Cishan culture]] [[millet]] farmers on the [[North China Plain]] (specifically the [[Hanshui|Han River]], [[Wei River]], and central [[Yellow River]] areas).<ref name="Origin">{{cite book | given = Stanley | surname = Starosta | chapter = Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific | pages = [https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen/page/n210 182]–197 | title = The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics | url = https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen | url-access = limited | editor-given1 = Laurent | editor-surname1 = Sagart | editor-given2 = Roger | editor-surname2 = Blench | editor-given3 = Alicia | editor-surname3 = Sanchez-Mazas | location = London | publisher = Routledge Curzon | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-32242-3 }}</ref>


{{tree list}}
*'''East Asian'''
*'''East Asian'''
**'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
**'''[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]'''
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****'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
****'''[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]'''
****'''[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]'''
****'''[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]'''
{{tree list/end}}


Starosta (2005) proposes the following Proto-East Asian morphological affixes, which are found in [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Proto-Austronesian]], as well as in some morphologically conservative Austroasiatic branches such as [[Nicobaric languages|Nicobaric]].<ref>{{cite journal | given = Lawrence A. | surname = Reid | url = https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32987/1/A39.1994.pdf | title = Morphological evidence for Austric | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | year = 1994 | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 323–344 | jstor = i285831 | doi = 10.2307/3623132 | hdl = 10125/32987 | access-date = 2020-08-10 | archive-date = 2017-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170815182316/http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32987/1/A39.1994.pdf | url-status = live | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
Starosta (2005) proposes the following Proto-East Asian morphological affixes, which are found in [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Proto-Austronesian]], as well as in some morphologically conservative Austroasiatic branches such as [[Nicobaric languages|Nicobaric]].<ref>{{cite journal | given = Lawrence A. | surname = Reid | url = https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32987/1/A39.1994.pdf | title = Morphological evidence for Austric | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | year = 1994 | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 323–344 | jstor = i285831 | doi = 10.2307/3623132 | hdl = 10125/32987 | access-date = 2020-08-10 | archive-date = 2017-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170815182316/http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32987/1/A39.1994.pdf | url-status = live | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
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The following tree of East Asian superphylum (macrofamily) was proposed by [[George van Driem]] in 2012 at the 18th Himalayan Languages Symposium, held at the [[Benares Hindu University]].<ref name=GvD2013>van Driem, George. 2013. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429103442/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf |date=2019-04-29 }}", ''Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics'', 7 (1): 135-188.</ref><ref>van Driem, George. 2016. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009043105/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf |date=2018-10-09 }}", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — ''Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics''. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».</ref>
The following tree of East Asian superphylum (macrofamily) was proposed by [[George van Driem]] in 2012 at the 18th Himalayan Languages Symposium, held at the [[Benares Hindu University]].<ref name=GvD2013>van Driem, George. 2013. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429103442/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2013f.pdf |date=2019-04-29 }}", ''Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics'', 7 (1): 135-188.</ref><ref>van Driem, George. 2016. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009043105/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2016g.pdf |date=2018-10-09 }}", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — ''Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics''. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».</ref>


{{tree list}}
*'''East Asian'''
*'''East Asian'''
**'''[[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]'''
**'''[[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]'''
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***Yangtzean
***Yangtzean
****'''[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]'''
****'''[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]]'''
{{tree list/end}}

[[File:Geographic distributions of Y chromosome haplogroups O in East Asia.png|thumb|Modern distribution of basal O-M175, which expanded from southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.]]
[[File:Geographic distributions of Y chromosome haplogroups O in East Asia.png|thumb|Modern distribution of basal O-M175, which expanded from southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.]]
According to van Driem, the linguistic evidence for the East Asian languages matches the genetic evidence from Y-DNA [[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)#Languages families and genes|Haplogroup O]].<ref>van Driem, George. 2018. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235952/https://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf |date=2021-01-10 }}", ''Journal of the Asiatic Society'', LX (4): 1-38.</ref> (Further information: [[Father Tongue hypothesis]])
According to van Driem, the linguistic evidence for the East Asian languages matches the genetic evidence from Y-DNA [[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)#Languages families and genes|Haplogroup O]].<ref>van Driem, George. 2018. "[http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235952/https://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf |date=2021-01-10 }}", ''Journal of the Asiatic Society'', LX (4): 1-38.</ref> (Further information: [[Father Tongue hypothesis]])
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According to Michael D. Larish, the languages of Southeast and East Asia descended from one proto-language (which he calls "Proto-Asian"). [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] is grouped together with [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] as one branch of the Proto-Asian family. The other branch consists of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Kra-Dai]], [[Hmong-Mien]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Larish|first=Michael D.|date=January 2006|title=Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages|url=https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|conference=Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics|access-date=2019-01-07|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Larish, Michael. 2017. ''Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia''. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.</ref>
According to Michael D. Larish, the languages of Southeast and East Asia descended from one proto-language (which he calls "Proto-Asian"). [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] is grouped together with [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] as one branch of the Proto-Asian family. The other branch consists of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Kra-Dai]], [[Hmong-Mien]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Larish|first=Michael D.|date=January 2006|title=Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages|url=https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|conference=Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics|access-date=2019-01-07|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Larish, Michael. 2017. ''Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia''. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.</ref>


{{tree list}}
*'''East Asian'''
*'''East Asian'''
**'''Japano-Koreanic'''
**'''Japano-Koreanic'''
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***'''[[Hmong-Mien languages|Hmong-Mien]]'''
***'''[[Hmong-Mien languages|Hmong-Mien]]'''
***'''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]'''
***'''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]'''
{{tree list/end}}


==Vocabulary comparison==
==Vocabulary comparison==
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* [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]: Matisoff (2015)<ref>Matisoff, James A. 2015. [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters ''The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023221846/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters |date=2020-10-23 }}. Berkeley: University of California. ([http://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202053131/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf |date=2020-02-02 }})</ref>
* [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]: Matisoff (2015)<ref>Matisoff, James A. 2015. [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters ''The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023221846/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/chapters |date=2020-10-23 }}. Berkeley: University of California. ([http://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202053131/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf |date=2020-02-02 }})</ref>
* [[Proto-Hmong-Mien]]: Ratliff (2010)<ref>Ratliff, Martha. 2010. ''Hmong–Mien language history''. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-85883-615-7}}.</ref>
* [[Proto-Hmong-Mien]]: Ratliff (2010)<ref>Ratliff, Martha. 2010. ''Hmong–Mien language history''. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-85883-615-7}}.</ref>
* [[Proto-Austroasiatic]]: Sidwell & Rau (2015)<ref>Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref>
* [[Proto-Austroasiatic]]: Sidwell (2024);<ref name="Sidwell 500">{{cite journal |last1=Sidwell |first1=Paul |date=2024 |title=500 Proto Austroasiatic Etyma: Version 1.0 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10524/52519 |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=i-xxxiii |issn=1836-6821 |access-date=2024-06-15 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu}}</ref> Sidwell & Rau (2015)<ref name="SidwellRau2015">Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref>
* [[Proto-Austronesian]]: Blust & Trussel (2020)<ref name="ACD">{{cite web |title=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition |first1=Robert |last1=Blust |first2=Stephen |last2=Trussel |url=https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-pl_pan.htm |date=June 21, 2020 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165028/https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-pl_pan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Proto-Austronesian]]: Blust & Trussel (2020)<ref name="ACD">{{cite web |title=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition |first1=Robert |last1=Blust |first2=Stephen |last2=Trussel |url=https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-pl_pan.htm |date=June 21, 2020 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165028/https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-pl_pan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Proto-Tai]]: Pittayaporn (2009)<ref>Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. ''The Phonology of Proto-Tai''. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.</ref>
* [[Proto-Tai]]: Pittayaporn (2009)<ref>Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. ''The Phonology of Proto-Tai''. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.</ref>
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| *(t)sam
| *(t)sam
| *pljei
| *pljei
| *suk, *sɔːk
| *sukˀ, *sɔkˀ
| *bukeS
| *bukeS
| *prɤm<sup>A</sup>
| *prɤm<sup>A</sup>
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| *s-myak
| *s-myak
| *mu̯ɛjH
| *mu̯ɛjH
| *mat
| *matˀ
| *maCa
| *maCa
| *p.taː<sup>A</sup>
| *p.taː<sup>A</sup>
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| *r/g-na
| *r/g-na
| *mbræu
| *mbræu
| *-toːr
| *Ctoːr
| *Caliŋa
| *Caliŋa
| *krwɯː<sup>A</sup>
| *krwɯː<sup>A</sup>
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| *s-na ~ *s-naːr
| *s-na ~ *s-naːr
| *mbruiH
| *mbruiH
| *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs
| *muːh, *muːɕ
| *ujuŋ
| *ujuŋ
| *ɗaŋ<sup>A</sup>
| *ɗaŋ<sup>A</sup>
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| *s/p-wa
| *s/p-wa
| *hmjinʔ
| *hmjinʔ
| *lmVɲ, *sraŋ, *p(i)əŋ
| *muɲ, *məɲ
| *lipen, *n/ŋipen
| *lipen, *n/ŋipen
| *wan<sup>A</sup>
| *wan<sup>A</sup>
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| *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley
| *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley
| *mblet
| *mblet
| *lntaːk
| *lntaːkˀ
| *Sema, *lidam
| *Sema, *lidam
| *liːn<sup>C</sup>
| *liːn<sup>C</sup>
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| *lak ~ *C-yak
| *lak ~ *C-yak
| *-bɔuʔ
| *-bɔuʔ
| *tiːʔ
| *tiːˀ
| *kamay
| *kamay
| *mwɯː<sup>A</sup>
| *mwɯː<sup>A</sup>
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| *s-hywəy-t
| *s-hywəy-t
| *ntshjamʔ
| *ntshjamʔ
| *(m)ɕaːm
| *saːm, *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm
| *daRaq
| *daRaq
| *lɯət<sup>D</sup>
| *lɯət<sup>D</sup>
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| *m-sin
| *m-sin
| *-hri̯ən
| *-hri̯ən
| *kləːm, *ris
| *kləːm;<ref name="SidwellRau2015"/> *gre(ː)ɕ
| *qaCay
| *qaCay
| *tap<sup>D</sup>
| *tap<sup>D</sup>
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| *sya-n
| *sya-n
| ''P-Mienic'' *ʔa<sup>B</sup>
| ''P-Mienic'' *ʔa<sup>B</sup>
| *sac
| *sacˀ
| *Sesi
| *Sesi
| *n.mɤː<sup>C</sup>
| *n.mɤː<sup>C</sup>
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| *d-kʷəy-n
| *d-kʷəy-n
| ''P-Hmongic'' *hmaŋ<sup>C</sup>
| ''P-Hmongic'' *hmaŋ<sup>C</sup>
| *cɔːʔ
| *cɔʔ
| *asu
| *asu
| *ʰmaː<sup>A</sup>
| *ʰmaː<sup>A</sup>
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| *s-ŋak
| *s-ŋak
| *m-nɔk
| *m-nɔk
| *ciːm, *ceːm
| *ciːm
| *manuk 'chicken'
| *manuk
| *C̬.nok<sup>D</sup>
| *C̬.nok<sup>D</sup>
| *səc
| *səc
Line 253: Line 257:
| *s-r(y)ik
| *s-r(y)ik
| *ntshjeiʔ
| *ntshjeiʔ
| *ciːʔ
| *ciʔ
| *kuCux
| *kuCux
| *traw<sup>A</sup>
| *traw<sup>A</sup>
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| *s-nəy
| *s-nəy
| ''P-Mienic'' *hnu̯ɔi<sup>A</sup>
| ''P-Mienic'' *hnu̯ɔi<sup>A</sup>
| *tŋiːʔ
| *tŋiːˀ
| *waRi, *qajaw
| *waRi, *qajaw
| *ŋwan<sup>A</sup>
| *ŋwan<sup>A</sup>
Line 280: Line 284:
| *s/g-la
| *s/g-la
| *hlaH
| *hlaH
| *khaj
| *khe(ː)ʔ
| *bulaN, *qiNaS
| *bulaN, *qiNaS
| *ɓlɯən<sup>A</sup>
| *ɓlɯən<sup>A</sup>
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| *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s
| *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s
| *ʔu̯əm
| *ʔu̯əm
| *ɗaːk; Pal. *ʔoːm
| *ɗaːkˀ; [[Proto-Palaungic language|Pal]]. *ʔoːm
| *daNum
| *daNum
| *C̬.nam<sup>C</sup>
| *C̬.nam<sup>C</sup>
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| *r/s/g-wa
| *r/s/g-wa
| ''P-Hmongic'' *m-noŋ<sup>C</sup>
| ''P-Hmongic'' *m-noŋ<sup>C</sup>
| *gmaʔ
| *gmaːˀ
| *quzaN
| *quzaN
| *C̥.wɯn<sup>A</sup>
| *C̥.wɯn<sup>A</sup>
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| *mey
| *mey
| *douʔ
| *douʔ
| *ʔuːɕ
| *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs
| *Sapuy
| *Sapuy
| *wɤj<sup>A</sup>
| *wɤj<sup>A</sup>
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| *r-mi(ŋ/n)
| *r-mi(ŋ/n)
| *mpɔuH
| *mpɔuH
| *ɟmuh, *ɟmɨh
| *-məh
| *ŋajan
| *ŋajan
| *ɟɤː<sup>B</sup>
| *ɟɤː<sup>B</sup>
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| *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s
| *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s
| ''P-Mienic'' *ɲən<sup>C</sup>
| ''P-Mienic'' *ɲən<sup>C</sup>
| *caːʔ
| *ca(ː)ʔ
| *kaen
| *kaen
| *kɯɲ<sup>A</sup>
| *kɯɲ<sup>A</sup>
Line 334: Line 338:
| *səy
| *səy
| *dəjH
| *dəjH
| *kceːt
| *kceːt<ref name="SidwellRau2015"/>
| *ma-aCay
| *ma-aCay
| *p.taːj<sup>A</sup>
| *p.taːj<sup>A</sup>
Line 352: Line 356:
| *na-ŋ
| *na-ŋ
| *mu̯ei
| *mu̯ei
| *miːˀ, *meːˀ
| *miːʔ
| -mu
| -mu
| *mɯŋ<sup>A</sup>
| *mɯŋ<sup>A</sup>
Line 361: Line 365:
==Distributions==
==Distributions==
{{gallery
{{gallery
|lines=2
|width=225
|width=225
|File:Lenguas sino-tibetanas.png|Distribution of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]
|File:Lenguas sino-tibetanas.png|Distribution of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]
Line 368: Line 371:
|File:Hmong-Mien-en.svg|Distribution of [[Hmong–Mien languages]]
|File:Hmong-Mien-en.svg|Distribution of [[Hmong–Mien languages]]
|File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapted from Bellwood, 2011).png|Dispersal of [[Austronesian languages]]
|File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapted from Bellwood, 2011).png|Dispersal of [[Austronesian languages]]
|File:Koreanic.svg|Distribution of [[Koreanic languages]]
|File:Japanese_dialects-en.png|Distribution of [[Japonic languages]]
|File:Ainu_map.svg|Distribution of [[Ainu languages]]
|File:Nivkh_settlements_2002_map_vector.svg|Distribution of [[Nivkh languages]]
|File:Chukotko-Kamchatkan_map.svg|Distribution of [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages]]
}}
}}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Father Tongue hypothesis]]
*[[Father Tongue hypothesis]]
*[[Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages]]
*[[Classification of Southeast Asian languages]]
**[[Sino-Austronesian languages]]
**[[Sino-Austronesian languages]]
**[[Austric languages]]
**[[Austric languages]]

Latest revision as of 04:14, 19 June 2024

This article is about the proposed language family. For the languages of the East Asian geographical region, see languages of East Asia.
East Asian
(proposed, under study)
Geographic
distribution		East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, Madagascar
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
GlottologNone

The East Asian languages are a language family (alternatively macrofamily or superphylum) proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by George van Driem and others.

Classifications[edit]

Early proposals[edit]

Early proposals of similar linguistic macrophylla, in narrower scope:[1]

Precursors to the East Asian proposal:

Starosta (2005)[edit]

Location of the Peiligang culture

Stanley Starosta's (2005)[16] East Asian proposal includes a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of Austroasiatic and Hmong–Mien, to form an East Asian superphylum. However, Starosta believes his proposed Yangzian to be a direct sister of Sino-Tibetan rather than Austronesian, which is more distantly related to Sino-Tibetan as a sister of Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian. He concludes Proto-East Asian was a disyllabic (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by Peiligang culture and Cishan culture millet farmers on the North China Plain (specifically the Han River, Wei River, and central Yellow River areas).[17]

Starosta (2005) proposes the following Proto-East Asian morphological affixes, which are found in Proto-Tibeto-Burman and Proto-Austronesian, as well as in some morphologically conservative Austroasiatic branches such as Nicobaric.[18]

  • *m(V)- 'agent of V-ing'
  • *-Vn 'patient of V-ing'
  • *sV- 'instrument of V-ing'
  • *n(V)- 'perfective'

van Driem (2012)[edit]

See also: Father Tongue hypothesis

The following tree of East Asian superphylum (macrofamily) was proposed by George van Driem in 2012 at the 18th Himalayan Languages Symposium, held at the Benares Hindu University.[1][19]

Modern distribution of basal O-M175, which expanded from southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.

According to van Driem, the linguistic evidence for the East Asian languages matches the genetic evidence from Y-DNA Haplogroup O.[20] (Further information: Father Tongue hypothesis)

Larish (2006, 2017)[edit]

According to Michael D. Larish, the languages of Southeast and East Asia descended from one proto-language (which he calls "Proto-Asian"). Japonic is grouped together with Koreanic as one branch of the Proto-Asian family. The other branch consists of the Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan languages.[21][22]

Vocabulary comparison[edit]

Below is a comparison of basic vocabulary items for proto-languages of all 5 East Asian language families.

Sources
Sino-Tibetan Hmong-Mien Austroasiatic Austronesian Kra-Dai
gloss Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Hmong-Mien Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Tai Proto-Hlai Proto-Kra
hair *(t)sam *pljei *sukˀ, *sɔkˀ *bukeS *prɤmA *hnom *m-səmA
eye *s-myak *mu̯ɛjH *matˀ *maCa *p.taːA *tʃʰaː *m-ʈaA
ear *r/g-na *mbræu *Ctoːr *Caliŋa *krwɯːA *ljəy *k-raA
nose *s-na ~ *s-naːr *mbruiH *muːh, *muːɕ *ujuŋ *ɗaŋA *kʰət *hŋətD
tooth *s/p-wa *hmjinʔ *muɲ, *məɲ *lipen, *n/ŋipen *wanA *fjən *l-pənA
tongue *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley *mblet *lntaːkˀ *Sema, *lidam *liːnC *hliːnʔ *l-maA
hand *lak ~ *C-yak *-bɔuʔ *tiːˀ *kamay *mwɯːA *C-mɯː *mjaA
bone *s/m/g-rus *tshuŋʔ *cʔaːŋ *CuqelaN *C̥.dukD *Cuɾɯːk *dəkD
blood *s-hywəy-t *ntshjamʔ *(m)ɕaːm *daRaq *lɯətD *alaːc *platD
liver *m-sin *-hri̯ən *kləːm;[26] *gre(ː)ɕ *qaCay *tapD *ɗəy *təpD
meat, flesh *sya-n P-Mienic *ʔaB *sacˀ *Sesi *n.mɤːC *rəmʔ *ʔaɯC
dog *d-kʷəy-n P-Hmongic *hmaŋC *cɔʔ *asu *ʰmaːA *hmaː *x-maA
bird *s-ŋak *m-nɔk *ciːm *manuk *C̬.nokD *səc *ɳokD
fish *s-ŋya *mbrəuʔ *kaʔ *Sikan *plaːA *hlaː *p-laA
louse *s-r(y)ik *ntshjeiʔ *ciʔ *kuCux *trawA *tʃʰwəw *C-ʈuA
leaf *lay P-Hmongic *mblɔŋA,
P-Mienic *nɔmA 		*slaʔ *waSaw *ɓaɰA *ɓɯː *ɖiŋA
sun, day *s-nəy P-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA *tŋiːˀ *waRi, *qajaw *ŋwanA *hŋwən *(l-/h)wənA
moon *s/g-la *hlaH *khe(ː)ʔ *bulaN, *qiNaS *ɓlɯənA *C-ɲaːn *(C-)tjanA
water *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s *ʔu̯əm *ɗaːkˀ; Pal. *ʔoːm *daNum *C̬.namC *C-nəmʔ *ʔuŋC
rain *r/s/g-wa P-Hmongic *m-noŋC *gmaːˀ *quzaN *C̥.wɯnA *fun *jəlA
fire *mey *douʔ *ʔuːɕ *Sapuy *wɤjA *fiː *puiA
name *r-mi(ŋ/n) *mpɔuH *ɟmuh, *ɟmɨh *ŋajan *ɟɤːB *pʰaːŋ *n(ʒ)iA
eat *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s P-Mienic *ɲənC *ca(ː)ʔ *kaen *kɯɲA *kʰən *kanA
die *səy *dəjH *kceːt[26] *ma-aCay *p.taːjA *hlaːwɦ *pɣonA
I *ŋa-y ~ *ka P-Hmongic *kɛŋB *ʔaɲ -ku *kuːA *ɦuː *kuA
you (sg.) *na-ŋ *mu̯ei *miːˀ, *meːˀ -mu *mɯŋA *C-mɯː *məA/B

Distributions[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes and references[edit]

  1. ^ a b van Driem, George. 2013. "East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography Archived 2019-04-29 at the Wayback Machine", Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 7 (1): 135-188.
  2. ^ Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.
  3. ^ Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.
  4. ^ Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
  5. ^ Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
  6. ^ Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.
  7. ^ Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
  8. ^ Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  9. ^ Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. T'oung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.
  10. ^ Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. T'oung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.
  11. ^ Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 107-131. London: Routledge Curzon.
  12. ^ Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.
  13. ^ Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.
  14. ^ Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.
  15. ^ Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.
  16. ^ Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.
  17. ^ Starosta, Stanley (2005). "Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 182–197. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.
  18. ^ Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). "Morphological evidence for Austric" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (2): 323–344. doi:10.2307/3623132. hdl:10125/32987. JSTOR i285831. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
  19. ^ van Driem, George. 2016. "The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory Archived 2018-10-09 at the Wayback Machine", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».
  20. ^ van Driem, George. 2018. "The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes Archived 2021-01-10 at the Wayback Machine", Journal of the Asiatic Society, LX (4): 1-38.
  21. ^ Larish, Michael D. (January 2006). Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages (PDF). Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
  22. ^ Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
  23. ^ Matisoff, James A. 2015. The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Archived 2020-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. Berkeley: University of California. (PDF Archived 2020-02-02 at the Wayback Machine)
  24. ^ Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-615-7.
  25. ^ Sidwell, Paul (2024). "500 Proto Austroasiatic Etyma: Version 1.0". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 17 (1). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press: i–xxxiii. ISSN 1836-6821. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  26. ^ a b c Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
  27. ^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (June 21, 2020). "Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition". Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  28. ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.
  29. ^ Norquest, Peter K. 2007. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
  30. ^ Ostapirat, Weera. 2000. "Proto-Kra Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251.

External links[edit]

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